软包装笋热杀菌工艺研究

对软包装笋热杀菌工艺进行了研究。以菌落总数作为评价指标,选择料液比(m笋∶V臭氧水)、臭氧水浓度、处理时间进行单因素试验和正交试验。结果表明,当料液比为1∶8,臭氧水质量分数为4 mg/kg,处理时间为5 min时,减菌化效果最佳;以菌落总数作为评价指标,选择杀菌温度、升温时间、恒温时间进行单因素试验和正交试验。结果表明,当杀菌温度为110℃,升温时间为4 min,恒温时间为15 min时,常压热水喷淋杀菌效果最佳。通过比较该工艺与传统工艺在杀菌后产品的色泽、组织形态和风味,表明采用该工艺灭菌的软包装笋在品质方面均优于传统工艺。     

低温对不同虫态烟草甲的影响

利用低温处理方法,对不同虫态烟草甲进行处理。研究结果表明,各虫态烟草甲耐低温的顺序从高到低依次是:幼虫、成虫、卵。-20℃处理,各虫态烟草甲死亡率都为100%;-10℃低温条件下,处理1h以上,烟草甲卵和成虫全部死亡,处理72h以上,烟草甲幼虫全部死亡;5℃处理72h以上,烟草甲卵不再孵化,5℃处理20d不能使烟草甲幼虫和成虫完全致死,但影响幼虫化蛹和成虫产卵。各温度处理中烟草甲幼虫最终羽化率为0,成虫单雌产卵量为0。0℃,5℃卵最高孵化率均为41.67%。对照中幼虫最终羽化率为77%、卵最终孵化率为52%。     

长货架期软包装即食配餐毛豆仁的加工技术研究

毛豆仁在制成长货架期配餐用罐头时易丧失原有色泽和弹性及糯香口感.现就产品色泽和口感研究了毛豆仁罐头加工中适宜的护色工艺条件和杀菌工艺.在80℃的护色液中保温20min,再于常温下静置1 h可取得满意的护色效果,经5'～10'～5'/100℃杀菌后,其产品保质期可达6个月之久.     

不同热杀菌处理的NFC橙汁品质变化分析

为探究热杀菌对非浓缩还原（Not from concentrate,NFC）橙汁品质的影响,以哈姆林、瓦伦西亚、Pera橙子品种混榨而成的NFC橙汁为原料,分别将在80、85、90、95℃杀菌30 s的NFC鲜榨橙汁于4℃储藏42 d;100、105、110℃杀菌15 s及100℃杀菌30 s的常温NFC橙汁于20℃储藏90 d。比较经不同热杀菌处理的NFC橙汁在储藏期间微生物生长情况和橙汁品质的差异。结果表明：85℃杀菌30 s的NFC鲜榨橙汁于4℃储藏至21 d时仍未有微生物被检出,且褐变指数（Browning index,BI）变化较小;100℃杀菌30 s的常温NFC橙汁20℃储藏90 d时,VC含量为12.1 mg/100 g,储藏时间为0～75 d时,微生物生长数量低于其他高温热杀菌处理组且符合国家卫生标准。综合比较表明,NFC鲜榨橙汁可以选用85℃杀菌30 s的低温热杀菌方式进行处理,常温NFC橙汁可以选用100℃杀菌30 s的高温热杀菌方式进行处理。     

变温杀菌对姜母鸭品质的影响

为研究变温杀菌对姜母鸭品质的影响,采用4组不同的变温杀菌方式对姜母鸭进行杀菌处理,并与传统低温杀菌、高温杀菌处理后的姜母鸭进行菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）及其感官品质等指标的测定。结果表明：采用第一阶段95 ℃、5 min,第二阶段106 ℃、10 min,第三阶段121 ℃、15 min的杀菌参数的杀菌效果最佳;经变温杀菌后的姜母鸭微生物抑菌率达到99.9%,有效地灭活了姜母鸭中的有害微生物,同时提高了姜母鸭的感官品质。储藏15 d内,姜母鸭的TVB-N值符合国家标准。     

熟制鸭肉超高压杀菌技术初探

以熟制鸭胸脯肉为试材,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法优化鸭肉超高压杀菌工艺。结果表明,鸭肉中菌落总数残余比例随超高压压强、时间与温度的增加而降低;熟制鸭肉超高压杀菌最佳工艺为:压强600 MPa,保压时间25 min,介质水温度28℃,按照该条件杀菌后,熟制鸭肉的菌落总数为159 CFU·g-1;经超高压杀菌后的熟制鸭肉在4、25、37℃下储藏,其货架期分别为144、48、8 h。     

杀菌时间对金针菇泡菜储藏期影响的研究

用90℃热水分别对金针菇泡菜进行不同时间的保温杀菌处理,分析其在储藏期间的pH值、总酸含量和活性乳酸菌数量的变化,研究不同杀菌时间对金针菇泡菜储藏期的影响。结果表明,在10～15℃储藏条件下,所有杀菌处理均比未杀菌金针菇泡菜的pH值偏高、总酸含量偏低;未杀菌、杀菌10 min和15 min、杀菌20 min的金针菇泡菜分别在储藏至14、21、28 d时,乳酸菌数量出现最高值,之后开始下降,分别在21、28、35 d时降至较低水平。因此初步确定金针菇泡菜的最长储藏期分别为:未杀菌的为14 d,杀菌10 min和15 min的为21 d,杀菌20 min的为28 d。     

莨菪生物碱类对南方根结线虫卵囊、卵孵化及其2龄幼虫存活的影响

为了明确东莨菪碱、山莨菪碱、莨菪碱和樟柳碱4种生物碱对南方根结线虫卵囊、卵孵化及其2龄幼虫存活的影响。在室内条件下,采用浸渍法测试了这4种生物碱在不同浓度和时间处理的作用效果。结果表明,4种生物碱均对线虫卵囊、卵孵化有抑制作用,对2龄幼虫有致死作用。随着生物碱浓度的增加和处理时间的延长,线虫卵囊、卵孵化的抑制率以及2龄幼虫的死亡率显著提高。0.6 mg/m L山莨菪碱对线虫卵囊孵化的抑制效果最好,48 h后达到95%。0.6 mg/m L东莨菪碱对线虫卵孵化有很强的抑制作用,处理36,48 h分别达82.43%,98.5%。4种生物碱在1.0 mg/m L对2龄幼虫有致死效果,校正死亡率均达到100%,各生物碱在不同浓度和处理时间内的半致死中浓度LC50不同,东莨菪碱的LC50最小,达到0.480 7 mg/m L,表明东莨菪碱对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫有较强的致死活性,同时南方根结线虫2龄幼虫对东莨菪碱的敏感性较高。     

樱桃番茄果酒加工工艺技术的研究

以樱桃番茄果实为原料,酿造樱桃番茄果酒为目的,对影响樱桃番茄果酒品质的关键工艺参数进行了研究。结果表明:按照0.025 %的比例向压榨后的果汁中添加果胶酶,并在50℃下保温1h。取100ml的果汁,其内加入20g白砂糖,添加柠檬酸至pH3.6,偏重亚硫酸钾至SO2质量浓度为110mg/L;主发酵温度22℃,发酵7d;后发酵温度16℃,发酵10d;10℃下陈酿,最后在75℃下,杀菌15min,得到果香浓郁、色泽金黄、澄清透明的优质樱桃番茄果酒。     

昆虫病原线虫——Steinernema longicaudum BPS品系线虫生物学测定

研究旨在明确采自北京平谷圣泉庵橡树根际土壤中线虫Steinernema longicaudum BPS的生物学特性,进而明确开发应用的可能性。结果显示：在剂量10和20 IJs/幼虫下,BPS对寄主幼虫的侵染效果相近,大蜡螟的校正死亡率分别为40.0%和36.7%,黄粉甲的分别为50.0%、53.3%;在剂量40、80、160 IJs/幼虫下,BPS的侵染力随剂量的增高而增大,大蜡螟和黄粉甲的校正死亡率分别为73.3%、86.7%、90.0%和70.0%、80.0%、90.0%;在剂量320和640 IJs/幼虫下的侵染效果(校正死亡率100%)相近。BPS经40℃水浴处理1h校正死亡率达98%,处理3h,线虫100%死亡;经37℃、36℃和34℃水浴处理10h,校正死亡率分别为92.4%、55.4%和45.7%,处理20h,线虫100％死亡。该线虫在30℃条件下的水平运动能力比在18℃和25℃的强,有34.6%的线虫用24h的时间运动到3.6cm处。研究结果表明BPS具有较强的侵染力、耐热性和水平扩散能力,据此初步分析BPS具有被开发应用潜能。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.