Poverty,Innovation Capacity,and State Economic Development in the Knowledge Economy: Evidence from the U.S.

We examine poverty's effect in two ways. First, we study the relationship between poverty and capacity for innovation in the U.S. states; second, we study the combined effects of poverty and innovation capacity on U.S. state economic output and employment. Because many of the relationships among poverty, innovation capacity and economic performance are simultaneous, we employ the Arellano Bond Difference GMM estimator to estimate various models using panel data (1980–1999). The findings reveal a negative indirect effect of socio‐economic need (poverty) on human and U.S. state and local financial innovation capacity, though there is no empirical link between poverty and federal financial capacity. We find no statistically significant evidence of the contemporaneous effect of poverty on state economic performance, holding innovation capacity constant. This suggests that poverty primarily affects state economic performance indirectly through reduction of innovation capacity. Overall, our findings suggest that U.S. officials ought to be concerned about the role poverty plays in diminishing their state economies' capacity to innovate.     

Development,Protection and Sustainable Development of Huadianba in the Cangshan Mountain,Dali Prefecture

Huadianba in the Cangshan Mountain, a region where key ecosystem types and species under prior protection are concentrated, is the first choice for the comprehensive protection and development of biodiversity. In this study, natural conditions, location and current protection and development of Huadianba were introduced, major problems emerging in the protection and management were summarized, and pertinent measures were proposed as a reference for the scientific development and protection of Huadianba.     

Transport Costs,the New Economic Geography,and Rural Development

This paper explores land use conflicts between non-farm neighbors and farmers to illustrate the usefulness of the concepts of interdependence, rules, and property rights when doing rural development. Recognizing interdependence and its implications helps economic analysis focus on and understand the types of rules and institutions having the most influence on economic behavior, and thus identify policy alternatives. The resolution of land uses conflicts, for example, unavoidably changes the bundle of rights associated with land, and influences who can impose costs of whom; it makes a difference if a large farm has the right to produce odors, flies, or noise that reduces their neighbors' abilities to enjoy the neighbors' own land, or if instead, neighbors have the right to use their property without experiencing farm-produced odors, flies or noise the farm may be unable to use its own land for agriculture without being inconvenienced.     

Interdependence,Rules, and Rural Development

This paper explores land use conflicts between non-farm neighbors and farmers to illustrate the usefulness of the concepts of interdependence, rules, and property rights when doing rural development. Recognizing interdependence and its implications helps economic analysis focus on and understand the types of rules and institutions having the most influence on economic behavior, and thus identify policy alternatives. The resolution of land uses conflicts, for example, unavoidably changes the bundle of rights associated with land, andinfluences who can impose costs of whom; it makes a difference if a large farm has the right to produce odors, flies, or noise that reduces their neighbors' abilities to enjoy theneighbors' own land, or if instead, neighbors have the right to use their property without experiencing farm-produced odors, flies or noise the farm may be unable to use its own land for agriculture without being inconvenienced.     

天津市种子产业发展及存在问题与对策研究

1天津市种子产业发展现状分析1．1种子产业体系初步形成建立起育种科研和良种繁育体系，选育推广了大批优良品种，且农作物新品种培育和品种更换速度明显加快，种子商品化程度大幅度提高，种子生产、供应能力增加。天津市农作物种子常年用量5000万kg，包括玉米、水稻、小麦、豆类等粮食作物和棉花、各类蔬菜等经济作物种子，     

Development of CAPS markers and their application in breeding for mango, Mangifera indica L.

To develop cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers for the identification of true hybrids in F1 progeny, we cloned sucrose synthase (SS) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) genes from 19 mango cultivars. Through comparison of amino acid sequences in a BLASTX search, cloned SS and SPS genes were found to be homologs of Citrus unshiu CitSUS1 (AB022092) and CitSPS1 (O22060), respectively. Therefore, we designated the SS and SPS genes as MiSUS1 and MiSPS1, respectively. There were 11 genotypes in MiSUS1 and 10 in MiSPS1 sequences. In the MiSUS1 nucleotide sequences, 46 SNPs and 5 in/dels were detected. Twenty-six out of the 46 SNPs mapped on the restriction enzyme recognition sites were successfully converted to 25 CAPS markers. In the MiSPS1 nucleotide sequences, 99 SNPs and 6 in/dels were detected. Thirty out of 99 SNPs and 2 out of 6 in/dels mapped on the recognition sites were also converted to 32 CAPS markers. By using two CAPS markers, SS-2798 and SPS-5745, we identified 37 true hybrids that had different genotypes to ‘Irwin’ from 82 F1 progeny obtained through a cross between ‘Irwin’, the maternal parent, and paternal parents by using flies as pollinators. The method developed here to identify true hybrids is a simple, rapid and highly reliable tool for efficient mango breeding.     

青海扁茎早熟禾种子成熟过程中落粒性与生长生理特性的研究

研究了青海扁茎早熟禾(Poa.pratensis var.anceps Gaud.cv.Qinshai)种子成熟过程中落粒率与生长、生理特性间的相关关系.结果表明,青海扁茎早熟采种子落粒率与种子含水量、可溶性糖、电导率问呈极显著的负相关关系,与种子干重、淀粉、TTC、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、种苗芽长、盛花期后天数间呈极显著的正相关关系.在青海扁茎早熟禾盛花期后第28天,其种子含水量为35%,发芽率83.33%,发芽指数68.67,活力指数98.36,种苗芽长2.45 cm,电导率346.01μS/cm,ITC含量54.46μg/ml,可溶性糖含量7.27%,淀粉含量14.83%,落粒率为15.89%.种子已经达到生理成熟,此时采收,可获得最佳的种子产量和品质.     

东莨菪内酯对家蚕生长发育及经济性状的影响

为明确植物源物质东莨菪内酯对家蚕的生长发育和经济性状的影响。采用食下毒叶法测定东莨菪内酯不同浓度药液对家蚕生长发育和经济性状的影响。结果表明：用东莨菪内酯4000、2000、1000 mg/L药液分别处理家蚕,其出现摆头、吐液等轻微中毒症状。用东莨菪内酯125~4000 mg/L药液分别处理家蚕,至5龄的累计死亡率为24%~80%,延迟了家蚕各龄期的发育。东莨菪内酯各浓度药液处理家蚕后对其经济性状具有显著性影响,其全茧量、茧层量、化蛹率和蛹体重均显著低于对照处理,但对家蚕的茧层率不存在显著性影响。东莨菪内酯对家蚕具有慢性累积毒性,对其生长发育及经济性状造成显著性影响。     

Space of Flows,Uneven Regional Development,and the Geography of Financial Services in Ireland

ABSTRACT This paper is concerned with the geography of finance in the globalising knowledge‐based economy, characterised by the proliferation of information and communication technology. More specifically, the paper aims to examine the “locational structure” of financial services in such an economy and its implications for uneven regional development in Europe. In doing so, the paper engages with the concept of “space of flows” and several other theoretical approaches concerned with the geography of advanced producer services and finance. It argues that while such approaches provide a useful starting point, they need be developed further in order to inform an understanding of both the nature and the dynamics of the “locational structure” of financial services and its implications for regional economic development. This point is illustrated in the case of Ireland, focusing on “domestic” banking institutions and “international” financial services operating there. The paper concludes that while “space of flows” provides a useful metaphor for approaching the geography of financial services and other knowledge intensive business services, the conceptual and analytical emphasis should shift towards the “flows of value” that ultimately impinge upon the fortunes of cities and regions.     

Industrial Development Groups,Organizational Resources,and the Prospects for Effecting Growth in Local Economies

Using data from a survey of directors of not-for-profit industrial development groups in the United States and from a variety of secondary sources, we test the hypothesis that the presence of an active industrial development group was a significant factor in the economic growth of its service area over the 1977-to-1982 period. The data permit us to control for different levels of organizational resources among growth promotion groups as well as other traditional factors of local economic change in a regression analysis. While growth promotion groups are judged to be effective in terms of the number of jobs that are created or preserved relative to their direct expenditures of resources, neither their presence nor the levels of their organizational resources are significantly related to service area net employment change. The efforts of growth promotion groups are simply overwhelmed in importance by factors such as population size, metropolitan accessibility, location in a growth region, and manufacturing wage rates that characterize the respective service areas.     

Technology,Industrial Restructuring,and Regional Development

ABSTRACT This paper presents a contemporary survey and synthesis of research on the regional dimensions of technology and competitiveness and explores ways in which technological change has influenced industrial restructuring in U.S. regions. Neoclassical models of regional growth are judged to be seriously wanting in their treatment of technological change. Industrial organization theories such as product/profit cycles, best-practice firms, and flexible specialization have proven to be more illuminating. However, the task remains to integrate technology as a core element in a geography of production and regional economic change that includes both global strategic decision-making of companies and the viability of plants in particular regional settings. Although the federal government as sponsor and procurer of technology has contributed significantly to regional industrial restructuring, the prospects for state and local governments to facilitate technological change appear to be very limited.