Conservation and management in Jervis Bay,Australia

The growth of the human population and the impact of this upon the natural environment is there for all to see. Little wonder that public concern for the environment has increased in recent decades. Such preoccupations have resulted in a corresponding increase in the declaration of new areas as national parks, reserves and other protected areas. In Australia the declaration of such areas meets an important need to preserve both the natural heritage and the human and cultural heritage. This paper describes the processes and policy implications of the declaration of national parks, marine parks, and recreational areas in Australia. Jervis Bay on the New South Wales (NSW) coast is used as a case study to document these processes and to evaluate the policy implications. After an initial discussion on conservation and management a vision statement for the bay is analysed in terms of its various dimensions. In the implementation of the vision, various approaches are canvassed. An integrated, total catchment management system is proposed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An ecosystem‐scale predictive model of coastal seagrass distribution

• 1. Maintaining ecological processes that underpin the functioning of marine ecosystems requires planning and management of marine resources at an appropriate spatial scale.
• 2. The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area (GBR) is the world's largest World Heritage Area (approximately 348 000 km²) and second largest marine protected area. It is difficult to inform the planning and management of marine ecosystems at that scale because of the high cost associated with collecting data. To address this and to inform the management of coastal (approximately 15 m below mean sea level) habitats at the scale of the GBR, this study determined the presence and distribution of seagrass by generating a Geographic Information System (GIS)‐based habitat suitability model.
• 3. A Bayesian belief network was used to quantify the relationship (dependencies) between seagrass and eight environmental drivers: relative wave exposure, bathymetry, spatial extent of flood plumes, season, substrate, region, tidal range and sea surface temperature. The analysis showed at the scale of the entire coastal GBR that the main drivers of seagrass presence were tidal range and relative wave exposure. Outputs of the model include probabilistic GIS‐surfaces of seagrass habitat suitability in two seasons and at a planning unit of cell size 2 km×2 km.
• 4. The habitat suitability maps developed in this study extend along the entire GBR coast, and can inform the management of coastal seagrasses at an ecosystem scale. The predictive modelling approach addresses the problems associated with delineating habitats at the scale appropriate for the management of ecosystems and the cost of collecting field data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

胶州湾中部海域秋、冬季鱼类群落结构及其多样性研究

根据2008年9月2009年2月在胶州湾中部海域进行的逐月定点底拖网调查数据,分析了该海域秋、冬季鱼类群落结构特征和多样性变化。结果表明,该海域秋、冬季共捕获鱼类50种,隶属8目,28科,42属;秋、冬季鱼类的相对资源量存在明显的月间变化,平均网获质量为每网865.29～5173.71g,平均网获尾数为每网111～717ind。秋、冬季优势种组成有明显的季节更替现象,主要由暖温性和暖水性的季节洄游种变为地域性的暖温性和冷温性种,仅六丝钝尾虎鱼(Amblychaeturichthys hexanema)为秋、冬季的共有优势种。种类丰富度指数(R)变化范围为2.08～3.25,多样性指数(H′)变化范围为1.50～2.44,均匀度指数J′为0.52～0.76;秋、冬两季间鱼类群落物种多样性指数差异均不显著(P0.05)。聚类分析和多维标度法(MDS)分析表明,6个月的样本可分为秋季组(9～11月)和冬季组(12～2月)2个组分;单因子相似性分析(ANOSIM)表明,秋、冬季组分间鱼类群落结构无显著性差异(P0.05)。     

Prioritizing localized management actions for seagrass conservation and restoration using a species distribution model

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Modelling beluga habitat use and baseline exposure to shipping traffic to design effective protection against prospective industrialization in the Canadian Arctic

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Exploring the demarcation requirements of fish breeding and nursery sites to balance the exploitation,management and conservation needs of Lake Victoria ecosystem

Fisheries resources in vital freshwater ecosystems have been reported to be under immense threat, resulting in conflicts between conservation, management and exploitation. This study established requirements for identifying and mapping fish breeding and nursery grounds in such ecosystems in the Kenyan part of Lake Victoria. The criteria were characterised by the use of indigenous knowledge, field data, literature on breeding sites, macroinvertebrates distribution, larval and relative fish abundances, digitisation, participatory mapping, and periodic sampling. Data were collected from trawl and seine net surveys. Digitisation and mapping of the proposed conservation sites were carried out using Quantum GIS software. Participatory physical demarcation of sites was done using buoys and markers. Larval and juvenile fishes were diverse and abundant in all seven river mouths and six bays surveyed with little variance; an important aspect of breeding areas. Additionally, a preponderance of macroinvertebrates and high fish diversity compared with offshore sites in the lake strengthened the hypothesis that these are critical habitats for spawning and preferred habitats for nurseries for fish. The approach can be adopted globally to guarantee the long‐term integrity of critical fish habitats for sustainable fisheries management and blue growth.     

《联合国海洋法公约》生效对公海渔业的影响

在归纳世界大多数沿海国家执行联合国海洋法公约，主要实施公海制度的实践，以及分析公约有关条款的基础上，指出今后渔业管理制度将朝着有利于沿海国的方向发展，远洋渔业国只有与沿海国密切合作，承担公约所规定的养护生物资源的义务，才能确保远洋渔业生产的持续稳定发展。根据我国渔业的实际状况，分析了海洋法公约生效对我国公海渔业生产产生的一些不利影响，并提出对海洋渔业发展的一些看法     

Could European marine conservation policy benefit from systematic conservation planning?

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福建近海蓝圆鲹种群遗传多样性的AFLP分析

以往研究表明,福建近海的蓝圆鲹分属2个地理种群,即东海西部种群和闽南—粤东近海地方种群。为研究这两个群系的遗传结构,对蓝圆鲹闽东(30尾)和闽南(32尾)种群进行了AFLP分析,8对选择性引物在2个种群62个个体中,共扩增出563个位点,其中多态位点364个。闽东和闽南种群的多态位点比例、Nei遗传多样性指数和Shannon遗传多样性指数分别为62.70%、58.97%,0.1875、0.1809和0.2878、0.2763。与其他鱼类对比显示,福建近海蓝圆鲹种群的遗传多样性水平高,说明种群遗传结构尚未遭到明显破坏;基因分化系数GST、Shannon遗传多样性指数和AMOVA分析均显示蓝圆鲹的遗传变异主要来源于种群内,而种群间无明显的遗传分化。Nm显示2个种群间基因交流频繁。种群的显性基因型频率分布和位点差异数分布显示2个种群有基本相同的群体遗传结构。结果表明,蓝圆鲹闽东和闽南种群间无明显的遗传差异,因此可将福建海域的蓝圆鲹划归同一个管理保护单元。较强的扩散能力及海洋环流可能是造成福建近海蓝圆鲹种群间遗传同质性较高的原因。     

Socio-cultural context of fishers’ participation in coastal resources management in Anini-y,Antique in west central Philippines

The vicious cycle of poverty, overfishing and resource degradation in coastal communities in the Philippines calls for action that will address the problem of declining fish catch and degraded fish habitats. The literature has shown that an efficient and effective coastal management program can be instrumental in approaching this problem. In order to secure food and livelihood of fishers, the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center/Aquaculture Department collaborated with the local government of Anini-y, Antique to develop a sustainable utilization of natural marine resources through sea ranching of abalone within the Nogas Island marine protected area. Establishing a marine protected area is a means of conserving natural stocks while sea ranching is considered an effective strategy that can increase fishery resources. The two management schemes are considered as effective coastal resources management strategies. The success of a sea-ranching project is dependent not only on biophysical but also on socioeconomic factors as determinants of community participation and cooperation. A social assessment was conducted to determine the fishers’ socio-cultural characteristics, their perceptions of their coastal resources and knowledge on how to effectively manage these coastal resources. The fishers’ awareness on fishing regulations and the extent of their participation in community's coastal resources management activities were also determined. Data were collected from a household survey using a semi-structured questionnaire, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with key informants. The fishers generally scored low in almost all aspects of their socioeconomic wellbeing. Most fishers perceived that their coastal resources were in a bad condition which they attributed to illegal and commercial fishing, increasing number of fishers and the poor enforcement of fishery regulations. However, the weighted mean scores of their knowledge on coastal resources management, awareness to fishery regulations and participation in community coastal resource management activities were average. This implied that fishers when trained and developed can become potential partners for effective coastal resources management programs.     

我国海洋渔业资源养护与管理的法律对策

海洋渔业资源面临枯竭是世界性难题。我国既有的海洋渔业资源养护与管理法基本上形成了国内法体系与国际法体系。但是,对渔业资源的养护与管理,我国缺乏适应市场经济要求的理念。渔业资源立法的现状堪忧。我国缺乏基本的渔业资源养护与管理原则、制度及其规范,其问题与缺陷应得到矫正。立法文本中要提出有针对性的法律规制措施。     

Indices of water quality for sustainable management and conservation of an arid region lake,Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee), Israel

1. Economic development in arid regions is closely linked to efficient use of limited water resources. As such, management and conservation of these water resources requires concurrent optimization of the interrelationships between supply quantity and resource quality. 2. Multiple uses of water resources generate conflicting needs within management, with different uses requiring objective characterization of quality for different management scenarios and goals. 3. A sound management programme needs close interactions between water policy makers, managers, users, engineers and limnologists, and thus needs a common language that can transcend the boundaries of the individual fields. 4. This paper describes a system of water quality indices and standards designed for conservation and sustainable management of Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee), Israel, based on observed variability in various chemical and biological parameters during a 25‐year period (1969–1992). Such a system can form a common language which can then be used as a tool for optimal management. 5. This system of water quality indices (a) includes both traditional limnological parameters (plant nutrients, chlorophyll, primary production) and engineering parameters (coliform bacteria, turbidity), (b) is acceptable to all parties involved in lake management, and (c) is easily adaptable to different management scenarios and to management‐induced changes in ecosystem functioning. 6. Analysis of variability in these water quality parameters in Lake Kinneret during 1994–1999 when the lake was showing signs of destabilization highlights the usefulness and limitations of this system. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于营养通道模型的海州湾中国明对虾生态容纳量

通过增殖放流,增加优质渔业资源、改善种群结构是渔业资源养护的重要手段,而增殖生态容量的研究是科学实施增殖放流的前提。为确定海州湾中国明对虾的生态容纳量,根据2013年连云港海州湾渔业生态修复水域的调查资料,应用Ecopath with Ecosim(EwE)软件中的Ecopath模块,构建了该区域的生态系统能量流动简易模型,计算了放流种类中国明对虾的增殖生态容纳量。结果表明:系统各功能组营养级范围在1~4.42。系统总流量9335.191 t·km~(–2)·a~(–1),系统总初级生产力3892.630 t·km~(–2)·a~(–1),系统初级生产力与总呼吸量的比值为1.331,连接指数为0.415,杂食指数为0.174,Finn循环指数为11.4%,平均能流路径为2.8系统尚处于由衰竭状态向恢复状态转变,还未恢复到成熟态。中国明对虾不是本海域的关键种,当前中国明对虾的生物量为0.04 t·km–2·a–1,中国明对虾的生态容纳量为0.846 t·km~(–2)·a~(–1)。     

Conserving a subpopulation of the northern Atlantic cod metapopulation with a marine protected area

• 1. Marine reserves can play an important role in the conservation of subpopulations of marine fish metapopulations. The population spatial structure of northern Atlantic cod of Newfoundland and Labrador has characteristics of a metapopulation. Subpopulations of northern Atlantic cod on the continental shelf were decimated by decades of overfishing, and have not recovered. The remaining northern cod are concentrated in coastal areas.
• 2. A Marine Protected Area (MPA) was established in Gilbert Bay, Labrador by the Government of Canada in 2005 to protect the bay's resident subpopulation of northern Atlantic cod. Conservation of Gilbert Bay cod will help protect the genetic diversity of the northern cod metapopulation.
• 3. Unlike some other MPAs, Gilbert Bay is not a harvest refugium or ‘no‐take’ reserve. Aboriginal subsistence fisheries for salmonids with a bycatch of cod are allowed in designated areas of the MPA. A recreational fishery for Atlantic cod by angling open to all people is under consideration. Management of the MPA must ensure that fishing activities do not endanger the local cod population.
• 4. The population dynamics of Gilbert Bay cod were simulated using an age‐structured Leslie matrix model to estimate the total mortality under various recreational fishing scenarios. The level of sustainable harvest by a recreational fishery depends on the natural mortality of the Gilbert Bay cod population, which is unknown. Therefore, there is risk in permitting a recreational fishery in the MPA.
• 5. There may be benefits to the northern cod metapopulation, if the Gilbert Bay subpopulation is allowed to rebuild to the carrying capacity of the bay. If the abundance of Gilbert Bay cod exceeds the level which the local marine ecosystem can support, some cod may emigrate from the bay and recolonize adjacent coastal areas. The potential for Gilbert Bay cod to recolonize continental shelf areas is less certain.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Interactions between the implementation of marine protected areas and right-based fisheries management in Australia

Abstract  The declaration of marine protected areas (MPAs) in Australia generates much confusion and controversy between government conservation and fisheries agencies, the fishing industry and NGOs. There are fundamental differences between the principles and practices underpinning the implementation of MPAs and fisheries management. This paper analyses the interactions between these two approaches to natural resource management and highlights the difficulties in integrating them effectively. The major challenges for governments are: poor cooperation between fisheries and conservation agencies; in principle inconsistencies between allocation of fishing rights by fisheries agencies and loss of these rights through MPA declaration; re-allocation of resources between user groups through spatial zoning; lack of fisheries expertise in conservation planning, and inappropriate single-species/single-issue approach to fisheries management. As fisheries agencies are now considering developing their own MPAs as tools for fisheries management, the need to address inconsistencies between conservation and fisheries approaches to the spatial management of natural resources increases further. Better collaboration between government agencies and better coordination of their activities would help more effective and less conflicting management of marine resources.     

Intensive temporal and spatial sampling of polychaete biodiversity reveals significant implications for impact assessment and marine park design

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Marine and coastal protected and conserved areas strategy in Brazil: Context,lessons, challenges,finance, participation,new management models,and first results

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Assessing common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) population structure in Mississippi Sound and coastal waters of the north central Gulf of Mexico

1. Population structure of highly mobile marine organisms can be complex and difficult to study, but it is important to understand how populations partition themselves within their environment for accurate assessment of both natural and anthropogenic impacts and successful management. The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill negatively impacted common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) within Mississippi Sound and the surrounding north central Gulf of Mexico (GOMx); however, little was known about their underlying population structure in these waters. Thus, it was unclear how many demographically independent populations were affected by the spill.
2. Common bottlenose dolphin samples were collected throughout inshore waters of Mississippi Sound and coastal waters of the north-central GOMx. Mitochondrial DNA control region sequence data and 19 nuclear microsatellite loci were analysed to determine how many populations are present and characterize their range throughout these waters.
3. Bayesian clustering and migration analyses identified two genetically distinct and demographically independent populations: one predominantly inhabiting Mississippi Sound and adjacent coastal waters, and a second population extending generally from offshore of Mobile Bay, Alabama, east along the Florida Panhandle. Neither of these populations align with the currently delineated management stocks previously used to estimate impacts from the oil spill on common bottlenose dolphins in this portion of the GOMx.
4. These results suggest that revisions may be necessary so that management stocks accurately represent the demographically independent populations present in these waters. Furthermore, better comprehension of underlying population structure will enhance impact assessments on common bottlenose dolphins and provide more appropriate baseline data to support future restoration and conservation objectives.

     

A size-based stock assessment model for invasive blue catfish in a Chesapeake Bay sub-estuary during 2001–2016

Stock assessment modeling provides a means to estimate the population dynamics of invasive fishes and may do so despite data limitations. Blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) were introduced to the Chesapeake Bay watershed to support recreational fisheries but also consume species of conservation need and economic importance. To assess management tradeoffs, managers need to understand the current status of the population and anticipate future population abundance and trends. A Bayesian size-based stock assessment model was used to estimate blue catfish abundance, fishing mortality, and size structure over time (2001–2016) in the tidal James River. The model estimated population size increases until around 2006, with declines in total abundance after 2011 and large blue catfish (≥80 cm total length) after 2001. These first estimates of blue catfish population dynamics in the Chesapeake Bay region provide inputs for projection models to evaluate prospective management actions and identify monitoring needs.     

Field investigations and multi‐indicators for shallow water lagoon management: perspective for societal benefit

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