蔬菜应急供应保障问题及发展对策

为更好地保障疫情等突发情况下蔬菜的稳定供应和生产,对应急状态下蔬菜供应模式面临的问题进行了深入分析,并对如何完善突发情况下蔬菜供应模式进行了研究,提出了应急状态下蔬菜应急供应保障体系建立的思路和方法,即:通过增加储备蔬菜品种、完善种植基地布局保障市场蔬菜供应;通过监控配送物流,构建安全配送体系;通过加快保鲜技术研究,建立质量保障体系;通过创新产品研发及标准化生产,满足多样化需求;通过产地直销供应、加工配送模式、搭建蔬菜调配平台等方式,完善调配体系,实现了"菜篮子"的保价格、保质量、保供应,产生了良好的经济、社会与生态效益。     

编者按

正编者按:2020年是开年即充满挑战的一年,鼠年新春,一场由新型冠状病毒感染引发的肺炎疫情,牵动着亿万民众的心。新冠病毒肺炎疫情的爆发对各行各业的正常运行都产生了一定的冲击。为第一时间为广大蔬菜从业者提供疫情期间蔬菜生产指导,本期业界观察特策划"蔬菜战疫"专题,邀请中国农业科学院、河北农业大学、山东启迪农业科技股份有限公司等单位多位专家从不同角度剖析疫情对蔬菜产业发展带来的影响,并提出积极应对策略,为蔬菜生产及供应保     

新冠肺炎疫情防控下如何保障蔬菜正常生产

举国上下勠力同心,新冠肺炎疫情得到了有效控制,复工复产有序推进。促农耕、保生产、稳民生,成为与当前保存抗疫成果同等重要的大事,科学谋划稳定“菜篮子”供应,减少因疫情造成的负面影响,拿出应对良策,蔬菜产业一线的斗士们在行动。     

新冠肺炎疫情期间蔬菜管理技术要点

疫情防控是一场阻击战,也是一场总体战,各项工作都要为赢得这场严峻斗争提供支持,农产品尤其是蔬菜更是人民生活的必需品,全力以赴做好蔬菜生产供应保障工作更显重要,农业农村部连发通知,重点强调抓好冬春蔬菜生产,加大生产力度,千方百计增加产量,配合有关部门保障蔬菜顺畅供应,保持市场充足供应和价格稳定,为“菜篮子”产品流通和农产品生产创造必要的便利条件,确保“菜篮子”产品产得出、运得走、供得上,为打赢疫情防控阻击战提供坚实的物质保障。     

疫情给我国蔬菜产业带来的挑战和机遇

“祸兮福之所倚”,疫情给全国人民的生产和生活都带来了不小的冲击,但也给从事蔬菜产业的农业人以思考的空间。在面对突如其来的疫情时,迅速平抑价格波动,畅通流通渠道,保证产业的上、中、下游有序生产等一系列能力都检验着产业链的成熟与否。疫情的发生给蔬菜的生产、供应带来了困扰,同时疫情之后也会给蔬菜产业在产业结构、生产方式、供应方式、品牌建立方面带来诸多的机遇。几年后回看,经历过洗礼,蔬菜产业必将发展得更快、更好。     

抗"疫"期间京郊蔬菜生产指导意见(Ⅰ)

冬今春爆发的新冠肺炎疫情,对我国农业农村经济产生了难以预料的影响,对农村疫情防控、春耕备耕、劳动力外出务工带来巨大压力。中共中央政治局常务委员会2月12日召开会议,分析了当前新冠肺炎疫情形势,研究加强疫情防控工作。中共中央总书记习近平主持会议并发表重要讲话。习近平强调,当前疫情防控工作到了最吃劲的关键阶段,要毫不放松做好疫情防控重点工作,加强疫情特别严重或风险较大的地区防控。当前正值春耕备耕关键时节,各地要抓紧组织好种子、化肥、饲料等农资供应,落实好春管春种措施,夯实农业生产基础。面对严峻疫情,北京市农业农村局、北京市农业技术推广站、北京市果类蔬菜创新团队等单位及部门针对当前北京地区蔬菜的生长现状、受疫情影响程度,提出了一系列生产指导意见,为切实做好全市蔬菜生产,保障产品质量和应急供应,奠定了坚实基础。本刊根据蔬菜的不同种植模式及生长阶段,将生产指导意见分成两部分,分别刊于《蔬菜》第3期和第4期上。本期所载为第一部分,以期为广大读者战胜疫情、复工复产提供参考。     

疫情防控常态化下大兴区蔬菜特优基地应对措施及发展模式探索

新冠肺炎疫情期间,大兴区蔬菜特优基地,作为北京农产品绿色优质安全示范基地,积极采取应对措施,如成立互助组织,解决蔬菜用工和销售问题;优化品种结构,扩大叶菜生产;应用先进技术,提高蔬菜生产效率;加强产销对接,保障蔬菜供应等,探索出疫情防控常态化下的完善的运营模式、科学的管理模式及智能的网络化模式等蔬菜特优基地发展模式,这保证了园区的蔬菜生产与发展,为蔬菜应急保供作出了贡献。     

疫情对进一步完善蔬菜产业供应体系带来的思考 ——中国蔬菜协会秘书长柴立平采访实录

蔬菜供应体系作为整个蔬菜产业链的前端,是实现蔬菜稳产保供的基础。如果供应端的生产和销售受到影响,那其对整个产业链的影响将呈现持续时间长、恢复慢、影响彻底等突出特点。因此,面对疫情,如何进一步完善蔬菜产业供应体系,增强其应对突发事件的快速响应能力,是实现"菜篮子"战略的重中之重。     

新冠病毒肺炎疫情对蔬菜价格走势的影响

2020年是开年即充满挑战的一年,鼠年新春,一场由新型冠状病毒感染引发的肺炎疫情,牵动着亿万民众的心。新冠病毒肺炎疫情的爆发对各行各业的正常运行都产生了一定的冲击。为第一时间为广大蔬菜从业者提供疫情期间蔬菜生产指导,本期业界观察特策划“蔬菜战疫”专题,邀请中国农业科学院、河北农业大学、山东启迪农业科技股份有限公司等单位多位专家从不同角度剖析疫情对蔬菜产业发展带来的影响,并提出积极应对策略,为蔬菜生产及供应保驾护航。相信在党中央坚强领导下,全国上下齐心协力,共克时艰,疫情防控阻击战的胜利必将到来!     

新冠疫情以来北京市蔬菜批发市场 运行特点和趋势

摘要：基于北京市批发市场2017—2021年蔬菜价格、上市量、来源地分布及供应比例监测数据，采用数 据对比的方法分析2020年新冠疫情发生以来北京市批发市场蔬菜市场呈现的特点和趋势。从分析结果来看， 蔬菜价格无论绝对水平还是平均涨幅都明显高于疫情之前，北京蔬菜价格由“2元”时代跨入了“3元”时 代；北京市蔬菜供应经由批发市场的比例由疫情前的80%左右下降到60%左右；疫情对北京市批发市场蔬菜上 市量的冲击要大于对价格的影响，批发市场疫情过后，价格基本回归常态化运行，蔬菜上市量的恢复则明显 滞后。北京市蔬菜主供地兼具集中和分散的特点，集中主要体现在主供地以河北和山东为主，合计占比超过 60%，分散体现在全国24个外埠省市的蔬菜进入北京市场，疫情发生以来蔬菜主供地总体较为平稳，河北供应 占比略有增加，山东供应比例略有减少。     

Fruit growth,cuticle deposition,water uptake,and fruit cracking in jostaberry,gooseberry, and black currant

Fruit cracking after rain limits the production of a number of crops, including some Ribes species. To gain a better understanding of the factors involved in cracking, fruit growth, deposition of the cuticular membrane (CM), water uptake and fruit cracking were studied in black currant (Ribes nigrum L. cv. Zema), gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa L. cv. Rote Triumph), and jostaberry (Ribes nidigrolaria B. cv. Jostine). Fruit surface area and fresh mass increased continuously throughout development, whereas deposition of the CM was biphasic. CM mass per fruit increased rapidly up to 42, 41, and 49 days after full bloom (DAFB) in black currant, gooseberry, and jostaberry, respectively. Thereafter, CM mass per fruit remained constant in gooseberry and jostaberry or increased at a lower rate in black currant. The cessation of or reduced rate of CM deposition resulted in a decrease in CM mass per unit area in all berries. Elastic strain of the CM at maturity averaged 23.8% and 19.5% in gooseberry and jostaberry, respectively, and only 8.2% in black currant. Microcracks in the CM were observed first in gooseberry and jostaberry 64 DAFB, whereas there were no microcracks in black currant. Water uptake into mature detached berries was linear over 2 h of incubation. Rates of uptake were highest in gooseberry followed by black currant and jostaberry. Relative uptake was similar via the cut end of the pedicel (32.1%), the apex of the fruit (34.7%) and the fruit surface (33.2%). Rates of water uptake through the fruit surface were positively related to surface area. Average fruit water potential for black currant, gooseberry, and jostaberry was −2.14 ± 0.17, −1.24 ± 0.03, and −1.89 ± 0.20 MPa, while the permeability for osmotic water uptake was 7.7 ± 0.4 × 10⁻⁸, 5.2 ± 0.1 × 10⁻⁸, and 3.3 ± 0.3 × 10⁻⁸ m s⁻¹. Incubating whole fruit in deionized water for 72 h resulted in more cracked jostaberries (94%) than black currants (74%) or gooseberries (50%). A comparison of our findings in Ribes berries with published data for the sweet cherry drupe revealed that the berries fitted the relationships established in sweet cherry among fruit growth, cuticle deposition, strain of the cuticle, microcracking, permeability for osmotic water uptake, frequency of stomata and cracking. The Ribes berries were less susceptible to cracking than sweet cherry.     

Similitude,similarity, and scaling

An exceptionally rich and colorful literature, drawn in almost equal parts from pure mathematics, from the sciences, and from the technologies, has grown up over the years, which bear in different ways on the topics under discussion. It is the intent of the present paper to survey this far-flung literature, point out some of the commonalities and interrelationships which underlie it, and briefly indicate how it has been and can be applied. To my knowledge, this kind of review has not been attempted before.     

Climatic, landform, microtopographic, and overstory canopy controls of tree invasion in a subalpine meadow landscape, Oregon Cascades, USA

Tree invasions have been documented throughout Northern Hemisphere high elevation meadows, as well as globally in many grass and forb-dominated ecosystems. Tree invasions are often associated with large-scale changes in climate or disturbance regimes, but are fundamentally driven by regeneration processes influenced by interactions between climatic, topographic, and biotic factors at multiple spatial scales. The purpose of this research was to quantify spatiotemporal patterns of meadow invasion; and how climate, larger landforms, topography, and overstory trees have interactively influenced tree invasion. We combined airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) characterizations of landforms, topography, and overstory vegetation with historical climate, field measurements of snow depth, tree abundance, and tree ages to reconstruct spatial and temporal patterns of tree invasion over five decades in a subalpine meadow complex in the Oregon Cascade Range, USA. Proportion of meadow occupied by trees increased from 8?% in 1950 to 35?% in 2007. Larger landforms, topography, and tree canopies interactively mediated regional climatic controls of tree invasion by modifying depth and persistence of snow pack, while tree canopies also influenced seed source availability. Landscape context played an important role mediating snow depth and tree invasion; on glacial landforms tree invasion was negatively associated with spring snowfall, but on debris flows tree invasion was not associated with snow fall. The importance of snow, uncertain climate change impacts on snow, and mediation of snow by interacting and context dependent factors in complex mountain terrain poses substantial hurdles for understanding how these ecotones may respond to future climate conditions.     

Wetlands, carbon, and climate change

Wetland ecosystems provide an optimum natural environment for the sequestration and long-term storage of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere, yet are natural sources of greenhouse gases emissions, especially methane. We illustrate that most wetlands, when carbon sequestration is compared to methane emissions, do not have 25 times more CO₂ sequestration than methane emissions; therefore, to many landscape managers and non specialists, most wetlands would be considered by some to be sources of climate warming or net radiative forcing. We show by dynamic modeling of carbon flux results from seven detailed studies by us of temperate and tropical wetlands and from 14 other wetland studies by others that methane emissions become unimportant within 300 years compared to carbon sequestration in wetlands. Within that time frame or less, most wetlands become both net carbon and radiative sinks. Furthermore, we estimate that the world’s wetlands, despite being only about 5–8 % of the terrestrial landscape, may currently be net carbon sinks of about 830 Tg/year of carbon with an average of 118 g-C m^?2 year^?1 of net carbon retention. Most of that carbon retention occurs in tropical/subtropical wetlands. We demonstrate that almost all wetlands are net radiative sinks when balancing carbon sequestration and methane emissions and conclude that wetlands can be created and restored to provide C sequestration and other ecosystem services without great concern of creating net radiative sources on the climate due to methane emissions.     

Up-regulation of mRNA expressions of fas,bcl-2, bim,bax, caspase-3, caspase-9, and bcl2l12 in K562 treated with bortezomib

AIM: To detect the treatment of K562 leukemia cells with bortezomib altering the expression of genes fas, bcl-2, bcl2l12, bim, bax, caspase-9 and caspase-3.METHODS: MTT assay was used to detect the inhibition of proliferation. Apoptosis was detected by Annexin-V staining and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψm). RT-PCR was used to analyze the mRNA expressions of fas, bcl-2, bcl2l12, bim, bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9.RESULTS: Bortezomib caused a time- and dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation and IC50 of 24 h and 48 h were 161.41 nmol/L and 96.33 nmol/L, respectively. At the concentration of 104 nmol/L, bortezomib induced apoptosis in a time-dependent manner, including increasing annexin-V positivity and decreasing the Δψm. RT-PCR showed that bortezomib up-regulated the mRNA expression of fas, bcl2l12, caspase-9 and caspase-3, but mRNA expressions of bcl-2, bim and bax did not changed obviously.CONCLUSION: Bortezomib inhibits the proliferation of K562 and induces apoptosis, in which fas, bcl2l12, caspase-9 or caspase-3 gene is one of the main genes taking part in.     

氮磷钾硼肥配施对青花菜养分吸收分配及产量和品质的影响

研究了不施肥处理,氮磷钾配施和增施硼肥对青花菜养分吸收分配及产量和品质的影响。结果表明,现蕾期至花球膨大期,青花菜对氮、磷、钾的吸收量最大,整个生长期对钾的吸收最多,氮次之,磷最少。氮磷钾主要分配在叶片中,现蕾后逐渐向花球转移,从现蕾到采收时,叶片中氮、磷、钾分配率分别降低了19.6%、10%和9.0%,花球中氮磷钾分配率分别提高了23.1%、15.9%和11.1%。不施氮、磷、钾肥显著降低了花球产量、维生素C含量和成品率,增施硼肥处理的花球成品率较氮磷钾肥处理提高了4.8%,不施氮肥和钾硫肥(K₂SO₄)显著降低了花球中的硫代葡萄糖苷含量。相关性分析表明,青花菜产量与植株内氮、钾积累量显著正相关,成品率与植株内磷营养显著正相关。     

Principles for forcing tulips,hyacinths, daffodils,Easter lilies and Dutch irises

Systematic investigations on the forcing of tulips, hyacinths, daffodils, Easter lilies and Dutch iris have produced a fairly complete set of scientific principles. In this review, these principles have been classified into a 3-phase concept of forcing. These are: production, programming, and greenhouse. The production phase is defined as all processes which occur during bulb production and it terminates with the harvesting of the bulbs. The programming phase comprises all handling of the bulbs from harvesting until they are placed under greenhouse conditions. The greenhouse phase is the accelerated development of the bulbs until anthesis or marketing of the plants. These phases have been discussed relative to floral and root development and the basic environmental requirements of the bulb species.