复方中草药对虹鳟生长和非特异性免疫功能的影响

将20∶1的红枣、黄芪和山药提取物等比例混合成复合物,按照质量分数分别为0％(对照组)、0.3％、0.6％和1.2％的比例加入到基础饲料中制成复合中草药饲料,投喂给饲养在冷水鱼循环系统中直径1 m×高1 m饲养缸中、体长7.6～8.9 cm的虹鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss,在水温11～15℃下,探讨复方中草...     

虹鳟对白鱼粉中的锌以及几种锌化合物的利用

本试验旨在探讨虹鳟对白鱼粉中的锌以及几种锌化合物(ZnSO_4、ZnNO_3、ZaCl_2、5ZnO·2CO_3)的利用情况,并确定使虹鳟正常生长的以白鱼粉为基础饵料的锌的最小添加量。平均体重约0.3g的幼鱼在水温5—20℃的条件下用试验饵料饲养40周,在未添加锌的饵料饲养的虹鳟中观察到了生长缓慢和较大比例的短躯症和白内障发生,这些症状随着向饵料添加锌(ZnSO_4或ZnNO_3)达到40μg/g而明显改善。虹鳟脊椎中锌的含量在饲喂未加锌的饵料时最低,且与饵料中锌含量成正比,当饵料中锌含量超过40μg/g时,脊椎中锌含量不再增高。试验结果表明:鱼粉饵料中锌的添加量高于40μg/g对促进虹鳟正常生长和避免短躯症和白内障出现是很有必要的,并发现ZnSO_4和ZnNO_3是达到这种目的的最合适锌源。试验表明虹鳟对白鱼粉中锌利用程度很低,从投喂未添加锌的饵料饲养虹鳟有营养不良症状出现而饵料中含有足以满足虹鳟需要的锌可以得出这一判断。     

微生物多糖对罗非鱼生长及非特异免疫功能的影响

在罗非鱼鱼种饲料中添加肽聚糖0．2g／kg、复合肽聚糖2g／kg、酵母细胞壁2g／kgg、β-葡聚糖2g／kg；饲养60d后，观察测定了微生物多聚糖对罗非鱼生长及血清溶菌酶和补体替代途径溶血活性(ACH50)的影响。结果表明，酵母细胞壁、β-葡聚糖和肽聚糖对罗非鱼促生长作用不显著，复合肽聚糖有抑制生长作用。酵母细胞壁和β-葡聚糖均能提高血清溶菌酶活性，但对补体替代途径溶血活性无明显激活作用。     

放养密度对虹鳟稚鱼生长的影响

虹鳟稚鱼伞长、体重生长速度随着放养密度的增大而降低,而这种差异随着生长时问的延长,表现更为显著稚鱼体重持定生长率随着放养密度的增大而降低,两者间存在着显著的负相关关系;Y=-5．0979X＋36．727（R2=0．9844）,Y代表体重特定生长率,X代表放养密度.日增重、饵料转化丰随着放养密度的增大而降低．净增重随着放养密度的增大而增加.     

免疫多糖对草鱼免疫功能的影响

首次在草鱼饵料中添加不同剂量的免疫多糖,测定草鱼血清中溶菌活力及超氧化物岐化酶活力,结果表明免疫多糖对草鱼免疫系统有明显的激活作用。池塘应用试验也表明,免疫多糖可显著增强草鱼对病毒性出血病的抵抗能力,提高成活率和产量,具有广阔的生产应用前景。认为添加２￣３％免疫多糖可达到较好免疫效果。     

不同动植物蛋白比饲料对虹鳟生长的影响

虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)是一种名贵的鲑科鱼类,肉质细嫩,味道鲜美,无小骨刺、无需刮鳞,蛋白质和脂肪含量高,高度不饱和脂肪酸含量高于其他鱼类.虹鳟苗种的密养技术和商品鱼的高产养殖技术已在全国推广,目前已遍布全国20多个省.近几年来,虹鳟养殖在我省各县逐渐兴起,并取得了较好的经济效益.虹鳟是典型的肉食性鱼类,对它的营养需要已做了较详细的研究,在国外虹鳟配合饲料的使用已较普及,配方技术也较成熟,但是我国目前虹鳟饲料的配制技术水平与国外先进水平相比尚有一定差距.     

日龄对虹鳟仔鱼全长生长的影响

对2003、2004年不同日龄虹鳟仔鱼生长的研究结果表明:在16～17.5℃水温下,破膜仔鱼的平均全长1.382 cm,6日龄上浮,上浮仔鱼平均全长2.090 cm,14日龄平均全长达3.905 cm,平均日增长0.180 cm。日龄与全长的关系呈线性正相关,2003、2004年的表达式分别为:L=0.1324T 1.2812(R2=0.9854)、L=0.1364T 1.3523(R2=0.9814)。24～日龄的全长特定生长率较高,5～11日龄的全长特定生长率较低,12日龄以后的全长特定生长率又升高。     

不同硒源对虹鳟生长性能及抗氧化能力的影响

在以鱼粉为主要蛋白源的基础饲料中分别添加亚硒酸钠和硒酵母,使饲料中硒的含量达到1．5％、2．0％、2．5％、3．0％。基础饲料设为对照组,不添加外源硒,对照组的硒含量为1．0％。在水温10℃～15℃、溶解氧5．6mg／L的条件下,对初始体重150g的虹鳟进行为期50d的生长对比试验。实验结束后取鱼的肝脏及血清,分别测定其超氧化物岐化酶（SoD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH—Px）活力及总抗氧化能力（T—AOC）、丙二醛（MDA）的值。结果表明：虹鳟鱼的增重率、饲料利用率各组之间差异不显著。各组之间的SOD、GSH—Px、T—AOC、MDA没有显著差异。因此在以鱼粉为主要蛋白源的虹鳟鱼饲料中添加外源硒,对虹鳟的生长及抗氧化能力没有显著影响。     

氨基酸——金属螯合物添加剂对虹鳟幼鱼生长的影响

本文研究了蛋氨酸—金属螯合物添加剂对虹鳟幼鱼生长的影响。结果表明,该添加剂组增重比基础饵料组和市售无机盐组略高,饵料系数比其它两组略低。经t测验检验,三组之间的差异不显著,还需要对杂食性或植食性鱼类进一步的实验。     

海藻免疫多糖对水产动物免疫功能的影响

为了验证海藻免疫多糖（本文中所用的海藻免疫多糖为浙江洞头特产优质海洋藻类——羊栖菜的提取物）对水产动物机体的免疫功能,我们委托上海水产大学生命科学与技术学院“免疫检测”课题组进行了海藻免疫多糖饲料添加剂对水产动物免疫功能相关方面的研究,下面将研究报告如下：     

虹鳟IL-17多克隆抗体的制备及初步鉴定

本研究根据NCBI已发表序列设计引物,提取经植物血凝素刺激后的虹鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss头肾细胞总RNA,采用RT-PCR方法扩增IL-17成熟肽基因,测序结果表明所获得的序列与发表序列相一致。将该基因重组至原核表达载体pET32a中,并转化大肠杆菌Escherichia coli Rosetta,进行诱导表达。SDS-PAGE电泳结果表明:目的蛋白以包涵体形式表达,大小约为32k Da,重组蛋白经Ni-NTA系统纯化、复性后纯度达90%以上,以其免疫小鼠制备虹鳟IL-17多克隆抗体。ELISA结果显示其效价为1∶25 600,而间接免疫荧光结果显示所制备的多克隆抗体能够特异性地识别真核细胞中瞬时表达的虹鳟IL-17。本研究成功制备虹鳟IL-17多克隆抗体,为下一步IL-17在虹鳟黏膜免疫中的作用及其佐剂效应研究奠定基础。     

诺氟沙星在金鳟体内的药物代谢动力学研究

实验水温为15±2℃,金鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）（平均体质量100±10g）单剂量肌肉注射30.0 mg/kg诺氟沙星后,应用高效液相色谱（HPCL）法于0.15,0.25,0.5,0.75,1,1.5,2,4,6,8,12,24,48,72 h测定了鱼血浆、肝脏和肾脏组织中药物的浓度,研究了诺氟沙星在金鳟组织中的分布及药物动力学规律。结果表明,诺氟沙星在金鳟体内吸收分布迅速,符合药物动力学一级吸收二室开放模型,但消除缓慢。诺氟沙星在金鳟血浆、肝脏和肾脏中的主要动力学参数如下：分布半衰期（T1/2α）分别为0.866、1.985、0.388h;消除半衰期（T1/2β）分别为31.369、36.402、30.975h;药时曲线下面积（AUC）分别为：308.005μg/mL.h、622.721μg/g.h、794.362μg/g.h。     

诺氟沙星在金鳟体内的药物代谢动力学研究

实验水温为15±2℃,金鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）（平均体质量100±10g）单剂量肌肉注射30.0 mg/kg诺氟沙星后,应用高效液相色谱（HPCL）法于0.15,0.25,0.5,0.75,1,1.5,2,4,6,8,12,24,48,72 h测定了鱼血浆、肝脏和肾脏组织中药物的浓度,研究了诺氟沙...     

二倍体与三倍体虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)红细胞及部分血液指标的比较

对三倍体和二倍体虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)的红细胞大小(长、短径值和体积)、形态及部分血液指标(红细胞数、血红蛋白、红细胞压积、红细胞脆性和白细胞数)进行了比较。结果表明:三倍体虹鳟红细胞体积与二倍体比值为1.51∶1,细胞核大小与二倍体比值为1.49∶1,与理论值(1.5∶1)比较均无显著差异(P>0.05)。二倍体红细胞短径/长径比值为0.63,呈现出椭圆形;三倍体红细胞短径/长径比值为0.60,呈现出明显的长椭圆形,并有19%的红细胞有哑铃形或分裂的细胞核,这可作为区别二倍体鱼类的一个重要鉴定标志。三倍体虹鳟的红细胞数、红细胞压积和红细胞脆性明显小于二倍体(P<0.05),而血红蛋白与白细胞数与二倍体比较无明显差异(P>0.05)。     

Effects of Microbial Phytase Supplementation in Corn Distiller's Dried Grain with Solubles on Nutrient Digestibility and Growth Performance of Rainbow Trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss

Abstract

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of microbial phytase in corn distiller's dried grain with solubles (DDGS) on apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) and growth performance of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. In experiment 1, DDGS was supplemented with phytase at 0,300,600,900, and 1200 FTU/kg diet. A total of 180 fish (129.1±9.3 g) were stocked into six 140-L tanks with 30 fish/tank. Fish were assigned randomly to a reference diet and each of the 5 diets containing DDGS. Yttrium oxide was used as an inert marker. Results showed that ADCs in DDGS supplemented with different dosages of phytase were: dry matter, 49.1-58.6%; crude fat, 78.9-88.9%; crude protein, 80.0-91.9%; gross energy, 50.5-66.6%; minerals, -7.3-99.7%; and amino acids: 73.9 to 96.8%. In experiment 2, abasal diet containing 15% DDGS supplemented with lysine and methionine was used to determine if trace mineral supplemental levels in rainbow trout diets could be reduced if microbial phytase was supplemented. Six diets were made with trace mineral premix supplementation at 0.1, 0.08, 0.06, 0.04, 0.02, and 0%. Phytase was not supplemented in the basal diet, but supplemented at 500 FTU/kg diet in all other diets. Ten-week results showed that there were no significant differences in fish weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and survival (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in fish body composition and apparent nutrient retention among fish fed all diets, except that fish fed a diet without trace mineral supplementation had the lowest zinc level and the highest manganese retention. Results indicated that phytase was effective in releasing most of minerals, and that trace mineral supplementation level could be reduced when phytase was used in rainbow trout diets.     

Changes of Non-Specific Immune Parameters in Rainbow Trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss,After Exposure to Antimicrobial Agents Used in Aquaculture

Changes of plasma lysozyme and serum bactericidal activity, ceruloplasmin, total plasma protein, serum glucose, hematocrit and leucocrit levels in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were studied after exposure to formalin and chloramine-T, which are used in aquaculture as anti-ectoparasitic and antibacterial agents. Fish were exposed to formalin at a concentration of 250 ppm for 60 min and exposed to chloramine-T for 5 ppm for 3 h. The parameters were analyzed for rainbow trout exposed to formalin and chloramine-T soon after treatments and rainbow trout exposed to freshwater after 24 h (return) following the treatments. Plasma lysozyme activity decreased after exposure to formalin; however, it was not affected by chloramine-T exposure. Serum bactericidal activity reduced after both formalin and chloramine-T exposure and did not change after returning to freshwater. Ceruloplasmin and total plasma protein were not affected by both treatments. Serum glucose levels of exposed fish elevated and remained at higher levels during recovery period when compared to control values. Hematocrit values of fish exposed to formalin increased; however, no significant change was observed in fish exposed to chloramine-T. Leucocrit levels of fish treated with both formalin and chloramine-T were higher than that of controls.     

Preliminary Comparisons of Yield and Profit Achieved from Different Rainbow Trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss,Production Systems in Inland Western Australia

Abstract

Farmers throughout the wheatbelt of Western Australia are interested in farming rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, in saline groundwater on salt-affected farmland, to generate an alternative source of income. We compared the relative productivity and profitability of three different production systems: extensive (trout stocked in earthen ponds and totally reliant on natural food); semi-intensive (trout stocked in earthen ponds and provided with supplementary diet); intensive (trout stocked in closed, recirculating tanks). The yield of fish increased with increasing production intensity. The mean wet weight (±SE) of trout after 4 months of grow-out was 61.3±2.7 g in extensive systems, 157.9±5.2 g in semi-intensive systems and 137.9±3.9 g in intensive systems, giving mean yields of 10.8 kg/pond (13.5 kg/ha), 27.9 kg/pond (34.8 kg/ha) and 54.9 kg/tank (21.1 kg/m³), respectively. A preliminary economic analysis of the different production systems showed that the increases in yield were sufficient to balance the extra operating costs involved in semi-intensive systems, but not in intensive systems. We conclude that semi-intensive production systems deserve further study for the commercially viable production of rainbow trout from saline groundwater in Western Australia.     

虹鳟营养需求的研究进展

简要介绍了近年来国内外虹鳟的营养研究,包括蛋白质、脂肪、维生素、矿物质等方面,提出一些虹鳟养殖中的注意事项,为虹鳟养殖、饲料生产和科研开发提供参考。     

植酸酶对金鳟粪磷及水环境中磷含量的影响

通过喷涂和预处理两种方法将不同浓度植酸酶添加到豆粕型金鳟(Oncorhynchus mykissW albaum)饲料中,研究了植酸酶对金鳟粪磷及养殖水环境中磷含量的影响。金鳟粪磷分析结果显示,喷涂法添加植酸酶,对照组中粪磷含量最高,其他各试验组较对照组差异显著(P<0.05),但500~2000 U/kg组中粪磷含量差异显著(P<0.05),2500~6000 U/kg组中粪磷含量无显著差异(P(0.05);预处理法添加植酸酶,对照组粪磷含量最高,其他各试验组粪磷含量较对照组降低显著(P<0.05),但添加植酸酶的各试验组之间差异不显著(P(0.05)。通过水中磷含量试分析结果显示,无论是喷涂法添加植酸酶还是预处理法添加植酸酶,各试验组水体总磷含量分别较其对照组差异不显著(P(0.05),各试验组的活性磷含量均未检出。实验结果表明,金鳟饲料中添加植酸酶可以降低粪磷含量,对养殖生产过程中控制磷的排放,减少磷污染具有重要的意义。     

三倍体虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)血细胞发生的形态学研究

观察和测定了三倍体虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)肝脏、脾脏、头肾和外周血液血细胞的发生过程。结果显示:三倍体虹鳟外周血红细胞具有分裂的能力,外周血液是其进一步发育成熟的场所,其进一步发育成熟有核质非同步分裂(核分裂先于质分裂呈双核型)和核质哑铃型同步分裂两种形式。外周血液中未成熟红细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞和粒细胞细胞比例分别为5.81%、4.14%、4.52%和3.38%,其4类未成熟细胞比例明显高于造血器官;外周血液中成熟红细胞为69.6%,与造血器官成熟红细胞的比例无显著差异;外周血中单核细胞、淋巴细胞和粒细胞细胞比例分别为6.60%、4.71%和1.24%,三类细胞比例明显低于造血器官(头肾中单核细胞除外)。