滩涂围垦区土壤重金属调查及生态风险评价—以盐城市弶港镇为例

以苏北盐城弶港镇滩涂围垦土壤为研究对象,进行了重金属Cr、Pb、As、Cd、Hg的测定及其风险评价,为我国沿海滩涂种植业的发展提供依据,并为其他国家和地区相关研究提供参考。结果表明,该区域土壤中5种重金属含量均未超过《国家土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—1995)一级标准限制,农田土壤Cr、As、Cd含量较高,郊区菜地土壤Pb、Hg含量较高;重金属Cr、Pb、As、Cd含量在不同土地利用类型间存在显著性差异;Hg含量差异不显著。采用地积累指数法进行评估可知,土壤没有受到单项重金属污染。依据内梅罗综合指数法评估可知,潮间带沉积物、工业区土壤、滩涂围垦熟化的土壤没有受到重金属污染;郊区菜地与农田土壤的污染等级已达到警戒线,污染水平属于尚清洁。Hakanson潜在生态风险评价结果表明,区域内土壤重金属处于无风险等级,尚不具有潜在生态风险。     

Irrigation mitigates the heat impacts on photosynthesis during grain filling in maize

Elevating soil water content (SWC) through irrigation was one of the simple mitigation measures to improve crop resilience to heat stress. The response of leaf function, such as photosynthetic capacity based on chlorophyll fluorescence during the mitigation, has received limited attention, especially in field conditions. A two-year field experiment with three treatments (control treatment (CK), high-temperature treatment (H), and high-temperature together with elevating SWC treatment (HW)) was carried out during grain filling with two maize hybrids at a typical station in North China Plain. Averagely, the net photosynthetic rate (P_n) was improved by 20%, and the canopy temperature decreased by 1–3°C in HW compared with in H in both years. Furthermore, the higher SWC in HW significantly improved the actual photosynthetic rate (Phi2), linear electron flow (LEF), variable fluorescence (F_v), and the maximal potential quantum efficiency (F_v/F_m) for both hybrids. Meanwhile, different responses in chlorophyll fluorescence between hybrids were also observed. The higher SWC in HW significantly improved thylakoid proton conductivity (gH⁺) and the maximal fluorescence (F_m) for the hybrid ZD958. For the hybrid XY335, the proton conductivity of chloroplast ATP synthase (vH⁺) and the minimal fluorescence (F_o) was increased by the SWC. The structural equation model (SEM) further showed that SWC had significantly positive relationships with P_n, LEF, and F_v/F_m. The elevating SWC alleviated heat stress with the delayed leaf senescence to prolong the effective period of photosynthesis and enhanced leaf photosynthetic capacity by improving Phi2, LEF, F_v, and F_v/F_m. This research demonstrates that elevating SWC through enhancing leaf photosynthesis during grain filling would be an important mitigation strategy for adapting to the warming climate in maize production.     

Integrating Remote Sensing and Proximal Sensors for the Detection of Soil Moisture and Salinity Variability in Coastal Areas

Soil moisture and salinity are two crucial coastal saline soil variables, which influence the soil quality and agricultural productivity in the reclaimed coastal region. Accurately characterizing the spatial variability of these soil parameters is critical for the rational development and utilization of tideland resources. In the present study, the spatial variability of soil moisture and salinity in the reclaimed area of Hangzhou gulf, Shangyu City, Zhejiang Province, China, was detected using the data acquired from radar image and the proximal sensor EM38. Soil moisture closely correlates radar scattering coefficient, and a simplified inversion model was built based on a backscattering coefficient extracted from multi-polarization data of ALOS/PALSAR and in situ soil moisture measured by a time domain reflectometer to detect soil moisture variations. The result indicated a higher accuracy of soil moisture inversion by the HH polarization mode than those by the HV mode. Soil salinity is reflected by soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa). Further, ECa can be rapidly detected by EM38 equipment in situ linked with GPS for characterizing the spatial variability of soil salinity. Based on the strong spatial variability and interactions of soil moisture and salinity, a cokriging interpolation method with auxiliary variable of backscattering coefficient was adopted to map the spatial variability of ECa. When compared with a map of ECa interpolated by the ordinary kriging method, detail was revealed and the accuracy was increased by 15.3%. The results conclude that the integrating active remote sensing and proximal sensors EM38 are effective and acceptable approaches for rapidly and accurately detecting soil moisture and salinity variability in coastal areas, especially in the subtropical coastal zones of China with frequent heavy cloud cover.     

Emission and Fixation of CO2 from Soil System as Influenced by Long-Term Application of Organic Manure in Paddy Soils

The observations of 25-yr long-term experiment in Zhejiang paddy soils showed that the soil organic matter could increase continuously with applying organic manure, and the increase in rate enhanced along with the application rates of organic manure. By mathematical modeling, the soil organic matter increased by 22 kg when 1 t of fresh FYM was applied. The CO2 emission resulting from the mineralization of soil organic matter increased with the increase in the application rate of the organic manure as well as the increase in the root residues. It is expected that the CO2 emission will be at 10.04-21.61 t ha^-1 yr^-1 when 16.5-49.5 t ha ^-1 yr^-1 of fresh FYM is applied. The soil organic carbon from mineralization and release of applied organic carbon （fresh FYM and root residues） will affect the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. So, the higher the application rate of organic manure, the more is the fixed organic carbon. The CO2 fixation will be at 1.885-3.463 t ha^-1 yr^-1 when 16.5-49.5 t ha^-1 yr^-1 of fresh FYM is applied. Thus, the CO2 fixation will increase by 46.7 kg by applying 1 t fresh FYM. To apply organic manure continuously in rice fields may reduce the contribution to the increase of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere.     

不同林型兴安落叶松林土壤理化特征

以不同林型（草类、杜香、杜鹃）兴安落叶松林0~60 cm土壤为研究对象,探讨兴安落叶松林土壤理化性质及其相关性。结果表明:1）0~60 cm土层,兴安落叶松林土壤含水量为17.93%,容重为1.07 g/cm³,随土层深度增加,土壤含水量呈下降趋势,容重呈递增趋势;2）兴安落叶松林土壤为弱酸性（pH=5.59）,随土层深度增加,pH呈递增趋势;3）兴安落叶松林土壤铵态氮含量为17.94 mg/kg,速效K含量为89.05 mg/kg,有效P含量为17.85 mg/kg,有机P含量为0.43 g/kg,随土层深度增加,各养分指标含量均呈下降趋势;4）兴安落叶松林土壤各金属氧化物的含量大小依次为Al₂O₃（13.77%）>Fe₂O₃（5.44%）> K₂O（2.33%）>Na₂O（1.80%）>MgO（1.30%）>CaO（1.25%）,随土层深度增加,除CaO外,各指标含量整体呈增加趋势,且表层含量与其他土层间差异显著;5）林型对土壤含水量、pH、铵态氮、有效P、MgO、Al₂O₃、CaO、Fe₂O₃的影响显著,而对容重、速效K、有机P、Na₂O和K₂O的影响不明显。表明兴安落叶松3种林型的土壤理化性质存在一定差异,草类-兴安落叶松林的土壤理化特征显著区别于杜香-兴安落叶松林和杜鹃-兴安落叶松林,可为兴安落叶松林的可持续经营提供依据。     

Long-Term Effect of Fertilizer and Rice Straw on Mineral Composition and Potassium Adsorption in a Reddish Paddy Soil

Increasing K⁺ adsorption can be an effective alternative in building an available K pool in soils to optimize crop recovery and minimize losses into the environment. We hypothesized that long-term fertilization might change K⁺ adsorption because of changes in the chemical and mineralogical properties of a rice (Oryza sativa L.). The aims of this study were (i) to determine clay minerals in paddy soil clay size fractions using X-ray diffraction methods and a numerical diagram-decomposition method; (ii) to measure K⁺ adsorption isotherms before and after H₂O₂ oxidation of organic matter, and (iii) to investigate whether K⁺ adsorption is correlated with changes in soil chemical and mineral properties. The 30-yr long-term fertilization treatments caused little change in soil organic C (SOC) but a large variation in soil mineral composition. The whole-clay fraction (<5 μm) corresponded more to the fertilization treatment than the fine-clay fraction (<1 μm) in terms of percentage of illite peak area. The total percentage of vermiculite-chlorite peak area was significantly negatively correlated with the total percentage of illite peak area in the <5 μm soil particles (R=-0.946, P<0.0006). Different fertilization treatments gave significantly different results in K⁺ adsorption. The SOC oxidation test showed positive effects of SOC on K⁺ adsorption at lower K⁺ concentration (?120 mg L^?1) and negative effects at higher K⁺ concentration (240 mg L^?1). The K⁺ adsorption by soil clay minerals after SOC oxidization accounted for 60–158% of that by unoxidized soils, suggesting a more important role of soil minerals than SOC on K⁺ adsorption. The K⁺ adsorption potential was significantly correlated to the amount of poorly crystallized illite present (R=0.879, P=0.012). The availability of adsorbed K⁺ for plant growth needs further study.     

耕作措施对东北黑土微生物呼吸的影响

【目的】利用东北黑土13年保护性耕作定位试验,研究耕作措施（免耕和秋翻处理）对土壤微生物的影响,从土壤微生物角度分析免耕是否有利于土壤有机碳（SOC）的固定,为合理评价农田黑土碳“源”与“汇”功能提供科学依据。【方法】以连作玉米为研究对象,采用单因素随机区组设计,耕作处理包括免耕和秋翻。免耕除播种外不扰动土壤,秸秆覆盖地表。秋翻处理的田间管理包括人工除草、中耕起垄和秋翻,秋翻时将秸秆翻于地表之下。土壤微生物呼吸速率通过PVC环在野外采用动态气室法（Li-Cor8100）直接测定（去除植物根系）,定期监测土壤微生物呼吸速率的季节变化,并在土壤微生物呼吸速率最高的季节取样分析不同处理土壤微生物量碳和数量特征。【结果】生长季节内免耕和秋翻处理下土壤微生物呼吸速率分别为0.42-3.35和0.48-3.24 μmolCO₂·m^-2·s^-1,两处理平均值差异不显著（8.8%）,但土壤累积CO₂-C释放量免耕比秋翻高10.0%（2012）和4.3%（2013）（P＜0.05）。免耕显著地增加0-5 cm表层土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量,分别比秋翻高125.7%、112.4%和53.3%;还显著地增加了其他土层的真菌数量,分别为105.3%（5-10 cm）,159.4%（10-20 cm）和114.7%（20-30 cm）。耕作处理影响土壤温度,主要体现在春季,秋翻（0-5 cm,5-10 cm）春季（6月）土壤温度比免耕分别高2.8%和5.8%。土壤微生物呼吸速率表现出显著的季节变化规律,与土壤温度具有相似的动态变化,夏季（7、8月份）最高,秋季较低。尽管耕作处理没有明显地影响土壤微生物呼吸速率的季节动态格局,但秋翻的土壤微生物呼吸最高值比免耕晚半个月。土壤微生物呼吸速率随土壤温度（5 cm和10 cm）呈指数型增长,10 cm处的回归模型明显好于5 cm。耕作处理只改变了5 cm的Q₁₀值,免耕比秋翻高10.8%。土壤微生物呼吸速率与土壤温度、水分混合回归模型能更好地反应其变化规律,解释土壤微生物呼吸速率变异的65%（秋翻）和81%（免耕）。【结论】免耕增加了表层（0-5 cm）的SOC含量,从而使得该土层的土壤微生物量碳和活性增加,但是由于免耕处理增加0-30 cm 土层SOC含量的加权平均值,因此相对于传统的耕作措施（秋翻）,免耕有利于SOC含量的增加。     

围垦植稻对崇明东滩湿地产甲烷微生物的影响

滨海湿地是CH4排放的重要自然源,受人类活动的影响较为强烈。本研究选择长江入海口崇明东滩自然湿地(光滩湿地和芦苇湿地)为对照,以空间代替时间变化,比较研究不同围垦年限(27、51、86年)的稻田耕作土壤产甲烷速率演替规律及其微生物数量变异特征。结果表明,围垦稻田的产甲烷速率平均值为13.8ngCH4 g-1 d-1,是自然滩涂湿地的3.3倍,且随着围垦年限增加而显著增加。围垦稻田中产甲烷菌的mcrA基因拷贝数为1.101×108~1.443×108copies g-1,也随围垦年限增长而增加,比光滩湿地中的基因拷贝数高出一个数量级。光滩湿地产甲烷菌的相对丰度显著低于芦苇湿地和围垦稻田,围垦稻田中相对丰度值随围垦年限增长而显著增加。其中,H2/CO2营养型产甲烷菌的相对丰度随内陆方向和围垦年限增长而数量级水平增加,而甲基营养型产甲烷菌的相对丰度在光滩中最高,随内陆方向和围垦年限增长而数量级水平减小。各采样点中的乙酸营养型产甲烷菌相对丰度同处于一个数量级,其在3个围垦稻田中没有显著差异。相关性分析表明,产甲烷速率与H2/CO2营养型产甲烷菌丰度值呈显著正相关,而与甲基营养型产甲烷菌呈显著负相关。因此,围垦种稻的熟土作用促进了滨海湿地甲烷产生过程,H2/CO2营养型产甲烷菌数量的大幅增加是产甲烷速率升高的主控因素之一。     

长期免耕和深松提高了土壤团聚体颗粒态有机碳及全氮含量

【目的】耕作措施对土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)具有重要影响。本研究利用团聚体和密度联合分级方法,旨在揭示长期耕作对表层土壤团聚体内密度颗粒组分SOC及TN的影响,为深入理解黄土高原农田土壤碳氮提升机理提供依据。【方法】长期试验位于黄土高原东部边缘地区,开始于1999年,共设4个处理:少耕无覆盖(RT)、免耕覆盖(NT)、深松覆盖(SM)和传统翻耕(CT)。于2013年7月采集0—10 cm土层样品,首先通过干筛法筛分>2、1—2、0.25—1和<0.25 mm粒级团聚体,之后利用颗粒密度分组,将团聚体有机质分为轻组有机质(LF)、粗颗粒有机质(cPOM)、细颗粒有机质(fPOM)和矿质结合有机质(m-SOM)。【结果】(1)15年保护性耕作(包括NT和SM处理)显著提高了0—10 cm土层的SOC和TN含量,与CT相比,NT和SM处理的SOC含量分别提高了22.9%和21.8%,TN含量分别提高了35.2%和42.3%。不进行秸秆覆盖的少耕处理(RT)对SOC和TN无显著影响。(2)不同耕作措施改变了团聚体质量组成及其内部SOC和TN含量。NT和SM处理显著提高了1—...     

利用OSC算法消除土壤含水量变化对Vis-NIR光谱估算有机质的影响

【目的】快速、准确地监测土壤有机质对于精准农业的发展具有重要意义。可见光-近红外(visible and near-infrared,Vis-NIR)光谱技术在土壤属性估算、数字化土壤制图等方面应用较为广泛,然而,在田间进行光谱测量,易受土壤含水量(soil moisture,SM)、温度、土壤表面状况等因素的影响,导致光谱信息中包含大量干扰信息,其中,SM变化是影响光谱观测结果最为显著的因素之一。此研究的目的是探讨OSC算法消除其影响,提升Vis-NIR光谱定量估算土壤有机质(soil organic matter,SOM)的精度。【方法】以江汉平原公安县和潜江市为研究区域,采集217份耕层(0—20 cm)土壤样本,进行风干、研磨、过筛等处理,采用重铬酸钾-外加热法测定SOM;将总体样本划分为3个互不重叠的样本集:建模集S~0(122个样本)、训练集S~1(60个样本)、验证集S~2(35个样本);设计SM梯度试验(梯度间隔为4%),在实验室内获取S~1和S~2样本集的9个梯度SM(0%—32%)的土壤光谱数据;分析SM对土壤Vis-NIR光谱反射率的影响,采用外部参数正交化算法(external parameter orthogonalization,EPO)、正交信号校正算法(orthogonal signal correction,OSC)消除SM对土壤光谱的干扰;利用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)的前两个主成分得分和光谱相关系数两种方法检验消除SM干扰前、后的效果;基于偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression,PLSR)方法建立EPO和OSC处理前、后的SOM估算模型,利用决定系数(coefficient of determination,R~2)、均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)和RPD(the ratio of prediction to deviation)3个指标比较PLSR、EPO-PLSR、OSC-PLSR模型的性能。【结果】土壤Vis-NIR光谱受SM的影响十分明显,随着SM的增加,土壤光谱反射率呈非线性降低趋势。OSC处理前的湿土光谱数据主成分得分散点相对分散,与干土光谱数据主成分得分空间的位置不重叠,不同SM梯度之间的光谱相关系数变化较大;OSC处理后的湿土光谱数据主成分得分空间的位置基本与干土光谱数据相重合,各样本光谱数据之间相似性很高,不同SM梯度之间的光谱相关系数变化较小。9个SM梯度的EPO-PLSR模型的验证平均R~2_(pre)、RPD分别为0.69、1.7。9个SM梯度的OSC-PLSR模型的验证平均R~2_(pre)、RPD分别为0.72、1.89,校正后的OSC-PLSR模型受SM的较小,有效提升SOM估算模型的精度和鲁棒性。【结论】OSC能够消除SM变化对土壤Vis-NIR光谱的影响,可为将来田间原位实时监测SOM信息提供一定的理论支撑。     

再生水灌溉模式对土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布的影响

为揭示再生水灌溉模式对土壤团聚体及其有机碳含量的影响,以潮土、紫色土和水稻土为研究对象,清水灌溉为对照(CK),研究了再生水灌溉(RW)、再生水-清水混合灌溉(RW-2)及再生水-清水交替灌溉(ARW)3种灌溉模式下土壤团聚体含量及稳定性、土壤总有机碳、各粒级团聚体有机碳及其对土壤总有机碳贡献率的差异。结果表明:3种灌溉模式下,3种土壤团聚体均以大团聚体(>0.25 mm)为主,干筛和湿筛处理大团聚体比重分别为89.56%~97.91%和67.95%~81.81%;相比CK,潮土和水稻土各处理团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)及几何平均直径(GMD)均降低,但水稻土差异不显著,紫色土MWD和GMD则显著增长(P<0.05);潮土和紫色土各处理总有机碳含量及大团聚体有机碳含量均显著增长(P<0.05),水稻土变化不显著;3种土壤大团聚体有机碳含量是微团聚体有机碳含量的8.83~29.95倍,前者对土壤总有机碳含量的贡献率为89.42%~97.09%,后者贡献率为2.91%~10.58%。从改善土壤团聚状况及有机碳固持方面考虑,在紫色土和水稻土上进行再生水灌溉更适合,其中紫色土以RW模式改善效果最好,水稻土更适合采用RW-2模式。     

秸秆和植被覆盖对江苏滨海盐土土壤盐分变化的影响

研究秸秆覆盖和植被（田菁）覆盖条件下滨海盐土土壤水盐的动态变化规律,为沿海滩涂盐碱地脱盐改良提供依据。本研究以含盐量6.98 g·kg^-1的滨海盐土为研究对象,设置秸秆覆盖和种植田菁2种覆盖处理,以裸地为对照,研究不同覆盖处理对滨海盐土土壤含水量和土壤盐分动态变化的影响。结果表明：秸秆覆盖下的土壤含水量（27.58%）显著高于田菁覆盖（26.70%）和裸地（26.61%）,后两者差异未达显著水平。处理1年后0~20、20~40 cm土层的秸秆覆盖、田菁覆盖和裸地不同处理间土壤含盐量的差异均达显著或极显著水平;秸秆覆盖处理的脱盐率为田菁覆盖处理的2倍。回归分析表明裸地和田菁覆盖下土壤盐分含量与累积降雨量的关系可用二次多项式拟合,田菁覆盖下的淋洗方程（EC_a/EC_i与D_w/D_s间的关系）可用三次多项式拟合;而秸秆覆盖条件下土壤盐分含量与累积降雨量的关系、淋洗方程均表现为指数函数关系y=ae^bx（P<0.01）。秸秆覆盖条件下滨海滩涂0~40 cm土层脱盐80%需要386.8 mm的累积降雨量。结果表明秸秆和植被覆盖技术在江苏滨海盐土可获得较好的脱盐效果,具有较好的应用前景。     

铜尾矿废弃地土壤动物多样性特征

土壤动物的恢复、群落演替及其多样性对于铜尾矿废弃地的生态重建具有重要意义.为了解铜尾矿废弃地土壤动物群落多样性特征,在铜陵市铜尾矿区设置4个样地23采样点,共捕获土壤动物4622只个体,隶属5门10纲18目29类.结果表明,铜尾矿自然废弃地与其对照组土壤动物多样性差异明显,自然废弃地土壤动物丰富度指数d、大型土壤动物密度、中小型土壤动物密度、多样性指数H''和D·G指数均小于其对照组且存在显著差异.而复垦废弃地中小型土壤动物密度和D·G指数小于其对照组且存在显著差异,多样性指数H''大于其对照组且差异极显著,其他土壤动物群落指标与其对照组均无显著差异.相似系数q表明,外围林地间土壤动物群落相似性最大,其次是复垦废弃地与外围林地间,自然废弃地与其它3个样地间相似性最小.从垂直分层来看,复垦废弃地土壤动物表聚性强于自然废弃地,尾矿废弃地表聚性强于外围林地.灰色关联分析表明,铜尾矿区土壤理化性质与土壤动物群落结构指标关系密切,其中最重要的因素是土壤含水量和总钾含量,重金属全镉含量也不容忽视,植被因素和土壤全铜含量对土壤动物的影响相对较小.由此可见,土壤含水量、土壤基质的优劣、土壤有机质与营养元素的含量等因素限制了铜尾矿废弃地土壤动物的恢复与重建,而这些因素的改善主要归功于尾矿废弃地的土地复垦和作物种植.所以,尾矿废弃地的复垦与利用有利于土壤动物的恢复与重建.     

Screening of drought resistance indices and evaluation of drought resistance in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Sixteen cotton cultivars widely planted in China were sowed under five different drought concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10%) using PEG₆₀₀₀ to screen the indices of drought resistance identification and explore the drought resistance of different cotton cultivars. Eighteen physiological indices including root, stem, and leaf water contents (RWC, SWC, and LWC), net photosynthetic rate (P_n), the maximum photochemical quantum yield (F_v/F_m), the actual photochemical quantum yield (ϕPSII), non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ), leaf water potential (LWP), osmotic potential (ψs), leaf relative conductivity (REC), leaf proline content (Pro), leaf and root soluble protein contents (LSPC and RSPC), leaf and root malondialdehyde (MDA) contents (LMDA and RMDA), root superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities (RSOD, RPOD, and RCAT) were measured. Results indicated the 18 physiological indices can be converted into five or six independent comprehensive indices by principal component analysis, and nine typical indices (F_v/F_m, SWC, LWP, Pro, LMDA, RSPC, RMDA, RSOD, and RCAT) screened out by a stepwise regression method could be utilized to evaluate the drought resistance. Moreover, the 16 cotton cultivars were divided into four types: drought sensitive, drought weak sensitive, moderate drought resistant, and drought resistant types. The resistance ability of two selected cotton cultivars (drought resistant cultivar, Dexiamian 1; drought sensitive cultivar, Yuzaomian 9110) with contrasting drought sensitivities were further verified by pot experiment. Results showed that the responses of final cotton biomass, yield, and yield composition to drought were significantly different between the two cultivars. In conclusion, drought resistant cultivar Dexiamian 1 and drought sensitive cultivar Yuzaomian 9110 were screened through hydroponics experiment, which can be used as ideal experimental materials to study the mechanism of different cotton cultivars with contrasting drought sensitivities in response to drought stress.     

利用化学分析和生物测试方法比较研究污染土壤中芳烃受体效应物质的积累

长期使用污水或再生水灌溉的潜在生态风险已经引起普遍关注,但是少有研究持久性有机有毒物质在土壤中积累所产生的慢性毒性.采用7-乙氧基-异吩唑酮-脱乙基酶(EROD)方法测试了北京郊区某再生水灌溉土壤中的芳烃受体效应物质,并用2,3,7,8-TCDD标定出相应的二英毒性当量(TEQ_bio).同时利用化学分析得到的土壤中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,根据文献报道毒性当量因子(TEF)换算成二英的毒性当量(TEQ_PAHs).分析生物测试的结果,发现灌溉土壤中芳烃受体     

覆膜连作对玉米田土壤线虫群落的影响

线虫作为指示生物已被广泛应用于土壤生态学领域,成为指示土壤健康的重要生物。为了探明多年覆膜连作对土壤生态系统的影响,分析了内蒙古赤峰地区多年覆膜连作和未覆膜连作玉米田土壤理化性质、土壤线虫功能类群及生态指数间的差异。结果表明：多年覆膜连作导致土壤含水量、土壤孔隙度、粉粒含量、有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效磷、阳离子交换量、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶、脲酶含量显著（P<0.05）或极显著(P<0.01)降低,土壤容重、砂粒含量和过氧化氢酶含量极显著增加（P<0.01）。所有处理共鉴定出土壤线虫群落55个,覆膜连作玉米田49个,未覆膜连作玉米田50个;覆膜处理的玉米田中,食细菌线虫、食真菌线虫、植物寄生线虫、c-p1和c-p2类群数量均显著低于未覆膜玉米田（P<0.05）。覆膜连作玉米田中,总成熟度指数（MMI）、自由生活线虫成熟度指数（MI）和通道指数（CI）均显著高于未覆膜玉米田,富集指数（EI）显著低于未覆膜玉米田。这说明多年覆膜连作改变了土壤环境,使多种土壤理化指标降低,影响了土壤线虫群落结构,降低了土壤线虫的数量和组成。     

A calibration method of detecting soil water content based on the information-sharing in wireless sensor network

In agricultural production, there is contradiction between the cost and accuracy of detection during the course of acquiring soil water content (θ) online. This conflict is one of the core issues of automatic water-saving irrigation technology in agriculture. At the same time, capacitive soil moisture sensor (CSMS) has received considerable attention, for it can acquire θ with low cost and high precision, and meet the application requirements of wireless sensor network (WSN). But CSMS is vulnerable to the soil temperature (T_s) and salinity (S_s) in the measurement process. Therefore, this study took EC-5 sensor for example to establish water detection calibration models of soil temperature and salinity for single sensor, using Least Squares Support Vector Machines on MatLAB (LS-SVMlab) as the tool. On this basis, we explored the spatial variability of T_s and S_s, and then a method, which could be used to calibrate the output signals of sensors in multi-point network, was proposed based on the information-sharing (T_s or S_s) technology of WSN. Through laboratory experiment, we effectively reduced the impact of soil temperature and salinity on the single sensor. In example analysis, we investigated the detection precision and costs under different information-sharing radiuses (r). And the results indicated that the method we proposed based on the information-sharing technology of WSN could successfully calibrate the influence of soil temperature and salinity on sensors in multi-point network, and it was an efficacious approach to determine the balance between the calibration accuracy of moisture sensor and the investment of agricultural production. For example, while the calibration precision of soil temperature and salinity is respectively 1%, the costs can be reduced by 30%.     

大气CO2和O3升高对菜地土壤酶活性和微生物量的影响

利用OTC平台和青菜盆栽实验,探索[CO_2]、[O_3]或[CO_2+O_3]升高条件下,土壤理化性质、微生物量和土壤酶活性的变化,以期获得未来大气CO_2或/和O_3升高对土壤微生态系统的风险性。结果表明,[CO_2]升高不同程度地提高了土壤的可溶性有机碳(DOC)、可溶性有机氮(DON)、总磷(TP)、总碳(TC)、铵态氮(AN)、硝态氮(NN)含量和含水量(SWC),进而不同程度地提高了土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、微生物量氮(MBN)含量以及土壤蛋白酶(PRA)、蔗糖酶(SA)、脲酶(UA)、多酚氧化酶(POA)、酸性磷酸酶(APA)和中性磷酸酶(NPA)活性。相反,[O_3]升高不同程度降低了土壤DOC、TP、TK、TC、TN、AN、NN、SWC、MBC和MBN含量,提高了MBC/MBN比值,在不同程度上降低了土壤PRA、SA、UA、POA、APA和NPA酶活性。而[CO_2+O_3]在一定程度上消减了[O_3]对土壤微生物量和酶活性的抑制作用,也降低了[CO_2]升高对土壤微生物量和酶活性的刺激效应。因此,土壤微生物量和土壤酶活性的变化可用于评价未来大气CO_2或/和O_3升高对菜地土壤微生态环境的影响。     

Spatial Variability of Irrigated Corn Yield in Relation to Field Topography and Soil Chemical Characteristics

Corn yield, topography and soil characteristics were sampled on a 26 ha area of a centre pivot irrigated cropland. The aim of the study was to determine relationships between corn yield, field topography and soil characteristics. The study was carried out in the Alentejo region of Portugal. Corn yield was measured with a combine harvester fitted with a grain-flow sensor and positioned by means of the Global Positioning System (GPS). A grid-based digital elevation model (DEM) with 1-m resolution was constructed and several topographic attributes were calculated from the DEM: the local slope gradient (S), profile curvature (Curv), specific catchments area (SCa), and a steady-state wetness index (W). Yield and topographical attributes were computed for areas of radius 5, 10, 25 and 50 m, being considered its maximum, minimum, range and average values. The soil was systematically sampled with a mechanical probe for a total of 109 soil profiles used for analysis of the following soil superficial (<0.30 m) characteristics: extractable phosphorous (P₂O₅) and extractable potassium (K₂O), soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable bases. With centre pivot irrigation systems, the Wave₅₀ index was shown to be useful for the identification of field areas in which low corn yields may be due to lack of water. At the same time, SCa was found to be useful for the identification of field areas in which low yields are due to excess water and drainage problems. Higher positive correlation between pH, Ca and Curv were observed; calcium concentration was found on the transition areas between flat surfaces to concave ones, while lower values were detected in convex and concave areas. Topographical indexes, namely Wave₅₀, SCa and Curv, can be especially helpful in site-specific management for delineating areas where crop yields are more sensitive to extreme water conditions.