海水鱼类必需脂肪酸营养与需要的研究进展

综述了牙Ping、大菱Ping、鲷和鲈等海水主要养殖鱼类的必需脂肪酸营养及其需要量；讨论了为海水养殖鱼类提供必需脂肪酸的有效途径。     

海水鱼类微量元素需求研究进展

微量元素作为海水鱼类生长发育和繁殖重要的营养物质,近年来受到越来越多水生动物营养与饲料方向科研工作者的关注。在这个背景下,本文简述了部分微量元素的生理功能、吸收机理,综述了牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)、大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)、大黄鱼(Larimichthys croceus)、石斑鱼属鱼类(Epinephelus)等海水鱼类对不同微量元素的需求量与缺乏或过量症,并列举了微量元素之间交互作用的研究进展。在此基础上,对海水鱼类微量元素需求研究进行了展望,提出了今后微量元素在海水鱼类营养需求上的研究方向。     

海水鱼类高度不饱和脂肪酸营养研究概况

就近年来国外有关海水鱼类高度不饱和脂肪酸必需性的研究、海水鱼类对ｎ－３系列高度不饱和脂肪酸需求量的研究、不同脂型脂肪酸的利用效果、必需脂肪酸的转化途径研究以及仔雅鱼胚胎和发育过程中的脂类代谢最新研究进展进行了综述。     

海水鱼类人工繁育技术的研究进展

21世纪是人类向海洋进军的新世纪,无论是发达国家还是发展中国家,无不站在国家和民族利益的战略高度,把海洋看作是新的生存和发展空间,寄希望于"蓝色国土"对人类社会发展给予更多的支撑,也期望获得更多的蓝色海洋食物.我国是世界上最早养殖海水鱼类的国家之一,海水养殖技术和养殖面积也居于世界前列,但是就养殖现状而言,尚有一定的发展空间,科学合理的开展海水养殖,重点发展鱼类增养殖,是我国水产领域最重要的发展方向[1].     

人工诱导海水鱼类雌核发育的研究进展

近三十年来,国内外海水鱼类的增养殖业发展迅速,尤其以提高增养殖鱼类产量和质量为主要目的的染色体组工程已成为海水鱼类育种的热点.作为一种实用的染色体组操作技术,雌核发育是在雌核控制下的发育,精子只作为"激活源",入卵后不形成雄核,所以后代的遗传特质仅仅来源于母性亲本.     

九十年代我国海水鱼类人工繁殖和育苗技术的现状与展望

自90年代以来,我国海水鱼类人工繁殖和育苗技术已向批量化和多品种方向发展,名特优种类不断增加,开始进入种苗规模化生产的可持续性发展阶段。本文针对海水鱼类增养殖问题,提出今后发展的几点设想。     

海水鱼类仔稚鱼消化生理学研究进展

综述了海水鱼类仔稚鱼消化系统的发育过程，讨论了消化系统中各种酶的分布以及各发育时期参与消化的酶的种类及其活性，分析了饵料与消化系统中酶的互动关系，以及外源性消化酶和神经肽在仔稚鱼消化过程中所起的作用。     

广东海水鱼类网箱养殖考察报告

本文根据对广东省海水鱼类网箱养殖技术的考察学习,概述了养鱼网箱的结构特点,养殖技术,经济效益及存在的问题等一些基本情况。     

海水鱼类工厂化养殖的现状与发展趋势

工厂化养鱼,又称设施渔业,起源于20世纪60年代,已成为当前世界水产养殖业的前沿产业。工厂化养鱼的特点是在高密度的饲养条件下,根据鱼类生长对环境的需要,形成新的生态条件,以控制其最适生长环境;根据鱼类生长对营养的需求,定时、定量供应鱼类喜食的高效饵料,生长快,周期短。一个完善的养鱼工厂应包括封闭式内循环、微生态调节净化水质、纯氧增氧、臭氧消毒、物理过滤、泡沫分离、人工培养活饵料、配合饵料及自动投饵等专用设施。因此,工厂化养鱼是集机械化、信息化、自动化为一体的现代化养殖业。然而,工厂化养鱼又是高技术、高投入、…     

海鱼早期阶段必需脂肪酸和磷脂的研究现状与展望

近年来，海鱼早期阶段必需脂肪酸和磷脂研究取得重要进展。本文以从必需脂肪酸的竞争，DHA、EPA和AA的必需性，饲料脂类的种类与含量，以及海鱼的极性脂-磷脂等方面论述海鱼早期阶段必需脂肪酸和磷脂的研究现状与今后方向。     

Fatty acid nutritional quality of sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck 1816) eggs and endotrophic larvae: relevance for feeding of marine larval fish

Sea urchin eggs and larvae have been suggested as potential live prey for marine fish larval feeding. This study evaluated the fatty acid composition of Paracentrotus lividus eggs, prisms and four-armed plutei, obtained from wild and captive broodstocks fed on raw diets: maize, seaweed and a combination of maize and seaweed. Amounts of essential fatty acids (EFA) for marine fish larvae [arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA)] were determined in eggs and endotrophic larvae. ARA ranged from 3.93% in eggs from combination to 18.7% in plutei from maize diets. In any developmental stage, EPA amounts were always lower than 5% for the raw diets, and DHA showed null or trace amounts including the wild diet. Thus, broodstock-prepared diets had to be formulated based on different lipid sources (Algamac, linseed oil, cod liver oil and olive oil) in order to test eggs and larvae EFA enhancement. EFA improvement was possible for all tested prepared diets. Algamac diet lead to superior EFA enhancement mainly in DHA (7.24%, 4.92% and 6.09% for eggs, prisms and plutei, respectively) followed by cod liver oil diet. Only these two lipid sources should be considered for prepared broodstock diets in order to obtain suitable live prey for fish larval feeding.     

Modification of essential fatty acid composition in broodstock of cultured European eel Anguilla anguilla L

Farmed eels had lower levels of arachidonic acid (20:4 n‐6) (ARA) and higher ratios of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n‐3) (EPA):ARA compared to wild European eels collected from the Baltic Sea and southern Norwegian coast. Eels fed a formulated feed (JD) with a distribution of essential fatty acids (EFA) resembling wild European eel were sampled after 0, 5, 10, 14 and 44 weeks of feeding to examine changes in fatty acid composition (FAC) in ovaries, visceral fat and muscle. The results showed a slow but steady incorporation of EFA. Lipids are incorporated in the oocytes early in oogenesis, and the leading cohort of oocytes is rich in lipid droplets before the onset of vitellogenesis. This indicates that feeding with optimized broodstock feeds should start early to allow the incorporation of EFA in the first cohort of oocytes. At least 14 weeks of feeding is required to change lipid EFA in broodstock eel to resemble EFA in the diet or in wild fish. After 44 weeks of feeding, ARA was significantly higher in the neutral lipids of ovaries (1.9%) compared to visceral fat (1.2%) or muscle (1.0%). EPA:ARA ratios decreased two‐ to threefold in all tissues examined during that time. ARA and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n‐3) (DHA) had accumulated in ovarian polar lipids.     

海水仔稚鱼早期阶段氨基酸的营养生理研究进展

深海海鱼鱼卵中的游离氨基酸占鱼卵总氨基酸含量的近50％（干重），游离氨基酸库中的游离氨基酸似乎是卵黄蛋白的水解产物。仔鱼吸收卵黄内源营养的过程中，游离氨基酸库中的游离氨基酸逐渐减少，到仔鱼开始摄食时，库中的游离氨基酸已近枯竭，游离氨基酸不仅是代谢能源，而且是体蛋白合成的基本原料，仔鱼开始摄食后，氨基酸作为分解代谢的重要物质，可能有高达60％的能量由氨基酸提供，由于仔稚鱼的生长主要是通过合成蛋白质增加鱼体的重量，加之仔稚鱼的生长速度很高，因此，仔稚鱼需要其饲料中有较高的氨基酸含量。仔鱼开始摄食后，其消化系统对蛋白质的水解和吸收能力较弱，海水仔稚鱼的早期阶段，仔鱼的肠道对游离氨基酸的吸收要高于对多肽和蛋白质中氨基酸的吸收，仔鱼开始摄食后，由浮游生物获得大量的游离氨基酸，用微粒饲料培育仔稚鱼，微脂粒技术可能是向饲料中添加游离氨基酸的实用技术。     

Quality of eggs and spermatozoa of rainbow trout fed an n-3 essential fatty acid-deficient diet and its effects on the lipid and fatty acid components of eggs, semen and livers

ABSTRACT: The effect of an n-3 essential fatty acid (EFA) -deficient diet on spawning and on the lipid and fatty acid contents of eggs, semen and livers of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was investigated. Fish were split into two groups and fed either of two diets for a period of 4 months prior to the start of the spawning season. The control group was fed a commercial diet, containing n-3 EFA, whereas the experimental group was fed an n-3 EFA-deficient diet. Fish were 3 years old at the time of spawning. Eggs and semen were stripped off five females and five males from each diet group and cross-fertilized. Two of the five males fed the deficient diet showed a lower sperm motility, resulting in slightly lower mean hatching rates when crossed with eggs of either group. Higher lipid contents in the EFA-deficient diet were reflected in the egg and semen lipid contents, whereas the lipid contents of male livers of both diet groups were higher than those of female livers. In livers and eggs, the main polar lipid was phosphatidylcholine accompanied by phosphatidylethanolamine in sperm polar lipids. The non-polar lipids of eggs were mainly triacylglycerols but in livers and semen, free fatty acids and free sterols were more abundant. Essential fatty acids, namely n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids and linolenic acid, were generally lower in eggs, semen and livers sampled from the EFA-deficient diet group. These results indicate that the fertilization, eyed and hatching rates obtained from crossings with males fed the EFA-deficient diet were slightly lower because of the dietary effect on sperm motility. Moreover, lipids of eggs, semen and livers of male and female rainbow trout were influenced greatly by their dietary availability.     

Essential fatty acid requirements of cultured marine fish larvae

Feeding of marine fish larvae is, in most cases, limited to the administration of two species of live prey. This reduction in the range of food available for the cultured larvae may occasionally lead to nutritional imbalances or deficiencies. A large amount of research has been recently devoted to the study of the essential fatty acid requirements of marine fish larvae. Studies on the biochemical composition of developing eggs and larvae, as well as the comparison of the patterns of loss and conservation during starvation, pointed out the importance of n-3 HUFA and arachidonic acid as essential fatty acids for larvae of marine fish. The biochemical composition of marine fish larvae, in terms of lipid content and fatty acid composition of total and polar lipids, is modified by dietary levels of essential fatty acids. Larval growth, survival and activity have also been reported to be affected by dietary levels of essential fatty acids. In addition, some pathological signs, such as hydrops or abnormal pigmentation, have been related to essential fatty acid deficiency in these fish. Based on these effects, the essential fatty acid requirements of marine larval fish have been reported to range between 0.3 and 55 g kg^?1 n-3 HUFA on a dry weight basis, suggesting that quantitative requirements of fish larvae may differ from those of juveniles or adults. But quantitative requirements for larvae of the same species reported by various authors are often contradictory. These differences are discussed in relation to the dietary lipid content, ratio 20:5n-3/22:6n-3 and culture conditions used.     

海水鱼脂类营养与饲料的研究进展

脂类在鱼类营养中起着重要的作用,能为机体提供生长所需的必需脂肪酸等营养物质,机体中的必需脂肪酸对维持细胞结构和功能的完整性至关重要。此外,脂类在能量供应方面也起着重要作用。本文主要介绍了海水鱼类必需脂肪酸、鱼油替代、脂类营养与水产品品质关系以及海水鱼饲料这四个方面的研究现状,并就未来海水鱼脂类营养与饲料的研究重点进行了展望。     

高不饱和脂肪酸（HUFAs）在淡水鱼类中的营养作用研究进展

鱼粉、鱼油资源的短缺促使全球水产养殖业积极寻找其替代原料,而探究鱼粉、鱼油与其替代物之间的差异尤为重要,其中最主要的差异就是高不饱和脂肪酸(highly unsaturated fatty acids,HUFAs)是否存在及其含量多少。HUFAs是一类碳原子数目≥20、双键数≥3的脂肪酸,具有为动物提供能量、构成细胞膜组分、形成高生物活性物质、调控脂质代谢和免疫功能等重要作用,主要存在于鱼油和某些类别的微藻中。淡水鱼类具备自身合成HUFAs的能力,因此,一般认为HUFAs不是淡水鱼类的必需脂肪酸,无需通过饲料提供。但已有研究指出,饲料中添加一定量的HUFAs能够对淡水鱼类产生积极的营养作用,表明淡水鱼类的脂肪酸营养理论尚需进一步完善。本文综述了HUFAs在淡水鱼类生长、脂质代谢、健康免疫、繁殖特性等方面发挥作用的相关研究结果,明确提出淡水鱼类需要摄取一定水平的外源性HUFAs,指出在当前淡水鱼饲料中普遍使用HUFAs相对缺乏的蛋白源和油脂源的背景之下,HUFAs对淡水鱼类的作用应受到关注。最后,本文对今后淡水鱼类HUFAs营养的研究方向,以及新的HUFAs油脂源的开发前景进行了展望。     

Dietary effects of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid levels on egg and larval quality, and the fatty acid composition of the eggs of Chilean flounder Paralichthys adspersus broodstock

The effects of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (n-3 HUFA) on eggs and larval quality were investigated in the Chilean flounder Paralichthys adspersus . Broodstock were fed with three formulated diets with similar proximate compositions but different n-3 HUFA (2.1%, 3.1% or 4.1%) estimated levels from 5 months before and during the spawning period. The diet with an intermediate n-3 HUFA level resulted in a significantly higher ( P <0.05) percentage of buoyant eggs (68.2 ± 2.9%), fertilization (92.8 ± 3.9%), normal cell cleavages (93.5 ± 1.9%), hatching rate (87.7 ± 4.1%) and normal larvae (76.3 ± 3.7%) compared with the other two diets. In contrast, high levels of n-3 HUFA produced larvae with a higher survival capacity when subjected to fasting. The diet with the lowest content of n-3 HUFA produces lower quality eggs and larvae. The n-3 HUFA level in eggs increased with an increase in the dietary level, and the n-3/n-6 ratios were 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1. The DHA/EPA and EPA/ARA ratios of 2 and 4 in eggs, respectively, were associated with improved egg and larval quality and were similar to the ratios found in eggs from wild broodstock. Attainment of optimal fatty acid contents in broodstock diets is one of the key factors for producing the high-quality spawning required for managed culture of this flounder.     

冬、夏季6种经济贝类脂肪酸组成

测定和比较了广东湛江地区6种常见经济贝类冬、夏季19种主要脂肪酸组成,探讨了冬、夏2季气候变化对贝类脂肪酸组成的影响和相应的脂肪酸营养价值.结果表明,检测的6种海洋贝类冬、夏季总脂含量分别为(0.11±0.01)%～(0.19±0.01)%,(0.15±0.00)%～(0.45±0.04)%;饱和脂肪酸(SFA)分别为35.15%～47.29%,41.96%～45.99%;单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)分别为9.47%～17.68%,13.62%～18.04%;多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)分别为39.35%～48.56%,36.25%～43.15%.通过方差分析,6种贝类冬季SFA、MUFA和PUFA的含量均比夏季高,且具有显著差异;冬季的总脂含量虽然比夏季高,但差异不显著.