准噶尔盆地东部波斑鸨秋季种群动态简报

对木垒繁殖区波斑鸨秋季迁飞前种群动态的研究发现,秋季波斑鸨有集群现象,多以家族或成体与亚成体组成小群,数个小群集合形成大的迁飞群.秋季波斑鸨的警觉性非常高,距观察者300-1000m甚至更远,即惊飞.与夏季分布区相比,秋季波斑鸨分布区向西南移动约14km至E90°36'.     

新疆木垒波斑鸨生态学研究初报

1997年至 2 0 0 0年 ,作者等在新疆准噶尔盆地东部木垒县境内开展了波斑鸨 (Chlamydotisundulata)的生态学研究工作。研究内容涉及栖息地 ,种群数量和密度 ,巢与卵 ,筑巢成功率和孵化率 ,食性 ,迁徙。研究结果表明 ,波斑鸨多在植被盖度 ,高度和草本植物丰富度较低的地带繁殖栖息 ;研究区内约有成年波斑鸨 2 5 1- 2 93只 ,平均密度为 0 .0 838只 /km2 ;从 1998年至 2 0 0 0年 ,平均巢卵数分别为 :3.9± 0 .8,3.7± 0 .9和 3.0± 0 .9。孵化成功率为 0 .83～ 1。营巢成功率为 0 .2 5～ 0 .775 ;波斑鸨以多种植物和无脊椎动物为食 ,其中猪毛菜 (Salsolaarbuscula)是一类重要的食物 ;波斑鸨多在 9月中至 10月中开始秋季迁飞 ,平均迁徙天数为 2 4± 17天 ,飞越 34 0 0 - 470 0km ,在伊朗、印度和巴基斯坦越冬     

新疆准噶尔盆地东部波斑鸨夏季栖息地选择

1999～ 2 0 0 1年 6～ 7月 ,利用粪便示踪和野外直接观察法对准噶尔盆地东部波斑鸨 (Chlamydotisundula tamacqueenii)夏季栖息地进行了采样研究。结果表明 :波斑鸨夏季栖息地地势平坦 ,视野开阔 ,沙质土和粘土上旱生和盐生荒漠植被广泛分布 ,植被稀疏、低矮 ,并镶嵌有相对较高的灌丛块 ;影响波斑鸨夏季栖息地选择的环境因子是植物种数、植被密度和植被盖度 ;栖息地内的植被盖度、植被密度、草本植物种数、角果藜密度和距邻近灌丛块距离都显著低于对照地内的相应成分。     

波斑鸨的生态生物学研究现状

波斑鸨是生存于荒漠和半荒漠地区的一种中型鸨科鸟类,全世界共3个亚种,被IUCN列为易危种。近几十年来,由于工农业用地的扩大和过度放牧造成的栖息地退化和丧失,以及狩猎等因素导致波斑鸨野外种群数量锐减。为有效保护这一物种,有关学者在波斑鸨的生物生态学领域开展了广泛而又深入的研究。从地理分布与种群数量、栖息地选择、采食习性、活动模式与节律、行为、巢域、繁殖生物学、迁徙、致危原因和保护与恢复生态学10个方面,对波斑鸨研究现状进行了综述。     

太湖流域(太仓)油菜病毒病流行规律与测报方法研究

1980—1985年,在江苏省太仓县进行试验与调查,得出油菜病毒病的主要流行规律是:病害与油菜播种期、夏季气温和秋季降雨量呈负相关;与秋季传毒蚜虫迁飞量、十字花科蔬菜病毒病发生量呈正相关;油菜不同品种发病差异显著。     

褐飞虱及白背飞虱空中迁飞规律的研究

为了研究褐飞虱、白背飞虱的迁飞规律,作者于1977～1979年夏季和秋季,在华中地区,用运五型飞机,携带自行设计的活动型捕虫装置,进行空中捕捉褐飞虱、白背飞虱的试验。三年间共飞行91小时58分,计13000公里,共捕获褐飞虱、白背飞虱1915头,占捕虫总数的53.71%。试验结果证实了这两虫具有明显的季节性的中、长距离的迁飞特性,并探明了其空中迁飞的垂直高度、水平分布、虫口密度和迁飞种群的型式、姿态、生理状况、回迁动态以及迁飞起飞与气象条件的关系。     

武汉地区油菜蚜虫秋季迁飞与预测

本文研究了萝卜蚜和桃蚜秋季迁飞与温度,降雨、风速等因素的数量关系,初步提出了单因素与迁飞量的函数关系式和迁飞量的预测式。绪论我国已知的油菜蚜虫有萝卜蚜[Lipaphis ergsimc(K1tb)]、桃蚜[Myzus β—ersicae(sulz)]和甘篮蚜[Brevicoryne brassicae(L.)]三种。在武汉地区以萝卜蚜和桃蚜占绝大多数。作者于1962年和1978—1982年在武昌用黄盘诱蚜六个年次,鉴定油     

我国白背飞虱和褐稻虱迁飞路径的气流分析

白背飞虱和褐稻虱的迁飞过程包括成虫迁出、空中水平输送、降落和生境选择等环节。本文就高空水平输送这一环节进行了探讨。根据高空流场的分析,结合各地高山捕虫网及灯诱资料,对全国各季节的迁飞路径进行了分析研究,将造成不同迁飞路径的气流情况初步归纳为春季的北迁、夏季的北迁、秋季的回迁和台风影响等四组共十三个流型。     

新疆北塔山地区的野生动物

于 1998年 9月、10月对新疆东北部阿尔泰山系北塔山地区的野生动物 ,以有蹄类为重点 ,采用定点观测、路线考察和调查访问相结合的方法进行了专题考察研究。通过 12个定位点的观测 ,定位点周边地区的辐射考察和 95 3km的路线考察并参阅有关文献 ,共记录陆栖脊椎动物 14 9种 ,其中两栖类 1种、爬行类 6种、鸟类 10 0种、兽类4 2种。考察过程中 ,于 10月 7日在考察区南部山前荒漠见波斑鸨 (Otisundulatamacqueeni) 2只 (N4 4°5 2 .310′,E91°4 4 .30 4′) ,结合卫星跟踪定位监测 (另项专题研究 )结果 ,证实北塔山地区南部冲积平原为波斑鸨的繁殖地、迁徙的经途和停息地。同时对分布于该地区的数种主要有蹄类动物的生存现状作了考察 :1、野马 (Equusprzewalski)。证实原野中的野马已不复存在 ,野马已经从中国的原野消失。2、蒙古野驴 (Asinushemionushemionus) 。观察到 17群·次 ,10 8头。仅见 1次单独活动的个体 ,最大群 2 5头(N4 4°5 4 .92 1′,E92°0 1.938′) ,其余均为 2至 12头不等的集群。该地属中等密度区。3、鹅喉羚 (Gazellasubgutturosasairensis)。在山前荒漠观察到 5群·次 ,19只。均为 3至 5只的小群。该地属低密度区。4、盘羊 (Ovisammondarwini)。在北部山地 2次见到犄角 ,在南部低山丘     

李光博院士在中国黏虫越冬迁飞规律与行为机制研究中的贡献——纪念李光博院士诞辰100周年

迁飞害虫因其突发性、暴发性和异地虫源等特点常造成农作物损失。2020年农业农村部公布的国家一类农作物病虫害名录上10种(类)害虫中就有8种(类)是迁飞性害虫。本文回顾了李光博院士在我国黏虫越冬迁飞规律与行为机制研究中的杰出贡献,包括：带领全国越冬调查协作组,首次提出我国黏虫越冬区划;首创黏虫大规模“标记-释放-回收”试验,揭示了季节性远距离南北往返迁飞规律;开启黏虫迁飞行为机制研究先河,发现黏虫迁飞与生殖生活史适应特征。李先生对黏虫越冬迁飞规律与机制的研究在国内外产生了重要影响,引领国内外其他迁飞害虫研究与治理,为迁飞害虫的监测预警和综合治理提供了理论依据并做出了重大贡献。结合李光博院士的研究成果,简要介绍了现阶段我国主要迁飞害虫的研究进展,并对未来研究趋势做了展望。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.