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1.
为探明吉林省中西部地区蛾类昆虫的种类及组成,提供蛾类群落的多样性资料,本研究于2017年-2020年利用高空探照灯逐日诱集蛾类昆虫并分类,明确不同昆虫季节性种群动态,在此基础上对蛾类群落多样性进行分析。结果共采集、鉴定蛾类昆虫18科227种,优势科为夜蛾科,种数占比达到49.34%。按为害植物类别,可分为农业害虫、林业害虫、果树害虫、蔬菜害虫等。蛾类昆虫4月始见,7、8月群落丰富度最高,7月群落多样性最高,群落均匀性随时间变化不明显。明确了不同月份优势度指数较高的种类。7、8月的蛾类群落相似性高,4、10月与各月的相似性低。本研究结果可为此区域蛾类害虫的监测预警与综合治理提供基础理论依据。  相似文献   

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植物检疫术语是进行植物检疫工作交流的前提与基础,对植物检疫工作具有重要意义。本文通过梳理及规范有害生物相关术语及其定义,明确了有害生物与外来物种的相互关系;通过对有害生物风险分析相关术语及其定义进行整理和规范,提出判定植物检疫性有害生物的评估方法,评估过程可结合适生性分析、传播途径、寄主情况及潜在的经济/环境影响等因素,从进入、定殖、扩散可能性及后果评估等方面进行分析。检疫性有害生物与外来入侵物种有一定交集,因此检疫性有害生物的防控对生物入侵防控具有积极作用。而对有害生物和有害生物风险分析相关术语进行规范也为植物检疫性有害生物名单的制修订提供了科学思路。本文提出的定义修改建议及植物检疫性有害生物评估方法较为概括,仅为定义和名单的制修订工作提供参考。  相似文献   

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Spotted lanternfly (SLF), Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) is an invasive phloem‐feeding planthopper currently being quarantined in a 24 000 km2 area in eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, and Delaware, with a second population under quarantine in a 46 km2 area in Virginia. Because this insect feeds on over 70 species of plants, it has the potential to impact a wide range of sectors, and as a result, there has been great public speculation that the economic impact of SLF could be severe. SLF is a large‐bodied voracious feeder that reduces plant resources directly by feeding, and indirectly, from sooty mold that grows on its excrement and blocks photosynthesis. SLF is causing severe damage to vineyards from feeding, and is a significant nuisance pest. It has high potential for spread via human‐mediated transport, particularly of egg cases, and may therefore significantly impact commerce in the near future. The ultimate impacts of this insect are not yet known, and will depend upon its longer term impacts on plant and tree health, and the extent to which its range expands. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

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As a means of biologically controlling Mikania micrantha in South China, the influence of the native obligate parasite Cuscuta campestris on its natural community was studied in the field. Mikania micrantha is a non‐indigenous vine that smothers other vegetation and has become a major invader of agricultural land and native areas in Southern China. These preliminary results showed pronounced effects on M. micrantha by C. campestris. Cuscuta campestris significantly reduced biomass of M. micrantha, increased species diversity and helped re‐establishment of native species. Biomass of M. micrantha decreased from 328 g m?2 to 82 g m?2, biomass of companion species increased from 41 g m?2 to 145 g m?2, the total number of species increased from 7 to 19 and the species diversity index from 1.8 to 5.6, when C. campestris was present. These results indicated that the use of C. campestris could be a potentially effective way of controlling M. micrantha and could help us achieve the novel objective of biological control of weeds using weeds.  相似文献   

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Invasive species are one of the greatest economic and ecological threats to agriculture and natural areas in the US and the world. Among the available management tools, biological control provides one of the most economical and long‐term effective strategies for managing widespread and damaging invasive species populations of nearly all taxa. However, integrating biological control programs in a more complete integrated pest management approach that utilizes increased information and communication, post‐release monitoring, adaptive management practices, long‐term stewardship strategies, and new and innovative ecological and genetic technologies can greatly improve the effectiveness of biological control. In addition, expanding partnerships among relevant national, regional, and local agencies, as well as academic scientists and land managers, offers far greater opportunities for long‐term success in the suppression of established invasive species. In this paper we direct our recommendations to federal agencies that oversee, fund, conduct research, and develop classical biological control programs for invasive species. By incorporating these recommendations into adaptive management strategies, private and public land managers will have far greater opportunities for long‐term success in suppression of established invasive species. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

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植物检疫性有害生物名单对植物检疫工作具有指导意义。本文概述了我国植物检疫性有害生物名单的发展历程及框架体系,介绍了部分植物检疫工作发达国家现有名单情况。对进境植物检疫性有害生物名录、全国农业植物检疫性有害生物名单、全国林业检疫性有害生物名单以及外来入侵物种名单内容间的关系进行比较研究。我国各名单存在交叉的有害生物50种(属)。探讨了名单不足之处,提出使名单内容科学合理的建设性意见。  相似文献   

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The Asian chestnut gall wasp was accidentally introduced in Italy in 2002 and spread across Europe in the following years, becoming a serious threat for chestnut cultivations and rural economies of many countries. Exploring the variation in susceptibility of the host genetic resources is crucial to face the spreading of this pest. We used an experimental approach for testing the differential susceptibility within and between populations of European chestnut. For doing this, we compared both the infestation level and the rate of immune individuals in trees from populations of Spain, Italy, and Greece. We found that the level of infestation is not significantly different in the different provenances but that a higher rate of immune trees occur in Greece. Our results suggest that two different contingents of trees compose Greek populations: one major group of trees with the same susceptibility as the other populations and a second minor group of trees resistant to gall wasp infestation. Our data lay the basis for improving the currently adopted measures to mitigate gall wasp impacts.  相似文献   

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新疆南部地区棉田捕食性天敌种群动态   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
为开展棉田害虫生态控制,于2004年5~8月系统调查了新疆阿克苏棉区捕食性天敌的种群数量消长动态。结果表明:该地区捕食性天敌种类多数量大,有7目15科28种以上,高峰期天敌虫量平均达到8.86头/株;无干扰情况下能建立稳定的自然种群,对棉田发生的害虫基本上可有效控制;不同天敌田间消长动态存在差异,瓢虫和草蛉为优势种类。  相似文献   

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X Guo  M Ren  J Ding 《Weed Research》2016,56(6):442-451
Many invasive plants have long been suspected of firstly being introduced and cultivated by a local botanical garden or nursery and then escaping into the field after adapting to the novel environment. The role of botanical gardens in the spread of invasive plants has not yet been explored experimentally. In this article, we studied the possible roles of two botanical gardens in the spread of invasive Solidago canadensis (Asterceae) in China by analysing genetic relationships of invasive and native (United States) populations with intersimple sequence repeats markers. Our results showed a high genetic variation (mean He = 0.292) and a large proportion of genetic variation (85.6%) residing within populations. Solidago canadensis was possibly introduced firstly into eastern China. The plants from Lushan Botanical Garden showed distant genetic distance from all of the other populations, suggesting that this botanical garden had little effect on the invasion of S. canadensis. Populations from Wuhan Botanical Garden in central China, however, showed close genetic relationships with local populations and populations in west and south‐west China, suggesting gene exchange between these populations. Thus, risk assessment is critical for plant introduction and conservation, as introductions of alien plants by botanical gardens may facilitate plant invasions, while plants conserved in botanical gardens may be at risk by surrounding plant invasions.  相似文献   

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为指导阿勒泰地区草原鼠害防治工作,于2022年6—7月在阿勒泰地区7个县(市)设置51条踏查路线463个踏查点位,对鼠害发生等级、主要鼠害的种类、数量及发生密度进行调查,并对物种多样性和群落相似性进行分析。结果表明:17.49%的踏查点位发生了鼠害,其中95.06%分布在东中部的富蕴县、青河县和福海县;捕获的251只鼠隶属4科7属11种,其中黄兔尾鼠Eolagurus luteus占比达67.33%。在县域水平上,富蕴县、福海县和阿勒泰市的Margalef丰富度指数、ShannonWiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀性指数和Simpson优势度指数均处于较高水平;富蕴县和青河县的群落相似性指数最高,为0.81,而阿勒泰市与吉木乃县的群落相似性指数最低,为0。在4个草原类型中,温性草原鼠类的Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀性指数和Simpson优势度指数均最高,而温性荒漠草原的这4个指标较低;群落相似性指数在温性荒漠草原与温性荒漠间(0.46)和山地草甸与温性草原间(0.33)较高,而温性草原和温性荒漠的群落相似性指数最低,仅为0.24。表明阿勒泰地区草原鼠害总体发生水平高于全国平均水平,呈现东高西低的分布特点;优势种害鼠黄兔尾鼠应作为重点害鼠进行防控。  相似文献   

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玉米Zea mays作为一种重要的粮食和饲料作物,在生产中受到多种有害生物的严重危害,尤其是外来有害生物,我国高度关注其外来物种入侵防控工作。该文在概述玉米外来有害生物及其全球扩散途径的基础上,对近10年来我国玉米外来物种入侵防控技术的主要研究与应用进展进行分析,涉及风险分析、疫情监测、检测诊断、检疫处理及田间治理技术,并提出加强植物生物安全专业教育与公众教育、科学研究与理论创新、技术研发与推广应用、法规建设与监管服务、国际合作与共同发展的措施建议。  相似文献   

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转Bt基因水稻的非靶标效应一直以来都是人们关注的重点,为了解转Bt基因水稻对稻田浮游动物群落的安全性,本文以转cry1C基因水稻(T1C-19)、转cry2A基因水稻(T2A-1)及其非转基因亲本水稻明恢63(MH63)为材料,以浮游动物的种类和群落多样性为指标,研究并分析了转Bt基因水稻对稻田浮游动物群落物种多样性的影响。结果显示,水稻不同生长时期里稻田中浮游动物种类变化不明显,数量变化明显,Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数和均匀性指数在拔节期达到最大值。另外由于孕穗期不得不施用农药防治蝗虫,导致孕穗期浮游动物的数量及物种多样性显著降低,并且在使用农药后,多样性指数和均匀性指数随着水稻的生长逐渐下降。但转Bt基因水稻对浮游动物种类和数量及群落物种多样性与对照非转基因水稻相比均无显著性差异。与施用农药对水体带来的负面影响相比,转Bt基因水稻对水体环境无负面影响。  相似文献   

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种群数量控制指数及其应用   总被引:16,自引:1,他引:15  
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Background

In Kenya, rice (Oryza sativa L.) is mainly produced under irrigation by small-scale farmers. Mwea irrigation scheme (MIS) in Kirinyaga County accounts for 80–88% of rice production. Here, rice is the main source of livelihood and a source of revenue generation for the county. However, a recently established invasive freshwater snail, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck) (family: Ampullariidae), a species of apple snail, presents a serious threat to rice production.

Results

Household surveys, focus group discussions and key informant interviews highlight apple snail as a serious problem in MIS. Households that observed at least a moderate level of infestation (>20% of cultivated area) experienced significant reductions in rice yield (~14%) and net rice income (~60%). Farmers reported increased use of chemical pesticides for management of apple snail. In addition, the cost of hired labor for physical removal of egg masses and snails is resulting in substantial negative effects on net income. Farmer age, area of land owned, responsibility for decision-making, receipt of extension advice, training, and membership of a farmer organization, were all statistically significant variables to explain farmers awareness of the need for area-wide apple snail management.

Conclusion

Strategies to limit the spread of apple snail are urgently needed. A Multi-Institutional Technical Team (MITT) has been established to spearhead management efforts and consolidate advice to farmers on how to manage apple snail. However, without action to mitigate spread, the consequences could be disastrous for rice production and food security in Kenya, and for other rice growing regions across Africa. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.  相似文献   

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