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Aphids damage major world food and fiber crops through direct feeding and transmission of plant viruses. Fortunately, the development of many aphid‐resistant crop plants has provided both ecological and economic benefits to food production. Plant characters governing aphid host selection often dictate eventual plant resistance or susceptibility to aphid herbivory, and these phenotypic characters have been successfully used to map aphid resistance genes. Aphid resistance is often inherited as a dominant trait, but is also polygenic and inherited as recessive or incompletely dominant traits. Most aphid‐resistant cultivars exhibit constitutively expressed defenses, but some cultivars exhibit dramatic aphid‐induced responses, resulting in the overexpression of large ensembles of putative aphid resistance genes. Two aphid resistance genes have been cloned. Mi‐1.2, an NBS‐LRR gene from wild tomato, confers resistance to potato aphid and three Meloidogyne root‐knot nematode species, and Vat, an NBS‐LRR gene from melon, controls resistance to the cotton/melon aphid and to some viruses. Virulence to aphid resistance genes of plants occurs in 17 aphid species – more than half of all arthropod biotypes demonstrating virulence. The continual appearance of aphid virulence underscores the need to identify new sources of resistance of diverse sequence and function in order to delay or prevent biotype development. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

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BACKGROUND: Vermicompost is an organic soil amendment produced by earthworm digestion of organic waste. Studies show that plants grown in soil amended with vermicompost grow faster, are more productive and are less susceptible to a number of arthropod pests. In light of these studies, the present study was designed to determine the type of insect resistance (antixenosis or antibiosis) present in plants grown in vermicompost‐amended potting soil. Additionally, the potential role of microarthropods, entomopathogenic organisms and non‐pathogenic microbial flora found in vermicompost on insect resistance induction was investigated. RESULTS: Findings show that vermicompost from two different sources (Raleigh, North Carolina, and Portland, Oregon) were both effective in causing Arabidopsis plants to be resistant to the generalist herbivore Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). However, while the Raleigh (Ral) vermicompost plant resistance was expressed as both non‐preference (antixenosis) and milder (lower weight and slower development) toxic effect (antibiosis) resistance, Oregon (OSC) vermicompost plant resistance was expressed as acute antibiosis, resulting in lower weights and higher mortality rates. CONCLUSION: Vermicompost causes plants to have non‐preference (antixenosis) and toxic (antibiosis) effects on insects. This resistance affects insect development and survival on plants grown in vermicompost‐amended soil. Microarthropods and entomopathogens do not appear to have a role in the resistance, but it is likely that resistance is due to interactions between the microbial communities in vermicompost with plant roots, as is evident from vermicompost sterilization assays conducted in this study. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

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This study assessed current research methods and applied them to tests of oviposition preference by Diabrotica speciosa (Germar) for different soybean genotypes; the correlation between the number of eggs per plant and leaf intake was evaluated. The experiments were divided into four parts: (i) assessing the preferred oviposition substrate; (ii) standardizing the number of D. speciosa pairs, (iii) evaluating the preferred soybean plant age, and (iv) testing the preference for oviposition on different soybean genotypes, and evaluating its correlation with leaf intake under laboratory conditions. Females of D. speciosa preferred to lay eggs in the soil, with the highest number of eggs laid in the presence of a growing soybean plant. The genotypes PI 227687, DM 339, and PI 274454 were the least preferred varieties for oviposition, while BRSGO 8360 was the most preferred genotype. Egg counts were not correlated with leaf intake, except for the variety IGRA RA 626 RR, which showed positive correlation. Our discoveries may be helpful for second-crop use of resistant genotypes in areas where different crops are cultivated, by reducing the pest density off-season.  相似文献   

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Maize is arguably the most widely grown crop in the world, but it is often associated with one of its major insect pests, the European corn borer (ECB). The damage caused by this species to maize production is generally variable, but in many cases it is economically significant. This review paper provides an overview of the research findings on the natural plant defence mechanisms against ECB larvae published till now. What is resistance and how it is achieved, what is the chemical response of maize plants to insect feeding and how tolerance can be increased. A short introduction in breeding for resistance and a discussion if the mentioned traits can be used in conventional breeding in order to create maize hybrids less affected by ECB are given.  相似文献   

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为研究棉铃虫成虫寄主偏好性和幼虫取食后生存表现之间的关系,明确两者在决定寄主过程中的作用,我们测定了交配后的棉铃虫雌成虫对16种植物(棉花、玉米、大豆、花生、番茄、辣椒、茄子、烟草、黄瓜、胡萝卜、西芹、杨树、月季、菠菜、包菜、大葱)的产卵偏好性和幼虫取食这些植物嫩叶后的存活和发育情况。棉铃虫雌成虫选择在烟草、茄子、棉花、胡萝卜、番茄、辣椒、玉米、西芹、大豆和花生等10种植物上产卵,但只有取食西芹、烟草、番茄、大豆、棉花和胡萝卜等6种植物叶片的初孵幼虫能够完成幼虫阶段的生长发育、化蛹并羽化,且取食植物嫩叶的幼虫的存活率、发育历期、蛹期和蛹重均差于取食人工饲料的幼虫。以上结果表明,棉铃虫雌成虫产卵寄主与其幼虫取食寄主之间存在并非一一对应的关系,幼虫的生存表现限定了棉铃虫的寄主范围。  相似文献   

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植物挥发物在寄生蜂的寄主栖息地定位中起着重要作用。在自然状态下,某些健康植物能释放对寄生蜂有吸引作用的挥发物。当植物受到植食性昆虫为害后,可引起植物的间接防御,即产生对一定种类寄生蜂具引诱作用的挥发物来保护自己。此外,害虫的产卵也能诱导部分植物产生引诱天敌的物质。对于植食性昆虫取食植物诱导的挥发物研究较深入,而其产卵对植物挥发物的影响研究较少。本文主要综述近年国内外有关植物挥发物对寄生蜂寄主定位影响的研究概况,可望为害虫综合治理研究提供参考。  相似文献   

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采用室内非选择性试验和皿内饲料吸引选择试验测定了二点委夜蛾对不同植物的产卵选择和取食性的差异。结果表明,二点委夜蛾成虫在不同寄主植物上的产卵选择顺序为小麦(麦茬麦苗)大豆棉花玉米;成虫在同一寄主植物上不同部位的产卵率有一定的差异,小麦和玉米下层产卵率高于上层和中层,而大豆和棉花上层产卵率显著高于中、下层。二点委夜蛾初孵幼虫对寄主植物取食选择顺序为:甘薯棉花大豆马齿苋马唐花生玉米小麦,而叶片取食比例由大到小依次为甘薯马唐花生棉花大豆小麦马齿苋玉米。二点委夜蛾对不同寄主植物的产卵选择性显著不同,对寄主植物的产卵选择性和幼虫取食选择性并不一致。  相似文献   

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为明确南亚果实蝇Zeugodacus tau对不同品种西葫芦的产卵选择及生长适应性, 以便为西葫芦上南亚果实蝇的防治提供参考, 本研究选择4个西葫芦品种, ‘新一代早青’‘新翡翠早生’‘圣峰’‘抗病早青一代’, 在田间调查了南亚果实蝇的产卵情况, 在室内观察了其生长发育, 并对西葫芦果实硬度、糖度和含水量与南亚果实蝇产卵、生长发育参数等进行了相关性分析。结果表明, 4个西葫芦品种受南亚果实蝇为害从轻到重依次为‘抗病早青一代’‘新一代早青’‘新翡翠早生’和‘圣峰’。幼虫历期和蛹历期为取食‘圣峰’时最短, 取食‘抗病早青一代’时最长。蛹重、羽化率和存活率为取食‘圣峰’时最高, 取食‘抗病早青一代’时最低。其中, 取食‘圣峰’的幼虫历期和存活率分别为8.26 d和64.95%, 取食‘抗病早青一代’的幼虫历期和存活率分别为12.67 d和41.69%。果实糖度与产卵孔数呈显著正相关, 与蛹重和存活率呈极显著正相关。果实硬度与单孔产卵数呈显著负相关, 与产卵孔数和百克果肉虫数呈极显著负相关。南亚果实蝇在不同品种西葫芦上的成虫产卵偏好性和幼虫生长适应性符合“偏好-表现”假说。南亚果实蝇偏好在果实硬度低、糖度高的西葫芦品种上产卵, ‘抗病早青一代’对南亚果实蝇表现为抗, ‘圣峰’对南亚果实蝇表现为感。  相似文献   

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从取食选择性和产卵选择性两方面研究了松褐天牛(Monochamus alternatus)对马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、湿地松(Pinus elliottii)、雪松(Cedrus deodara)和杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)等4种不同寄主植物的选择性。结果表明,松褐天牛成虫对不同寄主植物的取食和产卵具有明显选择性,且两者之间的选择基本一致。4种寄主植物同时存在时,马尾松为松褐天牛成虫的最嗜寄主,杉木为最不嗜寄主,两者差异显著(P<0.05)。  相似文献   

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The rapid range expansion of naturalized Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) in farmland is a serious problem in Fukuroi city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. Glyphosate has been used to control Italian ryegrass in the levees of rice paddy fields and wheat fields for ~20 years, but this weed in Fukuroi city is poorly controlled by glyphosate. In order to elucidate the level of resistance to glyphosate in Italian ryegrass populations, seed bioassays and a foliar application experiment, using seeds collected from 16 wild populations in and around Fukuroi city and from three susceptible cultivars, were conducted. For the susceptible cultivars and one population from a site where glyphosate had not been applied for >10 years, the shoot length in the seed bioassays was greatly suppressed at a glyphosate concentration of 10 mg ai L?1 and no seedling survived after the foliar application of glyphosate at a rate of 2.3 kg ai ha?1. Nine wild populations from levees in the southern part of Fukuroi city showed vigorous shoot growth at a glyphosate concentration of 10 mg ai L?1 and had at least a 78% survival rate after the application of glyphosate at 2.3 kg ai ha?1. Four wild populations from levees in the northern part of Fukuroi city showed a slight suppression of the shoot growth as a result of the glyphosate treatment and their survival rates ranged from 20 to 64%. The results suggested that resistance to glyphosate has evolved in the wild populations of Italian ryegrass that are growing on the levees. This is the first report of a glyphosate‐resistant weed in Japan.  相似文献   

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西花蓟马寄主选择性与寄主物理性状及次生物质的关系   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
为明确西花蓟马对6种蔬菜寄主(甘蓝、莴苣、黄瓜、茄子、芹菜和大蒜)的选择性,及其与寄主物理性状(颜色、叶毛数和叶片厚度)和次生物质(单宁酸、黄酮和总酚)的关系,采用非自由选择法,以每雌每天所孵化的子代若虫数为选择性指标,探讨其与寄主叶毛数、叶片厚度和次生物质的关系;采用叶碟法观察西花蓟马成虫对颜色的自由选择。以每雌每天所孵化的子代若虫数为选择性指标表明,西花蓟马对6种寄主的选择性,从大到小依次为甘蓝>莴苣>黄瓜=茄子>芹菜=大蒜,而西花蓟马对叶片颜色的选择趋性为甘蓝>莴苣>芹菜>黄瓜>大蒜>茄子。相关分析表明,西花蓟马的选择性与寄主的叶毛数(R=-0.073,p=0.890)、叶片厚度(R=-0.683,p=0.135)和总酚含量(R=-0.023,p=0.966)不存在显著相关关系,与寄主的单宁酸和黄酮的含量存在显著的负相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.828(p=0.042)和-0.820(p=0.046)。单宁酸和黄酮的含量对西花蓟马的寄主选择性有很大的影响,其含量越高越不利于西花蓟马的寄主选择。  相似文献   

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植物挥发性次生物质对植食性昆虫的影响   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
植物挥发性次生物质对植食性昆虫的寄主选择、取食、交配、产卵等行为有着重要的影响作用。本文就植物挥发性次生物质对植食性昆虫影响的研究状况及其进展进行综述报道,以便为进一步深入开展这方面的研究提供借鉴。  相似文献   

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为明确不同寄主饲养的瓜实蝇Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett)幼虫与蛹的低温耐受性差异, 选择西葫芦Cucurbita pepo、节瓜Benincasa hispida和黄瓜Cucumis sativus饲养多代的瓜实蝇老熟幼虫和不同日龄的蛹, 分别测定其过冷却点、结冰点和在不同低温下的存活率, 并进行比较分析。结果表明:取食不同寄主植物的瓜实蝇老熟幼虫过冷却点无显著差异, 取食节瓜的老熟幼虫的结冰点[(-5.33±0.23)℃]最低, 且与取食黄瓜的种群没有显著差异;取食节瓜的蛹的过冷却点与结冰点均最低, 其中1日龄、3日龄和5日龄蛹的过冷却点和结冰点分别为(-19.28±0.30)℃ 和 (-15.06±0.34)℃, (-20.97±0.40)℃ 和(-17.33±0.39)℃, (-20.08±0.46)℃ 和 (-16.39±0.46)℃。取食节瓜和黄瓜的老熟幼虫在3、6℃和9℃下暴露1 d, 其存活率均显著高于取食西葫芦的老熟幼虫;节瓜种群的1日龄蛹在3℃和9℃下暴露1 d时, 其存活率都显著高于黄瓜和西葫芦种群的1日龄蛹的存活率。寄主植物可影响瓜实蝇的过冷却点、结冰点及低温存活能力, 与其他寄主种群相比,瓜实蝇节瓜种群老熟幼虫和蛹对低温的适应能力更强。  相似文献   

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BACKGROUND: Brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål; BPH) resistance genes Bph14 and Bph15 have been introgressed singly or pyramided into rice variety Minghui 63 (MH63). The antibiosis and antixenosis effects of these rice lines on BPH and the expression of five P450 genes of BPH regulated by these rice lines were investigated in this study. RESULTS: The resistance level of rice lines harbouring resistance genes was improved compared with MH63. MH63::14 (carrying Bph14) had negative effects on the development of males, honeydew excretion of females, the female ratio and the copulation rate compared with MH63. MH63::14 also exhibited antixenosis action against BPH nymphs, female adults and oviposition. Besides these negative effects, MH63::15 (carrying Bph15) could also retard the development of females, lower the fecundity and shorten the lifespan of females. The antixenosis action of MH63::15 was stronger than that of MH63::14. When Bph14 and Bph15 were pyramided, antibiosis and antixenosis effects were significantly enhanced relative to single‐introgression lines. Among the five P450 genes of BPH, expression of three genes was upregulated, one gene was downregulated and one gene was unchanged by resistant hosts. CONCLUSION: Both Bph14 and Bph15 could improve resistance levels of MH63. MH63::15 and MH63::14&15 had greater potential to control BPH infestations than MH63::14. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

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