可降解聚碳酸亚丙酯-毒死蜱微胶囊的制备及缓释性能评价

以聚碳酸亚丙酯(PPC)为壁材,聚乙烯醇-1788(PVA-1788)为连续相稳定剂,采用乳化溶剂挥发法制备了包裹毒死蜱的可降解微胶囊。测定了PVA-1788的质量分数、PPC的质量浓度以及PPC与毒死蜱的质量比对微胶囊性能的影响。采用土壤悬浊拟环境实验法评价了PPC的降解性能;通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、广角X射线衍射(W-XRD)、激光粒度分布仪和高效液相色谱(HPLC)等表征了PPC-毒死蜱微胶囊的性能,同时采用柱层析法探讨了其缓释性能。结果表明:PPC具有生物可降解性;PVA-1788质量分数、PPC质量浓度以及PPC与毒死蜱的质量比对微胶囊的性能有显著影响,当PVA-1788的质量分数为1.0%、PPC的质量浓度为110 mg/mL,PPC与毒死蜱的质量比为1∶2时,可获得球形规整、粒径较小、包封率与载药量较高的微胶囊,其平均粒径为7.3 μm,载药量为16.75%,包封率为89.34%。缓释性能研究结果表明,PPC微胶囊对毒死蜱具有明显的缓释效应, 27 d的累积释药率达86.87%。     

乙草胺碳酸钙微球的制备方法及其缓释性能研究

为增加乙草胺的持效性,将乙草胺与氯化钙-十二烷基硫酸钠溶液混合后与碳酸钠反应制得乙草胺碳酸钙微球。通过扫描电镜、粒径分布仪及高效液相色谱等对该微球进行了表征,并对制备工艺、载药率及缓释性能等进行了探讨。结果表明:碳酸钙载体晶型主要为方解石结构;常温条件下,当n(CaCl2):n (Na2CO3):n(SDS)=1:2:2、搅拌速率为500 r/min、搅拌时间为10 min时,损耗率为0.2%,载药率接近20%;所得碳酸钙微球呈球形,粒径分布窄,且呈正态分布;微球中乙草胺的释放速率随温度和pH值的升高而增加。该微球制备工艺的优化及缓释性能研究结果可为田间定时、定量的释药研究及应用提供参考。     

Stabilized polymeric nanoparticles for controlled and efficient release of bifenthrin

BACKGROUND: Nanoparticle formulations of pesticides have been proposed to produce a better spatial distribution of the pesticide on leaf surfaces, which provides better efficiency. Nanoparticles are well studied for drug delivery and sustained release but not in the agricultural sciences, because of the difficulty in generating stable pesticide nanoparticles with controlled particle size distribution and because the processes to generate nanoparticles are usually costly. In this paper, a model pesticide, bifenthrin, has been prepared in nanoparticle form by using the Flash NanoPrecipitation process. The process involves rapid micromixing to effect supersaturation, and polymer assembly to control particle size. RESULTS: A multi-inlet vortex mixer (MIVM) was developed to provide rapid micromixing, high supersaturation and rapid nucleation and growth of bifenthrin nanoparticles. Several polymeric stabilizers were tested. With an increase in pesticide loading from 50 to 91%, nanoparticle size increased from 100 to 200 nm. The stability of the nanoparticle dispersions was followed for more than 12 days. The steric stability caused by the corona structure of the hydrophilic block of the polymers prevents nanoparticles aggregation. Ostwald ripening is responsible for the slow particle size growth observed. CONCLUSION: Flash NanoPrecipitation using an MIVM provides a cost-effective process to produce stable pesticide nanoparticle suspensions. Nanoparticle size depends on supersaturation, pesticide loading and type of polymer. Nanoparticle pesticides potentially provide higher efficiency, better uniformity of coverage for highly active compounds and less exposure to workers, relative to compounds solubilized in organic solvents.     

环境响应型控制释放农药技术研究进展

为提高农药利用率,以菜籽粕 (rapeseed meal, RSM) 为基材,十八烷基三氯硅烷 (OTS) 与对氨基偶氮苯 (AAB) 为改性剂,通过浸涂法使OTS水解、自组装与缩聚,产生的聚十八烷基硅氧烷(PODS)通过自组装作用附着在RSM表面,同时将具有光致异构性的AAB附着在RSM表面,合成了具有光响应性的RSM-PODS/AAB唑啉草酯 (pinoxaden) 载体。采用傅立叶变换红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)和接触角测量装置对其结构和组成进行了表征。结果表明：改性后的RSM农药负载率比原始RSM提高了21.4%,在黑暗中72 h内唑啉草酯的累积释放率为83%,UV-Vis照射4 h累积释放率为95%,在阳光照射下6 h内累积释放率达92%。表明负载农药的RSM-PODS/AAB具有良好的UV-Vis和太阳光控制释放性能,此光响应亲脂农药载体通过UV-Vis和阳光响应行为可有效控制药物释放行为。     

Organoclays for controlled release of the herbicide fenuron

Organoclays were assayed as matrices in which to associate herbicides, with the aim of decreasing product losses that could give rise to water contamination from agricultural activities. Fenuron was selected as model of a very mobile and highly water-soluble herbicide. Two different organoclays of high (A-HDT) and low (H-C18) reversible fenuron sorption were selected. Herbicide-organoclay complexes were prepared from the two organoclays and with two different fenuron contents (20 and 40 g AI kg-1) and two different mixing times, so as to form a series of weak and strong complexes. The release of fenuron from those complexes into water and water/soil suspensions gave values of T50 (time to release 50% of the fenuron content) ranging from 0.3 min to 2400 h. The total fenuron released in these closed systems ranged from 48 to 80% of the fenuron in the complex. The organoclay type (high or low sorptivity) had the greatest influence on fenuron release, followed by the strong or weak complex, suggesting that herbicide-organoclay interactions are the main factors controlling release. Soil column leaching experiments showed fenuron-organoclay complexes to be effective in reducing the peak herbicide concentration in the leachate to a half (6 microns) or a quarter (3 microns) of that obtained from the free technical compound (12 microns). Herbicide lost through leaching was reduced from 78% for the free technical fenuron to 50-30%, depending on the organoclay used as carrier and the strength of the complex. Bioassay with ryegrass showed that the weak fenuron/H-C18 complex (40 g AI kg-1) gave the same herbicidal activity as technical fenuron. The potential suitability of low-sorptive organoclays for conferring slow-release properties on the fenuron complex has been demonstrated.     

Ethyl cellulose polymer microspheres for controlled release of norfluazon

The pesticide norfluazon has been microencapsulated using ethyl cellulose to develop controlled-release formulations that decrease its mobility through the soil and protect it from photodegradation. Ethyl cellulose microspheres loaded with norfluazon were prepared by the solvent-evaporation method. To obtain the microspheres, certain conditions (pesticide/polymer ratio, percentage of emulsifying agent and solvent) were varied. The shape and size of the microspheres obtained were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Other parameters, such as solids recovery, encapsulation efficiency and pesticide loading, were also studied. The release rate of norfluazon from the different microspheres was slower than that of pure norfluazon. In particular, microspheres obtained with o-xylene, which provided the largest diameter, retarded the initial release of the pesticide relative to microspheres obtained with chloroform, or to pure norfluazon. Moreover, the studies showed that the pesticide/polymer ratio controlled the release of norfluazon, which was slower when this ratio was low. Release rates conformed to a generalised kinetic equation for a diffusion-controlled release mechanism, and the time taken for 50% of the active ingredient to be released into water, t50, was calculated.     

农用微生物杀菌剂剂型研究进展

农用微生物杀菌剂的主要剂型有粉剂(DP)、可湿性粉剂(WP)、颗粒剂(GR)、水分散粒剂(WG)和悬浮剂(SC)等。我国现有的农用微生物杀菌剂剂型种类较为单一,主要为可湿性粉剂,未来应加强其他剂型如水分散粒剂和悬浮剂等的研究开发。生防菌的活菌数、制剂加工和贮存条件以及田间环境因素等对农用微生物杀菌剂的防效均有很大影响,科学合理地评价这些影响,并研究其形成原因和内在规律,对农用微生物杀菌剂的深入研究开发具有重要意义。文章从剂型种类、性质、质量控制以及生产条件、贮存条件和田间环境条件对制剂性质与防效的影响等方面,对农用微生物杀菌剂剂型的研究现状和存在问题进行了详细的综述,并分析了其未来发展趋势。     

Dynamic plant uptake model applied for drip irrigation of an insecticide to pepper fruit plants

BACKGROUND: Drip application of insecticides is an effective way to deliver the chemical to the plant that avoids off‐site movement via spray drift and minimizes applicator exposure. The aim of this paper is to present a cascade model for the uptake of pesticide into plants following drip irrigation, its application for a soil‐applied insecticide and a sensitivity analysis of the model parameters. RESULTS: The model predicted the measured increase and decline of residues following two soil applications of an insecticide to peppers, with an absolute error between model and measurement ranging from 0.002 to 0.034 mg kg fw^?1. Maximum measured concentrations in pepper fruit were approximately 0.22 mg kg fw^?1. Temperature was the most sensitive component for predicting the peak and final concentration in pepper fruit, through its influence on soil and plant degradation rates. CONCLUSION: Repeated simulations of pulse inputs with the cascade model adequately describe soil pesticide applications to an actual cropped system and reasonably mimic it. The model has the potential to be used for the optimization of practical features, such as application rates and waiting times between applications and before harvest, through the integrated accounting of soil, plant and environmental influences. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry