同安湾潘涂对虾养殖垦区不同形态磷的含量与动态

1996年5至1997年2月对厦门市同安湾潘涂垦区两口虾池及进水渠道不同形态磷的含量与动态进行了调查。结果显示，虾池的颗粒磷（PP）含量明显高于邻近内湾，可溶性有机磷（DOP）含量略高于内湾，可溶性无机磷酸盐（DIP）含量则明显比邻近内湾的低。虾池中的磷主要以PP形态存在(78.25%），DOP、DIP含量较少（14.82%和6.93%）；垦区内湾 则是以PP和DIP为主（44.49%和46.39%），DOP所占比例最小（9.12%)。虾池也垦区内湾不同形态磷的季节变化也存在一定差异。     

Distribution and abundance of resting cysts of the toxic Alexandrium spp. (Dinophyceae) in sediments of the western Seto Inland Sea, Japan

Sediment samples were collected from 135 stations in the western part of the Seto Inland Sea (Iyo Nada, Suo Nada, Beppu Bay, Tokuyama Bay, Hiroshima Bay, Aki Nada, Hiuchi Nada and Bingo Nada) to determine the horizontal distribution and abundance of resting cysts of Alexandrium spp. ( A. tamarense  +  A. catenella ). Enumeration of the cysts was performed using the primuline-staining direct count method. Cysts of Alexandrium spp. were rarely found in Iyo Nada, Suo Nada and Beppu Bay, but were widely distributed in Tokuyama Bay, Hiroshima Bay, Aki Nada, Hiuchi Nada and Bingo Nada. Cyst concentrations ranged from not detected (ND) to 14, ND to 17, ND to 4, 93 to 8137, 8 to 4454, ND to 6, ND to 18 and 4–29 cysts/cm³ wet sediment in Iyo Nada, Suo Nada, Beppu Bay, Tokuyama Bay, Hiroshima Bay, Aki Nada, Hiuchi Nada and Bingo Nada, respectively. The majority of cysts occurred in Tokuyama Bay and Hiroshima Bay, where higher densities were observed in the inner bay and along the coastal margin. Relatively higher cyst concentrations were observed at stations with a higher mud content. The abundance of Alexandrium spp. cysts in western Seto Inland Sea is lower than in the eastern Seto Inland Sea, except for Tokuyama Bay and Hiroshima Bay. However, because sporadic blooms of Alexandrium have been observed, continuing monitoring is necessary to prevent paralytic shellfish poisoning outbreaks in this area.     

北海珍珠养殖区与非养殖区春、秋季磷的形态特征及其相关性

利用2008年9月和2009年4月对北海珍珠养殖区和非养殖区的调查资料,对该海区磷的循环特征及其生态效应进行了分析研究.研究结果表明,该海区磷的储量不高,无论是养殖区还是非养殖区均表现为有机态磷和无机磷含量明显偏低.除颗粒态磷外,所有形态磷均表现为秋季明显高于春季,突出体现了生物释放的补充影响作用.在磷的形态转化上,春...     

Effects of temperature, salinity and irradiance on the growth of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae) isolated from Hiroshima Bay, Japan

ABSTRACT: Temperature and salinity ranges in which Gymnodinium catenatum (Hiroshima Bay strain) showed specific growth rates higher than 0.2/day were approximately 20–30°C and 20–32. The specific growth rate (μ), expressed as a polynomial equation as functions of temperature ( T ; °C) and salinity ( S ) were μ = (−6.84 × 10⁻⁴ T ² + 0.0354 T – 0.213) × (−1.03 × 10⁻³ S ² + 0.0579 S – 0.548)/0.31; the maximum growth rate (0.31/day) was obtained at 25°C and 30. From a comparison with field data recording temperature, salinity and light intensity, this species may be expected to bloom from summer to autumn in Hiroshima Bay.     

旧镇湾海水中营养盐分布与富营养化的研究

根据2007年3月到2008年1月旧镇湾海域11个航次海水营养盐等的调查资料,分析了该海域生态环境中DIN和DIP的分布特征和时空变化,评价了水质富营养化状况。结果表明,旧镇湾DIN平均含量为0.283mg/L,以NO3-N为主要存在形式,占DIN的77.7%。旧镇湾DIP平均含量为0.023mg/L。旧镇湾海水5、7月份N/P比远远高于16,表明旧镇湾海水中磷相对于氮是匮乏的。8月份为最低,仅为4.84,其他月份N/P比平均值为11.98,略低于16,说明旧镇湾海水中氮相对供应不足。DIN和DIP变化趋势为旧镇湾内向湾外逐渐递减,与盐度分布呈负相关性。与历史资料相比,旧镇湾水质有明显改善,但仍具富营养化趋势。从春季到冬季,旧镇湾富营养化面积逐渐增加,秋季富营养化程度远高于其他季节,富营养化程度从湾内向湾外逐渐降低。     

磷浓度对２种有毒亚历山大藻生长和产毒力的影响

采用显微镜细胞计数和标准藻毒监测方法—小鼠生物法,研究了4种磷浓度0µmol•L-1、1.8µmol•L-1、3.6µmol•L-1和5.4µmol•L-1对有毒甲藻塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)和微小亚历山大藻(Alexandtium minutum)的生长和产毒力的影响。结果表明,磷浓度对两种甲藻的生长和产毒能力都有显著性影响(p<0.05)。3.6µmol•L-1磷浓度组的塔玛亚历山大藻密度显著高于其它3个磷浓度组,0µmol•L-1磷浓度组显著低于其它3个磷浓度组。微小亚力山大藻在1.8µmol•L-1、3.6µmol•L-1和5.4µmol•L-1磷浓度下生长没显著性差异(p>0.05)。但在0µmol•L-1磷浓度下生长缓慢,藻密度显著低于其它3个有磷组。0µmol•L-1磷浓度下塔玛亚历山大藻和微小亚历山大藻的产毒能力最高, 显著高于其它磷浓度组(p<0.05),分别为3 MU•10000cells-1和5.2MU•10000cells-1。其它磷浓度组两种有毒甲藻的产毒能力没有显著性差异(p>0.05)。     

Development of a quantification assay for the cysts of the toxic dinoflagellate <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alexandrium tamarense</Emphasis> using real-time polymerase chain reaction

ABSTRACT:   The cysts of toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense are the seed population for the bloom responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). However, it is impossible to identify the Alexandrium spp. cyst on the basis of morphological features. In this study, we prepared A. tamarense cysts by sexual conjugation in laboratory conditions and developed an efficient DNA extraction method for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Using the A. tamarense cysts, we established the identification and quantification method showing the species specificity and the high sensistivity for A. tamarense cysts using real-time PCR. This assay was also able to detect and quantify the A. tamarense cysts accurately when mixed with excess cysts of A. catenella (Whedon and Kofoid) Balech prepared by conjugation experiment.     

三类分子探针对常见赤潮生物的检测

集中使用寡核苷酸、肽核酸和细胞凝素3类探针对来自东海和厦门海域的现场赤潮样品进行了检测,尝试鉴定识别自然水样中有害的赤潮原因种塔玛亚历山大藻,微小原甲藻和纤小裸甲藻,建立和优化了这些探针的检测方法和样品处理程序.结果表明,在东海和厦门海域的赤潮样品中均成功地检出了塔玛亚历山大藻的分布情况,各探针的检测效率为DBA>Tama28S>Tama5S;在东海和厦门海域的赤潮样品中,也成功地检测出了微小原甲藻,各探针的检测效率为:ConA>PM18S02>PM28S02;在厦门海域的赤潮水样中检出了纤小裸甲藻,各探针的检测效率为:WGA>PNATP28S01>TP18S02>TP28S01.各探针检测结果与相关文献的报道吻合较好.比较这3类探针的特异性,其中以PNA探针为最好,其次为DNA;lectin探针的特异性相对较弱.     

Development and application of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method for simple and rapid identification of the toxic dinoflagellates Alexandrium tamarense and Alexandrium catenella in cultured and natural seawater

ABSTRACT:   The toxic dinoflagellates Alexandrium tamarense (Lebour) Balech and A. catenella (Whedon and Kofoid) Balech produce potent neurotoxins, such as saxitoxin and gonyautoxin and have been mainly responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in Japan. To prevent a negative effect on the fishery industry, it is necessary to identify these toxic species precisely and rapidly before and during the bloom. In this paper, a rapid and simple protocol of a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method using ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-targeted probes has been established for identifying the cultured strains and natural cells of A. tamarense and A. catenella . Using the FISH method established in this study, it was possible to identify these toxic species species-specifically and rapidly, within 30 min. The procedure of detection constituted three steps: (i) fixation/dehydration; (ii) hybridization; and (iii) washing; this made the identification simple. Moreover, this method did not require either special techniques or equipment, and the cost for detection was low. The specificity, rapidity, and simplicity of the developed method suggest that it might be useful for routine monitoring of these toxic microalgae.     

2015年靖海湾及五垒岛湾海域表层海水化学要素时空分布特征及潜在富营养化评价

于2015年春季、夏季及秋季3个航次对威海南部靖海湾及五垒岛湾海域进行表层海水水质调查并进行了富营养化评价。结果表明:调查海域表层海水水质符合二类水质标准,受磷限制影响;叶绿素-a春季航次(0.660μg/L)含量偏低,夏季航次(0.808mg/L)达到最高值;溶解氧春季航次(10.711mg/L)高于夏季航次(8.940mg/L)及秋季航次(8.678mg/L),近岸区域出现低值区;无机氮秋季航次(0.146mg/L)最高,活性磷酸盐(0.013mg/L)及化学需氧量(1.316mg/L)夏季航次最高,三者受外源河流输入的影响呈现从近岸区域向外海逐渐降低的趋势;活性硅酸盐主要受海洋本底的影响;夏秋航次在靖海湾河流入海口区域出现富营养化状态。     

Incorporation of plant protein feedstuffs into fish meal diets for rainbow trout increases phosphorus availability

Individual plant protein feedstuffs were incorporated into a diet containing fish meal and fed to rainbow trout to determine apparent and true phosphorus availability (APA and TPA, respectively). The plant protein feedstuffs evaluated were soybean, canola and peanut meals; each was incorporated at 200 g kg^–1 of dry matter. The average initial weight of fish was 68 g and the water temperature was maintained at 15°C. Concentrations of macronutrients were constant in diets. Incorporation of plant protein feedstuffs significantly increased APA and TPA values. The APA values were 19.5% for fish meal and 39.5%, 40.2%, and 38.5% for the diets containing soybean meal, canola meal, and peanut meal, respectively. Similarly, the TPA values for the combination of fish meal and plant protein feedstuff were 43.4%, 42.1% and 40.6% for diets containing soybean, canola and peanut meals, respectively, which were significantly higher than values for fish meal (21.5%). Calculation of APA and TPA values for individual feedstuffs resulted in values for the plant protein ingredients of over 100%. We speculate that the increased APA and TPA values were the result of decreasing total dietary phosphorus concentrations or dilution of the calcium concentrations from bone in fish meal.     

条斑紫菜对胶州湾湿地浅海富营养化状况的生物修复效果

对胶州湾湿地海域条斑紫菜Porphyra yezoensis Ueda养殖区水环境进行了现场调查和研究,对紫菜生长吸收N、P营养盐的效果进行了实验研究,在此基础上综合分析了紫菜对富营养化海水的生物修复效果。研究结果表明,条斑紫菜养殖对胶州湾湿地海水中过剩的营养盐有明显的控制作用,养殖区氮、磷营养盐和有机碳含量以及水质营养指数均低于周边对照区。实验条件下,紫菜生长吸收N、P营养盐和降低海水富营养化程度的效果显著。各实验周期水体中的无机氮含量下降幅度为17.15%～21.26%,活性磷酸盐含量下降幅度为55.73%～61.12%,表明紫菜叶状体生长对磷的吸收量明显高于对氮的吸收量。另外,各换水周期实验海水的营养指数值由2.211～2.592降至0.749～0.873,降低幅度为63.32%～69.39%,海水富营养化等级由"中度富营养"降至"贫营养"。根据胶州湾湿地海域的环境条件,通过大规模栽培大型海藻,可大量去除海水中的N、P、C等生源要素,有效降低海水富营养化水平。     

Comparison of environmental conditions in two representative oyster farming areas: Hiroshima Bay,western Japan and Oginoham a Bay (a branch of Ishinomaki Bay), northern Japan

ABSTRACT:   Sea water environmental conditions over annual cycles were investigated and compared between two oyster farming areas, western Hiroshima Bay and Oginohama Bay (a branch of Ishinomaki Bay) in Miyagi Prefecture, to appropriately manage oyster culture or more efficiently utilize farming areas. The environmental parameters of temperature, salinity, nutrient concentrations (NO₂–N, NO₃–N, NH₄–N, PO₄–P, and SiO₂–Si) and size-fractionated chlorophyll- a (<0.2, 2–20, >20µm), and abundances of microzooplankton were measured in each bay at the surface, and 2 and 5 m depth layers. Differences in the annual mean values and results with monthly paired Student's t -tests showed that salinity was lower, and temperature, nutrient (especially PO₄–P) and chlorophyll- a concentrations, and abundance of microzooplankton, were higher in Hiroshima Bay than in Oginohama Bay. Differences in environmental conditions between inshore and offshore areas of each bay suggest that inflows of river water in western Hiroshima Bay and sea water from offshore had the most significant effects on the environmental conditions. It is concluded that such oceanographic and biological differences strongly affect the oyster farming system, especially regarding the optimum usage of offshore areas in Summer under clean, cold and stable seawater conditions, rather than food quantity in Hiroshima Bay, and under more abundant food conditions in Oginohama Bay.     

烟台四十里湾扇贝养殖区水环境质量研究与评价

根据2016年4—11月对烟台四十里湾扇贝养殖区环境的监测数据,分析了四十里湾海域海水基本理化指标及月变化趋势,并采用有机污染评价指数法(A)、营养状态指数法(E)、海水营养状态质量指数法(NQI)以及内梅罗环境质量综合评价指数法对其水环境质量状况进行了综合评价。结果表明:四十里湾扇贝养殖区海水温度、pH和盐度的变化范围分别是10.06~20.00℃、7.85~8.25和29.61~30.31,均适合扇贝养殖;溶解氧(DO)、化学需氧量(COD)以及硫化物均符合海水水质一、二类标准,活性磷(DIP)在10月个别养殖区超出海水水质二类标准,总无机氮(DIN)在4月和10月个别养殖区同样超出海水水质二类标准;5—7月环境质量良好,其他月份出现了不同程度的有机污染以及富营养化现象。总体而言,烟台四十里湾扇贝养殖区水环境质量符合扇贝养殖I类区或II类区的要求,但应注意对养殖区的保护,特别是控制陆源污染物的输入。     

菊花心江蓠在网箱养殖区的生物修复作用

2003年8～12月，利用菊花心江蓠(Gracilaria lichenoides)在福建省东山县八尺门网箱养殖区进行生物修复实验。通过定点跟踪监测，定点连续监测，断面监测和平面监测，结果表明，江蓠对受污染的海水具有较好的修复效果。菊花心江蓠能有效提高水中的DO浓度，使修复实验区的DO浓度明显高于非养殖区和网箱养殖区的DO浓度；菊花心江蓠还能降低水中的IN、IP浓度，特别是3种价态的IN中，菊花心江蓠优先吸收铵氮，这对减轻网箱养殖区自身污染的影响更具实际意义。     

莱州人工鱼礁海域水质状况的变化特征

根据2010～2011年莱州人工鱼礁海域春、夏、秋、冬4个季节共8个航次的化学需氧量（COD）、无机氮（DIN）、活性磷酸盐（DIP）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、有机碳（TOC）等要素的分析结果,运用N/P比值、有机污染指数A和富营养化指数E等方法,对投放人工鱼礁海域不同年份水体的质量状况进行了评价,分析了该海域水环境在人工鱼礁投放后的变化.结果表明,投礁区第2年DIN含量明显降低,而DIP含量略有上升,使得海区中的DIN/DIP值降低,由89.60降低到44.54.2011年和2010年投礁区DIN/DIP有显著性差异（P＜0.05）,而对照区无显著性差异（P＞0.05）,表明人工鱼礁对水体有改善作用;营养化指数E分析表明,调查海域水质未达到富营养化状态,处于较低营养水平,且2010年与2011年、礁区和对照区E值的平均值均相差不大,营养状况无明显差异;调查海域有机污染指数A小于0或小于1,且投礁区和对照区无明显差异,2010年与2011年也无明显差异,表明该海域未受到有机污染,水质状况良好或较好.     

海州湾海洋牧场水环境的承载力

海洋牧场是实现海洋环境保护与渔业资源养护的重要举措。本研究以2014年春(5月)、夏(8月)、秋(10月)对海州湾海洋牧场示范区水环境数据为基础,选取高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、溶解无机氮(DIN)、溶解无机磷(DIP)、生化需氧量(BOD)作为评价指标,利用BP神经网络模型对该海域水环境承载力进行评价。结果显示,2014年海州湾海洋牧场水环境承载力指数平均值高于0.6,承载状态较理想。水环境承载力存在明显的季节变化,呈现出夏季春季秋季;海洋牧场区域水环境承载力优于对照区海域;CODMn、DIN浓度过高是导致部分站点轻度超载的主要原因,这可能与陆源污染有关。研究表明,航运对水环境承载状态有负面影响;BP神经网络模型构建方便快捷,评价结果客观合理,可应用于海洋牧场等海域水环境承载力的研究。     

水口水库养殖库湾季节性低溶解氧成因浅析

本文通过对水口水库雄江、湾口、樟湖等库湾养殖水体特点的监测分析,总结了水口水库养殖库湾水体发生低溶解氧的规律,并对低溶氧的产生的原因进行初步分析。本文认为低溶解氧产生的主要原因为:1.养殖库湾水体不分层;2.夏季水温高;3.泄洪引起的还原性物质耗氧是低溶氧死鱼事件的诱因。     

Effects of dietary phosphorus and lipid levels on utilization and excretion of phosphorus and nitrogen by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). 2. Production-scale study

In a 8-week production-scale experiment at a commercial trout farm, the effects of dietary lipid level and phosphorus level on phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) utilization of rainbow trout (initial mean weight 99 g) were assessed. A low-phosphorus, high-lipid experimental diet (457 g protein, 315 g lipid, 9.1 g P  kg^–1 dry diet) was compared with a commonly used commercial diet (484 g protein, 173 g lipid, 13.6 g P  kg^–1 dry diet). P and N budgets were constructed using data from the production-scale experiment and digestibility data for the two diets. In addition, orthophosphate and ammonia-N waste were measured in effluent over one 24-h period. Relative to the commercial diet, the experimental diet resulted in significantly increased feed efficiency ratio, N retention and P retention, and substantially reduced dissolved, solid and total P waste (g kg^–1 dry feed). Although N retention resulting from the experimental diet was higher, this was attributable to higher N (protein) digestibility of the experimental diet. Solid N waste (g kg^–1 dry feed) resulting from the experimental diet was substantially lower, but dissolved N waste (g kg^–1 dry feed) was not significantly different relative to the commercial diet. Mean effluent orthophosphate production (mg day^–1 kg^–1 fish) of fish fed the experimental diet was substantially lower than that of fish fed the commercial diet ( P  < 0.05), but effluent ammonia-N production (mg day^–1 kg^–1 fish) was not significantly affected by dietary treatment.     

麻痹性贝类毒素在栉孔扇贝体内的代谢轮廓

将栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)直接暴露于产毒藻,通过比较各组织器官中毒素的蓄积及代谢转化特征,研究麻痹性贝类毒素(Paralytic Shellfish Toxins,PSTs)在栉孔扇贝体内危害形成的过程。结果显示,分布于中国的一株塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense,AT5-3株),其生长及产毒性状稳定,产毒能力强,主要成分为Gonyautoxins-1-4(GTX14),单细胞产毒能力为7.95 fmol/cell;栉孔扇贝对该产毒藻具有较强摄食能力及PSTs蓄积能力,总体蓄积效率达到84.4%,最高蓄积浓度为1903μg STX eq./kg,不同组织蓄积能力由高到低依次为内脏团、性腺、外套膜、闭壳肌;内脏团对PSTs的代谢能力也最强,是该毒素在栉孔扇贝体内蓄积代谢的靶器官;此外,栉孔扇贝对PSTs表现出较强的生物转化能力,主要转化途径为:N-磺酰胺甲酰基类毒素(N-Sulfocarbamoylgonyautoxin-2,C1)→膝沟藻毒素(Gonyautxins-2,GTX2)/脱氨甲酰基类毒素(Decarbamoylgonyautoxins-2,dc GTX2),N-磺酰胺甲酰基类毒素(N-Sulfocarbamoylgonyautoxin-3,C2)→膝沟藻毒素(Gonyautxins-3,GTX3)。本研究中,栉孔扇贝对PSTs总体呈现出迅速蓄积和缓慢代谢的特点,同时,GTX14和NEO等高毒成分所占比例较高,造成扇贝中PSTs毒性和风险性均显著升高。本研究有助于科学评估PSTs危害的形成机制,为系统监控我国PSTs风险性提供科学支撑。