The effectiveness of the paramunity inducer Baypamun (PIND-ORF) for the prevention and metaphylaxis of an experimental infection with the infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in cattle

Efficacy of the paramunity inducer Baypamun (PIND-ORF) was evaluated by an IBR challenge trial in cattle, as one model for infectious diseases in bovine. Prophylactic treatment with Baypamun protected cattle against manifestation of clinical symptoms after experimental IBR infection. The degree of protection depended on the time between paramunization and challenge infection. Even in metaphylactically paramunized cattle Baypamun reduced the IBR symptoms. In correlation to the reduction of clinical symptoms paramunization also reduced virus excretion by more than 99% in treated cattle compared to non paramunized animals. The induction of interferon following IBR infection was investigated in paramunized cattle. Application of Baypamun enabled treated animals to react faster with interferon synthesis following IBR infection than control animals did. The demonstration of the status of paramunity following Baypamun application in cattle provides a concept in the prevention of infectious disease in the practice.     

Metacarpal and metatarsal fractures in cattle. Treatment and results

94 cattle with 97 metacarpal or metatarsal fractures were presented at the Department of Veterinary Surgery of the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit?t, Munich, between 1970 and 1987. The cause of fracture was incorrect traction during assisted delivery in almost one third (30.9%) of cases. Eighty-two animals were treated. 59 out of 73 cattle treated conservatively and 7 out of 9 which were operated, could be healed. In 38 animals the fracture healed without malpositioning; 28 developed a shortening or bending of the affected limb, which, with the exception of one case, did not functionally impair the animals. Complications occurred in 22 patients (= 26.9%); in closed fractures the reason was predominantly due to dislocation of the fragments within the cast, whereas an osteomyelitis was usually the cause in the case of the open fractures.     

Infection with Leptospira interrogans, serovar mozdok, in cattle]

In East Germany the same serovar, Leptospira mozdok, of the Pomona serogroup is found in cattle as well as in swine populations (Zieris 1989). Nowadays cases of bovine leptospirosis caused by infection with L. pomona have no significance. There are marked epizoological differences between infection with L. mozdok and L. pomona. The main source of infection with L. mozdok for cattle is the black striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius). Secondary homonomous transmission occurs among the cattle. The clinical course of both infections is the same--including peracute, acute and chronic forms. Important prophylactic measures are effective rodent control and optimising hygiene conditions both in housing and on pasture. Veterinarians in abattoirs must consider leptospirosis in the differential diagnosis in cases with icteric signs, especially when the meat is derived from emergency slaughter.     

The etiology of "malignant catarrhal fever" originating in sheep: serological findings in cattle and sheep with ruminant gamma herpesviruses

In the case of the wildebeest-derived form of malignant catarrhal fever (WD-MCF) alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlcHV1) is well established as the cause. However, the etiology of the form of the disease circumstantially associated with sheep (SA-MCF) remains equivocal. A serological relationship has been proposed to exist between the unidentified sheep-associated agent causing SA-MCF and AlcHV1 causing WD-MCF. We attempted to confirm this hypothesis. Using an indirect ELISA we found 94 of 100 cattle (94%) and 80 of 90 sheep (89%) to display antibody to AlcHV1. Nine of 10 cattle with SA-MCF showed elevated antibody titers to AlcHV1 when compared with most other animals. However, these findings were of limited diagnostic value, since similar results were also obtained with sera from healthy cattle. When assayed in the presence of antigens of bovine herpesvirus 4 (BHV4), a virus related to AlcHV1 yet without confirmed pathogenicity, 99 cattle sera (99%) and 85 sheep sera (95%) were observed to react specifically with this virus. Together, the results indicated that most domestic cattle and sheep were infected with viruses that are related to AlcHV1 and BHV4. An etiologically meaningful interpretation of the serologic findings does not seem possible at present.     

Treatment of purulent hoof joint inflammation in cattle by joint resection--results

In cattle purulent arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint is a severe and relatively frequent disease of the claw. In many cases it is possible to avoid amputation and to maintain the function of the affected digit by resection of the joint. Surgical procedure and results of joint resection, carried out in 281 cases, are described. In 71 of the 281 animals a clinical and radiographical reexamination could be performed between three months and six years after surgery. In 59 cases (83%) the function of the operated claw was unimpaired. Ankylosis of the joint was observed in 41 (58%) cases and occurred between 7 to 12 months post op. The operated claw supported the contralateral claw in its weightbearing function. The animals could be kept on slatted floor as well as on pasture. In comparison to amputation the animals can be used longer after joint resection.     

全基因组选择育种策略及在水产动物育种中的应用前景

全基因组选择的概念自2001年由Meuwissen等提出后便引起了动物育种工作者的广泛关注.目前,澳大利亚、新西兰、荷兰、美国的研究小组已经应用该方法进行了优质种牛的选择育种,并取得了很好的效果.此外在鸡和猪的选择育种中也有该方法的应用,但在水产动物选育中尚未见该方法使用的报道.本文对“全基因组选择育种”的概念和提出背景进行了归纳,对全基因组选择育种的优势进行了阐述,并详细介绍了其具体的策略,总结了目前全基因组育种所广泛采用的方法以及取得的成果,旨在为该方法在水产动物育种方面的应用研究提供科学参考.     

三峡库区肉牛养殖环境承载力研究

肉牛养殖业规模化扩张给我国农村带来了潜在的环境风险,环境约束已成为制约肉牛产业良性发展的主要瓶颈。以三峡库区丰都县为例,通过调查访谈知情人和畜牧局提供的统计资料,分析了当地肉牛养殖与排泄物处理方式的特点,并以此为依据设置了4种情景,分别探讨耕地畜禽粪便负荷、氮负荷、磷负荷约束下肉牛养殖的环境承载力。结果表明,耕地磷负荷是最紧的约束指标,肉牛养殖的环境承载力随规模化饲养污染资源化利用率的增加而提高。当牛粪资源化利用率分别为0%、13%、30%、50%时,如果不考虑化肥施用与种植制度的影响,肉牛养殖的阈值数量分别为26.2万头、30.1万头、37.4万头、52.4万头。在复种指数为1.61、化肥施用占60%的条件下,肉牛阈值则分别为16.9万头、19.4万头、24.1万头、33.8万头。建议环保部门与农业部门加强合作,将环境约束论证纳入养殖业发展规划,由追求"吨位"向"品位"转变,以养殖少量的高端品种替代大宗普通品种,开展养殖业的合同环境服务创新模式,增强敏感流域养殖污染可持续防治的能力。     

Which evidence permits a liver cell smear in cattle with metabolic disorders?]

The technique of liver puncture as described by Holtenius (1961) was assessed with regard to its practicability and safety in a preliminary study of 26 cattle and a follow-up study of 108 German black pied cattle. The sample material was smeared, stained and examined by light microscope. All animals with changes of grade 5 had to be slaughtered. Liver puncture is a simple, quick and safe technique which supplies useful information about the various stages of hepatic fatty degeneration in individual cattle.     

Mandibular fractures in cattle--treatment and results

The results of a retrospective investigation of 25 cases of mandibular fractures in cattle are reported; 19 animals were treated and 6 slaughtered without therapy. Five cases of unilateral fracture of the pars molaris healed with conservative therapy, whereas the same method of treatment was unsuccessful in four cases with compound fractures (2 x pars incisiva, 1 x diastema, 1 x pars molaris) and in one with multiple fractures of the corpus and ramus of the mandible. For animals with symphyseal fractures, surgical fixation using cerclage wire (three cases) proved successful, as did percutaneous fixation in six animals with fractures of the diastema or body of the mandible. The fractures healed well in 14 out of 19 treated cattle and the animals were retained, on average, for a further four years.     

围填海对珠江口南沙湿地资源与生物资源的影响

利用1989、1994、2004和2014年陆地卫星遥感资料,采用遥感影像解译手段、GIS数字化和叠加分析等方法,分析珠江口南沙湿地围填海开发进程,并通过对2002—2003年和2013—2014年两个时期10个航次的现场调查资料的对比分析,研究围填海对南沙周围水域生物的影响。结果表明:(1)4个时相南沙湿地海岸线长度分别为213.6 km、230.0 km、232.5 km和248.6 km。1989—1994年、1994—2004年和2004—2014年海岸线长度年增加幅度分别为3.28 km/a、0.25 km/a和1.61 km/a,海岸线向海推进最大距离分别为4900 m、1700 m和7700 m。(2)1989—2014年南沙湿地因围填海增加面积约46.3km~2,增加幅度最大的阶段为1989—1994年,增加面积占总增加面积的40.60%;其次是2004—2014年,增加面积占总增加面积的34.99%;1994—2004年围填海占用的滩涂面积最小(24.41%),南沙万顷沙和龙穴岛的围填海活动最为剧烈。(3)近10年来,南沙湿地浮游动物、大型底栖动物、潮间带生物、鱼类和头足类等生物资源种类分别减少了60.34%、73.21%、26.67%、79.78%和50.00%,栖息密度分别减少58.49%、12.38%、79.96%、78.78%和66.79%,生物量分别减少了82.16%、73.23%、15.83%、70.49%和62.43%。甲壳类的种类数和栖息密度分别减少了13.33%和69.85%,但生物量增加了114.20%。(4)浮游动物多性性指数增加了10.24%,大型底栖动物、潮间带生物、鱼类、甲壳类和头足类等多样性指数分别减少了71.10%、91.82%、18.18%、66.90%和73.68%,优势种更替显著。可见,南沙湿地围填海不仅改变了海岸线的类型和长度,占用了湿地资源,同时也对周边水域的海洋生物产生了不利影响。     

转基因动物技术的研究进展

转基因动物是现代生物技术中一个举足轻重的研究领域,目前已有转基因小鼠、猪、牛、鱼、鸡等多种转基因动物问世。文章论述了转基因动物技术的原理、技术方法,以及转基因动物应用的领域,如生产药用蛋白、抗病育种,作为器官移植供体等,同时也指出了转基因动物存在的不足,展望了其发展前景。     

The occurrence of hyena disease in young cattle]

Eight juvenile cattle with symptoms of hyena disease are described. This represents the first occurrence of the condition in the Republic of Poland. The growth of the affected animals was retarded, with a marked difference in longitudinal growth of the femoral, humeral, tibial and metatarsal bones. The animals showed altered nickel, manganese and inorganic phosphate concentrations, which may be related to the disease. The genetic studies did not reveal any aetiological factors.     

Dispersal and growth rate of O-group salmon (Salmo salar L.) from point-stocking together with some information from scatter-stocking

Abstract– Experiments on the dispersal of O-group salmon from a 'point-stocking' were made in 1988, 1989, 1990 and 1991 in Bollihope Burn, Co. Durham. Experiments on 'scatter-stocking' were made in 1992 and 1993, but the 1992 experiment was aborted for technical reasons. In each year the fish were stocked as fry in spring and their distribution in September was ascertained by electrofishing. Some fish from point-stocking dispersed up to 50 m upstream or 500 m downstream of the stocking point, but the majority remained close to the stocking point. This gave rise to considerable spatial variation in September population density and fish weight, which could be modelled by semi-logarithmic curves. Survival from point-stocking was 19% and 14% in 1988 and 1989, respectively. Approximately 20 to 25% of the September survivors from point-stocking were found upstream of the release point. Scatter-stocking gave relatively little variation in population density or fish weight in September, and estimated survival was 27%.     

The performance of sea trout,Salmo trutta L., stocks from the Burrishoole system western Ireland, 1970–1994.

Abstract Since 1975, with partial recoveries in 1979 and 1984–1986, the numbers of finnock and adult sea trout, Salmo trutta L., in the Burrishoole system, western Ireland, have declined. The population decreased sharply from 1987, and collapsed in 1989 and 1990. Finnock were virtually absent in 1989 and one-year maidens equally so in 1990. Sea trout smolt recruitments from 1992 to 1994 were the lowest recorded since 1970. The modal fork length of finnock decreased from 28 cm in 1987 to 26 cm in 1990. Up until 1989, the percentage return of smolts, as finnock, ranged from 11.4 to 32.4%. In 1989 a minimum was reached at 1.5%, with values of 10.0, 3.7, 7.4 and 9.9% from 1990 to 1994. Marine survival of smolts, to total first return to fresh water, historically ranged from 19 to 66%. Survival dropped to 1.8% in 1989. Observed changes in the structure of the sea trout population and the collapse in marine survival suggest that the current west of Ireland sea trout problem is based in the marine habitat.     

An experiment in the planting of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fry

Abstract. During April 1989, approximately 45000 swim-up Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fry were planted in the upper tributaries of the Lui Water, a tributary of the River Dee, north-east Scotland, at densities of between 2-6 and 3-3/m². Adult salmon are normally excluded from this stream by a waterfall. In mid-August 1989. a 5-km length of stream was surveyed for juvenile salmon and it was estimated that about 230000+ salmon were present. It was estimated that 518% of the original planted fry survived from April to August 1989. A further survey in August 1990 showed that about 3400 1 + salmon remained. Of the 0 + salmon 14·5% survived from August 1989 to August 1990.     

Experiences with local administration of herd-specific vaccines

The results of oral vaccination of 388 calves with herd-specific vaccines against E. coli are described. Innocuity was optimal, whereas the potency was estimated not as efficient as parenteral vaccination of the dam (in 22% of the cases), i.e., transient diseases in vaccinated calves occurred there. Further the results of intranasal vaccination of 496 cattle against salmonellosis are reported. Salmonella excretion in the faeces was stopped within 1-3 weeks post vaccination in 75% of the herds. In one case it took 3 months to reach this effect. A few permanent excretor cattle remained in two other cases.     

应用底栖动物完整性指数评价水源地水库溪流健康状态

及时了解水源地水库入库溪流的水生态健康状态对保障供水安全十分重要。依据2010-2011年对浙江省水源地汤浦水库的环境和底栖动物观测资料建立了底栖动物完整性指数(B-IBI)。根据Shannon-Wiener指数、百分比模式相似性指数(PMA)和多元统计分析结果对参照条件进行量化并确立参照点群。从60个候选参数中筛选出6个核心参数参与构建B-IBI指标体系,采用四分法进行量纲的统一,以参照点群25%分位值作为水生态系统健康与否的阈值,并对小于25%的分位值分布范围进行2等分,确立了水源地汤浦水库入库溪流健康评价标准:B-IBI>25.50,健康;B-IBI 12.75～25.50,亚健康;B-IBI<12.75,差。B-IBI分值与溶氧水平和pH显著正相关(P<0.05)。     

Unstable release strategies in reared Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

The effects of year, size, sexual maturity and release date on the probability of recapture of tagged Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., released from a Swedish hatchery in the Baltic Sea were examined. The probability of recapture varied among years for individuals which were juvenile when released (1988, 13.5%; 1989, 4.4%; 1990, 1.2%) or previously mature males (1988, 1.9%; 1989, 0.5%; 1990, 0.4%). Body size was positively associated with the probability of recapture in each release year for both life-history types. Inter-annual changes in recapture rates were similar for both large and small smolts. There was a significant effect of life-history type on recapture rates in 1988 and 1989, but not in 1990. There was a significant effect of release date on recapture rates in 1988 and 1990, but not in 1989. The maximum recapture rates were associated with different release dates in each year, i.e. 27 May 1988, 6 June 1989 and 21 June 1990.     

Blepharoplasty after tumor ("cancer eye") removal from the eyes of cattle

A literature review of surgical techniques used for resection of periocular tumors with conservation of the eyelid is accompanied by a report of the author's personal experience with blepharoplasty in cattle. Included are 13 cases of Fleckvieh cows with squamous cell carcinoma. Five animals were without tumor recurrence after an average time of 10.7 months, while seven animals with recurrence of the neoplasm had mean survival time of 10.6 months. Those five cows had been slaughtered for unrelated problems, the others because of recurrence of the ocular tumor. One patient was slaughtered five days after surgery because of complications of wound healing.     

Use of the Reflotron system for the determination of creatine kinase (CK) in the blood of swine, sheep, cattle, horses and dogs]

The Reflotron-CK test was evaluated with blood samples of healthy and diseased pigs, sheep, cattle, horses and dogs in relation to the standard CK-NAC test (UV-method). The precision within the series on the day of blood sampling was better than VK = 7.5% (coefficient of variation) with both methods. The day to day precision was estimated by using deep frozen plasma and was in the same order of magnitude with the Reflotron-CK and the UV-method (CV less than 10%). While fresh whole blood of sheep, cattle, horses and dogs respectively should be applied directly onto the dry reagent carrier with the Reflotron-pipette (32 microliters), the blood samples of pigs must be diluted (200 microliters 0.9% NaCl-solution and 32 microliters blood, factor 7.25) before determination with Reflotron-CK. In the five species mentioned the correlation between Reflotron-CK and CK values obtained with the standard UV-method was satisfactory (r greater than 0.96). Systemic deviations of the Reflotron-CK values should be corrected by calculation formulae, given in the paper.