冷应激对畜禽的危害及抗冷应激

在北方高寒地区的冬季,冷应激是最普遍的应激因子,对畜禽的生产性能和免疫功能造成危害,是制约北方高寒地区畜牧业发展的重要因素。从冷应激的概念及分类、畜禽对冷应激的生理调节机制、冷应激对畜禽的危害、抗冷应激的措施等方面进行了综述,提出了精准控温、改善营养并添加抗冷应激物质和培育耐寒品种或品系等抗冷应激措施,为提高养殖效益,减少畜禽冷应激带来的经济损失提供参考,并提出了重视并加快对冷应激的研究是高寒地区发展畜牧业的重要途径的建议。     

鲟鱼爆发应激性出血病的病因及防治技术

鲟鱼在集约化人工养殖的特定环境中,随时都可能处于各种应激状态,如盐度应激、氨氮应激、温度应激、pH应激、分级培养应激。针对鲟鱼人工养殖过程中爆发应激性出血病的原因进行了详细的分析,提出了治疗鲟鱼应激性出血病的方法及防治对策。     

热应激对大正三色锦鲤非特异性免疫指标及HSP70基因表达的影响

为探讨锦鲤的抗逆机理,在实验室条件下研究了持续热应激对大正三色锦鲤非特异性免疫指标及HSP70基因相对表达量的影响。分别于应激前、应激后2、6、10、14、18、22、26 h进行取样测定呼吸爆发、补体蛋白3(C3)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)以及热休克蛋白70(HSP70)基因的相对表达量。结果发现,热应激后呼吸爆发降低,在应激后2、10、18～26h降低显著(P<0.05);热应激2 h后血清中C3含量略有上升,应激6～26 h过程中与应激前相比均下降,应激14～22 h显著地下降(P<0.05);热应激下血清中SOD有上升的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05);热应激下,血清中MDA浓度升高,应激10～18 h上升显著(P<0.05);应激后2、26 h HSP70基因的相对表达量与应激前相比显著性地上升了5.93倍、2倍(P<0.05),应激后6～22 h HSP70基因的相对表达量与应激前水平无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结果表明,热应激影响锦鲤非特性免疫指标,降低锦鲤非特异性免疫力;HSP70的表达受热应激调节,热应激下诱导合成的HSP70对锦鲤起到一定的应激保护作用。     

热应激对大正三色锦鲤非特异性免疫指标及HSP70基因表达的影响

为探讨锦鲤的抗逆机理,在实验室条件下研究了持续热应激对大正三色锦鲤非特异性免疫指标及HSP70基因相对表达量的影响.分别于应激前、应激后2、6、10、14、18、22、26 h进行取样测定呼吸爆发、补体蛋白3(C3)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)以及热休克蛋白70 (HSP70)基因的相对表达量.结果发现,热应激后呼吸爆发降低,在应激后2、10、18～26 h降低显著(P＜0.05);热应激2h后血清中C3含量略有上升,应激6～26 h过程中与应激前相比均下降,应激14 ～ 22 h显著地下降(P＜0.05);热应激下血清中SOD有上升的趋势,但差异不显著(P＞0.05);热应激下,血清中MDA浓度升高,应激10～18 h上升显著(P＜0.05);应激后2、26 hHSP70基因的相对表达量与应激前相比显著性地上升了5.93倍、2倍(P＜0.05),应激后6～22 hHSP70基因的相对表达量与应激前水平无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结果表明,热应激影响锦鲤非特性免疫指标,降低锦鲤非特异性免疫力;HSP70的表达受热应激调节,热应激下诱导合成的HSP70对锦鲤起到一定的应激保护作用.     

畜禽生产中常见应激种类及防控

应激对养殖产生危害较大。引发应激的应激原分为外环境性应激原和内环境性应激原2种，对畜禽的生长发育和行为改变都能产生影响。实际生产过程中的应激种类较多，常见的有天气、转群、换料、管理和社群应激等，应激反应严重的会导致动物死亡。对此，从上述几种常见应激反应为出发点，重点阐述了养殖过程中避免应激的方法，以及将动物应激反应危害降至最低的措施。     

畜禽应激与谷氨酰胺的抗应激作用

从应激对畜禽机体生产性能、血液成分、血浆中激素水平、免疫功能等方面,综述了应激对畜牧生产带来的不利影响,以及谷氨酰胺的抗应激作用,以便为减少动物生产中的畜禽应激提供理论依据。     

环境应激影响南美白对虾免疫力的研究进展

正按照应激源可将虾蟹类水产动物的应激分为氨氮应激、亚硝酸盐应激、温度应激、盐度应激、pH应激及重金属应激等类型。不同动物对不同类型应激的敏感程度也不同,所产生的负面影响也有较大差异。本文就南美白对虾养殖过程中危害较大的氨氮、亚硝酸盐、温度及盐度4种应激类型进行总结,综合以上4种应激对对虾免疫能力影响的相关报道,为解析对虾应激生理现象产生机制,探寻有效降低对虾应激、提高其抵抗应激能力的措施提供基础数据。     

应激对养殖鱼类的影响与防控研究进展

综合国内外研究动态,在重点分析养殖鱼类应激类型与发生机理的基础上,探讨防止应激发生和控制应激的措施,如：保持良好水质、使用抗应激和抗菌药物、开发抗氧化应激饲料、选育抗应激品种等。     

浅谈猪应激的发生与防治

应激是养猪生产过程中不可避免的现象,如果不重视认真对待这一问题,将会对养猪生产造成重大影响。对猪应激的概念、产生的原因、产生应激的诱发因素以及预防措施进行了简要综述,以期为养猪生产中减少猪应激的发生提供建议。     

浅谈蛋鸡热应激的危害与防治

简述蛋鸡热应激的发病原因和流行特点,分析了热应激对蛋鸡的危害,根据其临床症状和病理变化,提出了蛋鸡热应激的防治措施,以期为预防蛋鸡热应激提供参考。     

Cortisol is responsible for positive and negative effects in the ovarian maturation induced by the exposure to acute stressors in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of acute stress and cortisol injection on oocyte final maturation process in female Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Handling followed by a prophylactic treatment (0.3?mL?L^?1 H₂O₂, 5?g?L^?1 NaCl solution during 30?min) and an environmental change (transfer from a 2?m³ fibreglass square tank to 50?L aquaria) were used as acute stressors and compared to a single cortisol injection (0.5 or 5?mg?kg^?1 body weight). For both acute stress and cortisol injection (0.5?mg?kg^?1 body weight), serum cortisol level was significantly increased from 2.3 to 134.1?ng?mL^?1 1?h post-stress/injection and returned to a resting basal value 24?h after the stress/injection. In fish injected with 5?mg?kg^?1 body weight cortisol, mean serum cortisol level reached a peak up to 2500?ng?mL^?1 1?h after injection. 63?% of the females (mean body weight: 242?±?4?g) submitted to the acute stress ovulated within 72?h after the stress. In the same way, cortisol injection (5?mg?kg^?1 body weight) at the 10th day of the maturation cycle led to a twofold reduction of the time before ovulation compared to vehicle injected control fish. Relative and total fecundity were significantly decreased in females submitted to an acute stress or cortisol injected at 5?mg?kg^?1 body weight, but not fertilization or hatching rates. In conclusion, acute stress and cortisol induction exert both positive and negative effects on the final reproductive process in O. niloticus, and cortisol is the endocrine mediator causing these changes.     

Detection of telomere length and oxidative stress in Chondrichthyes

Telomeres, repeating TTAGGG sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, increase genomic stability. Telomere shortening occurs not only during DNA replication associated with cell division but also under oxidative stress, where reactive oxygen species damage DNA. Therefore, changes in telomere length can be used to evaluate chronic cost or stress responses incurred by individuals. The phylogenetically unique Chondrichthyes are among the least-studied groups of marine vertebrates. Telomere data are limited and have only been reported in a few Chondrichthyes species. In this study, we measured telomere length and quantified oxidative stress and antioxidant power in 17 Chondrichthyes species whose telomere length has not been measured before. The presence of telomere sequences?>?30 bp and lower values of oxidative stress were confirmed in most species. Average telomere length was not correlated with oxidative stress and antioxidant power in 15 species for which both measurements were available. It would be desirable in the future to elucidate the nature of telomeres in Chondrichthyes, and their direct relationship with reactive oxygen species.

     

Changes in crustacean hyperglycemic hormones in Pacific whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei subjected to air-exposure and low-salinity stresses

Changes in crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH)-family peptides in response to stress were investigated in Litopenaeus vannamei. Stress treatments consisted of air exposure and low salinity. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to quantify CHH-family peptides in the X-organ?Csinus gland complex (XO?CSG) in the eyestalks. Among the CHH-family peptides analyzed, only the level of sinus gland peptide-G (SGP-G) in the XO?CSG was decreased. SGP-G was also detectable by Western blotting analysis in the hemolymph of animals subjected to stress. These results suggest that SGP-G was secreted from the XO?CSG into the hemolymph during stress. Glucose levels in the hemolymph increased under conditions during which SGP-G was detected in the hemolymph. Hyperglycemia was also observed when SGP-G was injected. SGP-G may function to shift energy use to deal with stress.     

The effects of arachidonic acid on the endocrine and osmoregulatory response of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) acclimated to seawater and subjected to confinement stress

In previous studies in freshwater tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), dietary supplementation with arachidonic acid (ArA; 20:4n?-?6) had considerable, opposing effects on the main ion-transporting enzyme Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase in gills and kidneys and changed the release of osmoregulatory hormones, such as cortisol. The present study was performed to assess the influence of dietary ArA on (1) the osmoregulatory capacity of tilapia acclimated to seawater (SW) (34‰) and (2) the osmoregulatory imbalance associated with acute stress. The increased ambient salinity was associated with significant alterations in the tissue fatty acid composition, particularly the n?-?6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Tissue levels of ArA were further increased as a result of dietary supplementation, whereas docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n?-?3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n?-?3) decreased in gills and kidneys. Basal plasma cortisol as well as lactate levels were elevated in the ArA-supplemented SW-acclimated tilapia compared with the control group. The 5?min of confinement (transient stress) increased plasma cortisol, glucose, and lactate levels with significantly higher levels in ArA-supplemented tilapia. Confinement was also associated with significantly elevated plasma osmolality, sodium, chloride, and potassium levels. ArA-supplemented tilapia showed markedly lower ionic disturbances after confinement, suggesting that dietary ArA can attenuate the hydromineral imbalance associated with acute stress. These results emphasize the involvement of ArA and/or its metabolites in the endocrine and osmoregulatory processes and the response to confinement stress.     

低氧胁迫对九孔鲍免疫防御因子的影响

为了解低氧胁迫条件下九孔鲍免疫防御因子的变化及机体抗病力变化, 将九孔鲍置于不同的溶解氧环境中, 观测相关免疫因子变化。结果显示, 在水温为(22.1?1.3) oC, 盐度为30.72?0.54, pH值为8.20?0.14的海水环境中, 溶解氧含量由(7.49?0.14) mg/L下调至(2.53?0.16) mg/L后120 h内, 平均体质量为(14.25±2.21) g的九孔鲍未见死亡, 而每只鲍注射5.0?10⁵ CFU 副溶血弧菌后120 h内实验鲍的累计死亡率高达91.11%?7.70%, 比对照组(11.11%?3.83%)累计死亡率高出80%, 血淋巴抑菌清除率下降至?(3 340.47%?298.57%), 显而易见, 低氧胁迫使得九孔鲍拮抗副溶血弧菌感染的抵抗力显著下降。低氧(2.53?0.16) mg/L胁迫下, 九孔鲍血淋巴细胞数量(THC)下降30.62%?4.87%、血淋巴细胞吞噬率下降62.77%?5.79%、呼吸爆发产生的超氧阴离子数量下降22.21%?5.89%。低氧胁迫下九孔鲍血淋巴细胞内MPO活性上升(9.63%?7.59%)~(22.90%?13.73%)、CAT活性提高(7.68%?6.83%)~(56.28%?13.96%), 反映出低氧胁迫下九孔鲍体内应激反应产生的物质氧化加剧, 血淋巴细胞内产生大量的活性氧自由基。溶解氧含量由(7.49?0.14) mg/L下调至(4.51?0.12) mg/L后九孔鲍已明显处于低氧胁迫和应激反应状态, 120 h内的累计死亡率达到37.78%?3.85%, 血淋巴抑菌率下降至883.56%?123.22%; THC、血淋巴细胞吞噬率、呼吸爆发产生的超氧阴离子O₂^- 数量等最大降幅分别达到12.51%?6.59%、21.90%?15.84%、12.93%?5.74%; MPO活性在原有水平的?(10.61%?4.20%)~(7.13%?6.45%)之间波动, CAT活性在?(5.17%?18.08%)~(16.26%?10.85%)之间变化。     

Molecular responses differ between sensitive silver carp and tolerant bighead carp and bigmouth buffalo exposed to rotenone

Some species of fish are more tolerant of rotenone, a commonly used non-specific piscicide, than others. This species-specific tolerance to rotenone has been thought to be associated with the uptake and the efficiency at which the chemical is detoxified. However, rotenone stimulates oxidative stress and superoxides, which are also toxic. Understanding the modes in which fish physiologically respond to rotenone is important in developing improved protocols for its application in controlling aquatic nuisance species. Using a molecular approach, we investigated the physiological and molecular mechanisms of rotenone resistance. Species-specific responses were observed when rotenone-sensitive silver, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, and both rotenone-resistant bighead carp, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, and bigmouth buffalo, Ictiobus cyprinellus, were exposed to rotenone. Rotenone levels in plasma were highest 90?min after exposure in both silver carp and bigmouth buffalo, but bigmouth buffalo tolerated over twice the burden (ng?mL(-1)?g(-1)) than silver carp. Expression of genes related with detoxification (cyp1a and gst) increased in silver carp, but either decreased or remained the same in bighead carp. Genes linked with oxidative stress in the cytosol (gpx, cat and sod1) and hsp70 increased only in silver carp after a 6-h exposure. Expression of genes associated with oxidative stress in the mitochondria (sod2 and ucp2) differed between silver carp and bighead carp. Expression of sod2 changed minimally in bighead carp, but expression of ucp2 linearly increased to nearly 85-fold of the level prior to exposure. Expression of sod2 and ucp2 did not change until 6?h in silver carp. Use of sod1 and sod2 to combat oxidative stress results in hydrogen peroxide production, while use of ucp2 produces nitric oxide, a chemical known to inhibit apoptosis. We conclude that the mechanism at which a fish handles oxidative stress plays an important role in the tolerance to rotenone.     

Stress and expression of cyclooxygenases (cox1, cox2a, cox2b) and intestinal eicosanoids, in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

Prostaglandin H synthetases (cyclooxygenases) catalyze the initial reactions leading to prostanoids in animals. They form interesting links between diet and fish physiology as the type and nature of eicosanoids are affected by dietary lipid sources. Their expression is likely to be affected by tissues and environmental conditions leading to altered amount and ratio of eicosanoids. These mechanisms are, however, poorly understood in fish. In the present study, Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. (1,000?g, 10°C, seawater) were subjected to acute chasing stress. Liver, kidney, spleen, gill, muscle, midgut and hindgut were extracted before and 1?h post-stress and analyzed for mRNA expression of cox1, cox2a and cox2b. Intestinal samples were further sampled over 24?h for both cox expression and analysis of 15 eicosanoids and isoprostanes of the n-3 and n-6 series. Results show a highly variable but consecutively expression of cox1, cox2a and cox2b in most of the tissues analyzed. Low levels were only found for cox2a in liver and cox2b in liver and kidney. The study reveals the general trend that cox1 is about 10 times the level of cox2b, which again is about 10 times the level of cox2a. Cox2b shows the highest level of expression in the gills indicating a possible higher requirement for this protein in gills. Imposing stress to the fish induces a temporal increase in the expression of cox2a in the midgut, while the gene expression of the other genes is not affected in any of the tissues analyzed. There is, however, a general tendency to increased expression of both cox2 genes that merits further studies. Stress had a profound effect on the intestinal eicosanoid content which showed a general decrease in midgut sections after stress that persisted for at least 24?h.     

Immunogene expression in head kidney and spleen of common carp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyprinus carpio</Emphasis> L.) following thermal stress and challenge with Gram-negative bacterium, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aeromonas hydrophila</Emphasis>

To evaluate the effect of thermal and microbial stress on the immune response of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), relative mRNA expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β] and other genes related to immune or stress response [inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), superoxide dismutase one (SOD1), and glucocorticoid receptor (GR)] was measured by quantitative PCR (qPCR). In addition, total protein and total immunoglobulin level in blood plasma of experimental common carp was also assayed. All the above parameters were estimated 24 h post-challenge with Gram-negative bacterium, Aeromonas hydrophila. Common carp (54.89?±?6.90 g) were initially exposed to 20 °C (control group) and 30 °C (thermal stress group) water temperature for 30 days, followed by experimental challenge with 2.29?×?10⁸ colony forming unit/mL (CFU/mL; LD₅₀ dose) of A. hydrophila. Exposure of fish to thermal stress and subsequently challenge with A. hydrophila significantly (P?<?0.05) increases the IL-1β mRNA expression in head kidney and spleen of common carp by ~?39.94 and ~?4.11-fold, respectively. However, TNF-α mRNA expression in spleen decreased ~?5.63-fold in control fish challenged with A. hydrophila. Thermal stress and challenge with bacterium suppresses the iNOS and GR mRNA expression in spleen of common carp. Moreover, significant (P?<?0.05) increase in total protein content of blood plasma (~?43 mg/g) was evident in fish exposed to thermal stress and challenged with A. hydrophila. In conclusion, our study highlights the importance of elevated temperature stress and microbial infection in differential regulation of expression of several immunogenes in common carp.     

Transportation of silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen, in water with eugenol and the essential oil of Lippia alba

This study investigated the effectiveness of eugenol and of the essential oil (EO) of Lippia alba when used in the transport of the silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). These investigations involved measurements of blood (pH, PvO(2), PvCO(2) and HCO(3) (-)) and water parameters, survival and ionoregulatory balance. Fish (301.24?±?21.40?g, 28.90?±?1.30?cm) were transported at a loading density of 169.2?g?L(-1) for 4?h in fifteen plastic bags (7?L) divided into five treatments: control, 1.5 or 3.0?μL?L(-1) of eugenol and 10 or 20?μL?L(-1) of EO of L. alba. The water parameters were measured before (0?h) and after (4?h) transportation. The net Na(+), Cl(-) and K(+) losses were higher in fish from the control treatment compared to the other treatments. The PvO(2), PvCO(2) and HCO(3) (-) increased significantly in all of the treatments at the end of the transport period. In conclusion, based on the water (total ammonia nitrogen) and ionoregulatory indicators determined in the present study, our findings indicate that eugenol and the EO of L. alba are recommended for use in the transport of this species because these anesthetics apparently reduce stress.     

三倍体湘云鲫2号IFNa3基因的克隆及功能初探

三倍体湘云鲫2号具有不育、生长快、抗病抗逆性强等优良特性。为探究其抗病优势分子机制,实验克隆及鉴定了三倍体湘云鲫2号干扰素a3(3nIFNa3)。3nIFNa3的CDS由552个核苷酸组成,编码184个氨基酸。经预测,3nIFNa3 N端23位氨基酸为信号肽;3nIFNa3成熟肽中存在2个半胱氨酸残基并参与形成二硫键,表明其隶属于Ⅰ型一组干扰素。实时荧光定量PCR (qPCR)结果显示,宿主细胞经poly I∶C刺激后8 h、草鱼呼肠孤病毒(GCRV)或鲤春病毒血症病毒(SVCV)感染后48 h,3nIFNa3的转录水平达到最高。免疫印迹和免疫荧光结果显示,3nIFNa3为分泌型蛋白,分子量约为21.8 ku,其在出胞前主要分布于细胞质中。进一步研究发现,在宿主细胞中过表达3nIFNa3或含3nIFNa3的上清培养基孵育宿主细胞均能诱导内源ISG基因转录水平的显著提高。其中,3nSTAT1及3nVIPERIN在含3nIFNa3的上清培养基孵育后2 h转录水平达到最高,3nPKR则在4 h表达水平最高。此外,病毒滴度测定及结晶紫染色实验表明,EPC细胞经3nIFNa3孵育或过表达3nIFNa3后,其抗GCRV和SVCV的能力均显著增强。研究表明,3nIFNa3为可分泌的细胞因子,在宿主抗病毒天然免疫反应中发挥作用。