珍稀濒危昆虫——中华虎凤蝶的半纯饲料

本文报告了珍稀、濒危昆虫——中华虎凤蝶半纯饲料的二次正交筛选结果.方差分析表明:干酪素、抗坏血酸、酵母粉和杜衡叶粉的含量是影响该蝶幼虫历期、化蛹率及蛹重的主要因子;饲料经高压灭菌易导致化蛹率显著下降.17种配方中有5种较好.其中最佳配方的饲养结果:幼虫平均历期41.83天化蛹率50.00％,平均蛹重340.38mg,羽化率40.00％.鲜叶对照分别为:36.80天,69.43％,352.68mg和60.98％.     

不同饲料对黄粉虫幼虫生长发育的影响

采用麦麸、豆腐渣、稻壳、汉虾粉4种主要原料,配制成8种饲料饲养黄粉虫,观察黄粉虫的生长发育情况。结果表明,8种饲料配方饲喂黄粉虫对其幼虫的化蛹率影响不显著,但对幼虫的发育历期、增重及蛹体重影响显著。饲料中添加汉虾粉饲喂效果最佳,幼虫发育历期短,增重快,蛹体重量大,其次是混合饲料,用稻壳饲养的效果最差。     

甘蔗条螟半纯人工饲料的研究

试验用８个因素４个水平正交试验设计，综合评价了干酪素（Ａ）、蔗糖（Ｂ）、面包酵母（Ｃ）、麦胚（Ｄ）、抗坏血酸（Ｅ）、蔗茎粉与蔗叶粉比例（Ｆ）、含水量（Ｇ）、琼脂（Ｈ）等因素对甘蔗条螟雌蛹重、存活率、雌幼虫和蛹历期等３个指标的影响，筛选出一个简易、经济、实用，能大量饲养甘蔗条螟的半纯人工饲料配方，其组合为Ａ＿１Ｂ２＿Ｃ＿２Ｄ＿２Ｅ＿２Ｆ＿３Ｇ＿４Ｈ＿３，配制１０００ｍｌ饲料、用干酪素４０ｇ、蔗糖１０ｇ、面包酵母５０ｇ、麦胚２０ｇ，抗坏血酸５ｇ，蔗茎粉和蔗叶粉各３８ｇ、琼脂１８ｇ和水１０００ｍｌ，用该配方饲养甘蔗条螟的存活率为８３％±０．０４．     

Bt杀虫蛋白对甜菜夜蛾生长发育的影响

 实验室内研究了Bt杀虫蛋白对甜菜夜蛾生长发育的影响。结果表明：甜菜夜蛾二龄幼虫取食含Bt杀虫蛋白浓度为0.5μg/g,1.0μg/g,2.0μg/g,4.0μg/g,8.0μg/g的人工饲料后,随着饲料中杀虫蛋白浓度增加,幼虫死亡率增加、幼虫发育历期延长、蛹的发育历期缩短、蛹重变轻、化蛹率降低。甜菜夜蛾四龄幼虫取食含Bt杀虫蛋白浓度为2.0μg/g,4.0μg/g,8.0μg/g,16.0μg/g的人工饲料后,幼虫死亡率、化蛹率、蛹的羽化率均无明显差异;而幼虫发育历期延长、蛹的发育历期缩短,蛹重减轻。杀虫蛋白浓度为8.0μg/g,16.0μg/g时,幼虫发育历期明显长于对照。杀虫蛋白浓度为16.0μg/g时, 蛹的发育历期和蛹重与对照差异显著     

橘小实蝇幼虫液体人工饲料正交设计优化

采用正交试验设计方法,对橘小实蝇幼虫液体人工饲料组成成分啤酒废酵母、蔗糖、防腐剂及饲料pH值4种因素3个水平进行优化筛选,以橘小实蝇化蛹率、蛹重、羽化率、产卵高峰期的单雌产卵量和F1卵孵化率为考察指标,求出橘小实蝇幼虫液体人工饲料的最佳配方为啤酒废酵母17.89 g,蔗糖10.34 g,防腐剂0.3 g,蒸馏水100 mL,pH值5.5.     

棉红铃虫人工饲料饲养技术

设计了4种饲料配方饲养红铃虫.结果表明.以取食A、B配方的红铃虫幼虫成活率最高,分别为65.0%和68.1%;取食A配方的幼虫期最短,为18.57 d,平均蛹重18.7 mg,与红铃虫田间种群及Adkisson饲养的蛹重差别不大,可以满足室内试验需要;经过连续4代饲养后,含麦胚的饲料配方可以使幼虫期稳定在19 d左右、蛹重稳定在18mg以上,是目前能够稳定人工饲养红铃虫的最合适饲料.     

利用半合成人工饲料饲养小菜蛾的研究

应用二闪正交旋转回归组合设计方法,筛选小菜蛾半合成人工饲料配方。用筛选的优化饲养小菜蛾,在温度２４￣２６℃,相对湿度６０％￣７０％的条件下,幼虫历期８．４５ｄ,化蛹概率０．７４７,羽化概率０．９４９,每浆蛹重５．１４ｍｇ,紫虫产卵量１３５．６７粒,与自然饲料相比,存活率和发育速度相似,蛹重和产卵量增加。     

大蜡螟人工饲料配方筛选试验

以前人的大蜡螟人工饲料配方为对照,比较8种人工饲料配方对大蜡螟的饲养效果。结果表明,不同饲料配方对大蜡螟幼虫生长速率、蛹重、产卵量的影响有明显差异,对大蜡螟发育历期有一定影响但不明显。综合评价饲料配方对大蜡螟幼虫生长发育、蛹重、产卵量及历期的影响,同时兼顾饲料配方的成本,较理想的大蜡螟饲料配方为F4,即酵母粉5.40 g、甘油24.00 g、奶粉10.20 g、蜂蜜11.76 g、蜂蜡16.68 g、面粉51.96 g。     

人工饲料对黑点切叶野螟生长发育和繁殖的影响

为了解决黑点切叶野螟(Herpetogramma basalis)自然饲料季节性短缺问题,设计了3种人工饲料配方,以自然寄主空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)为对照,在室内研究了人工饲料对生防昆虫黑点切叶野螟生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明,黑点切叶野螟在人工饲料饲养下可以完成生活史,但大多数生长发育指标和繁殖指标受到影响。其中,3种配方的人工饲料饲养的幼虫历期均有所延长、羽化率降低、成虫寿命缩短、单雌产卵量降低;配方Ⅰ和Ⅱ饲养的幼虫存活率明显降低,蛹期延长;配方Ⅰ饲养的昆虫蛹重和下一代卵孵化率明显低于对照;化蛹率和雌雄性比未受影响。3种饲料配方中,配方Ⅲ在本试验中表现最优,应在此基础上继续优化配方,以保证在冬季自然饲料短缺时作替代饲料。     

烟青虫人工饲料的筛选

比较了5种人工饲料饲养烟青虫的效果,结果表明混合饲料饲养效果好,并综合评价了缩短幼虫期、增加蛹重和提高化蛹率等方面,提出了一种较好的烟青虫人工饲料配方。     

玉带凤蝶人工饲料初步研究

在前人经验配方的基础上,调整了主要营养物质组分,采用新的配主组合配制了３种半纯饲料,均可用于玉带凤蝶幼虫的人工饲料饲养。经综合评价以饲料－３为最佳,连续饲养了４代,所得的存活率与蛹重等主要指标相似或高于对照组,可直接用于大量饲料。饲料－１与饲料－２的饲养效果不如对照组。     

梨小食心虫人工饲养技术研究

为发展一个利用人工饲料在实验室条件下进行规模化、标准化饲养梨小食心虫的技术,在T=24±l℃,RH=(60±10)％,L∶D=16∶8 h的人工气候箱中,分别用人工饲料和苹果饲养梨小食心虫,对梨小食心虫的生命参数、饲养方法和条件进行研究.结果表明,用以玉米粉、小麦胚芽粉、啤酒酵母为主要原料,配以琼脂、抗坏血酸、苯甲酸、...     

幼虫液体人工饲料中主成分对橘小实蝇的影响

研究了橘小实蝇幼虫液体人工饲料主要组成成分——啤酒废酵母和蔗糖对橘小实蝇生长发育的影响。结果表明,在一定浓度范围内,随着啤酒废酵母浓度的提高,橘小实蝇化蛹率、蛹重、羽化率、单雌产卵量、F1卵孵化率均升高,然而,当啤酒废酵母浓度高于0.142 4 g.mL-1时,化蛹率、单雌产卵量、F1卵孵化率下降;当啤酒废酵母浓度高于0.178 9 g.mL-1时,羽化率下降;当啤酒废酵母浓度高于0.215 4 g.mL-1时,蛹重下降。在一定的浓度范围内,随着蔗糖浓度的提高,橘小实蝇化蛹率、蛹重、羽化率、单雌产卵量、F1卵孵化率均升高,而当蔗糖浓度超过0.123 0 g.mL-1时,化蛹率、蛹重、羽化率下降;当蔗糖浓度超过0.152 0 g.mL-1时,单雌产卵量、F1卵孵化率下降。     

美国白蛾生长发育对寄主植物不同次生代谢物质的适应性

为探明林木叶部害虫美国白蛾(Hyphantria cunea)对寄主的适应性,分析了寄主植物不同次生代谢物质对其生长发育的影响。分别用含有单宁(5、50 mg·g-1)、黄酮(3、8 mg·g-1)、肉桂酸(3、8 mg·g-1)、水杨甙(15、150 mg·g-1)、对羟基苯甲酸(5、50 mg·g-1)的人工饲料,饲喂美国白蛾幼虫,观察记录幼虫的生长发育状况。结果表明:取食含有次生代谢物质的饲料后,各处理组4~6龄幼虫的体质量、体长、头壳宽和蛹质量均不同程度的低于对照,且高质量分数处理组不同程度的低于低质量分数处理组;其中,单宁处理组与对照差异显著(P<0.05)。单宁处理组幼虫未至化蛹全部死亡,其余处理组的幼虫存活率与对照差异不显著(P>0.05);黄酮和肉桂酸处理组的化蛹率和羽化率与对照差异不显著,黄酮处理组的发育历期显著延长,水杨甙低质量分数处理组化蛹率显著高于对照组,对羟基苯甲酸高质量分数处理组羽化率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。综上,美国白蛾对寄主林木不同质量分数的不同次生代谢物具有逐渐解毒适应能力,对不同次生代谢物的适应能力不同,其中对单宁的适应能力最差。     

Effects of Tebufenozide on the Biological Characteristics of Beet Armyworm (Spodoptera exigua Hübner) and Its Resistance Selection

In this article, the selection of tebufenozide to beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua Hubner) was studied by the treatments to alternative generations' 3rd-instar larvae with LC50 dose and to continuous generations' larvae with LC10 dose; the effects of tebufenozide on the biological characteristics of current and subsequent generations were examined by the treatments to 3rd-instar larvae and egg pods in different concentrations. After treatments with LC50 dose till F11, the toxicity of tebufenozide to beet armyworm had no significant change, whereas the pupation rate, pupal weight, and fecundity were reduced markedly. After treatments with LC10 dose till F19, the beet armyworm only developed 3.52-fold resistance, and the main biological characteristics were nearly accordant in each generation. The livability was reduced 72 h later after treatments to 3rd-instar larvae, respectively in 2.5-40 (ig mL-', and larval duration, pupation rate, and pupal weight changed considerably with the increase in concentrations. The fecundity, larval livability, larval weight and pupal weight of subsequent generations were reduced as the dose increased over 10 ug mL-1. The hatching rate of egg pods did not differ with that of the controls obviously after treatment in 10-300 ug mL-1. But the larval livability, larval weight and pupal weight were reduced when eggs were exposed to 50 ug mL-1 dose or more. The results indicated that tebufenozide had low resistance risk to the current and subsequent generations of beet armyworm even if tebufenozide had significant effects on the biological characteristics of this insect.     

The Post-exposure Effects of Spinosad and Plant Allelochemicals on Biological Characteristics of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera:Noctuvidae)

In order to define the combined effects of spinosad and plant allelochemicals on Helicoverpa armigera(Lepidoptera:Noctuvidae), the research fed them on artificial diets with different doses of spinosad, gossypol, quercetin and tannicacid, and the changes of pupal and imaginal biological characteristics were observed and recorded. The results showed that spinosad at sublethal concentrations decreased pupation ratio and pupal weight, prolonged prepupal and pupal periods, and decreased emergence ratio, fecundity and longevity of adults. Combined with plant allelochemicals, spinosad significantly prolonged pupal period and shorten adult longevity. Other life-cycle parameters such as pupation ratio, pupal weights, emergence ratio, eggs laid per female and hatch ratio did not change significantly. The results clearly indicated that plant allelochemicals did not change spinosad efficiency on H. armigera, but the combination of spinosad and plant allelochemicals might affect pest population dynamics significantly by changing its development.     

异色瓢虫胁迫对棉铃虫生长发育及压力蛋白基因表达的影响

【目的】明确不同食源异色瓢虫(Harmonia axyridis)胁迫对棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)生长发育和变态发育的影响,探讨棉铃虫是否能感知并分级捕食风险、能否在生长发育和变态发育上体现出权衡效应;明确长时和短时胁迫对棉铃虫压力蛋白基因表达的影响,探讨异色瓢虫胁迫能否引起棉铃虫分子水平上的生理反应。【方法】通过设置7种不同食源的异色瓢虫胁迫处理(饥饿处理、虾卵处理、棉铃虫幼虫处理、棉铃虫卵处理、蚜虫处理、蚜虫对照处理、对照处理),观察记录棉铃虫在胁迫下的生长发育(幼虫历期、蛹历期、雌雄蛾寿命、总寿命)和变态发育(蛹重、化蛹率、羽化失败率、卷翅率)指标;设置长时(1龄幼虫至3日龄成虫)和短时(15 min至6 h)异色瓢虫胁迫处理,利用实时荧光定量PCR(q RT-PCR)技术检测棉铃虫压力蛋白基因(即热激蛋白基因)Hsp70和Hsp90及热激同源蛋白基因Hsc70在胁迫后的表达水平变化。【结果】在捕食性天敌异色瓢虫的胁迫下,棉铃虫幼虫历期、蛹期、雌雄蛾寿命、总寿命均显著性缩短,蛹重和化蛹率显著性下降,成虫卷翅率显著性升高,而羽化失败率无显著性变化。在不同食源的天敌胁迫下,棉铃虫幼虫历期在异色瓢虫取食蚜虫时最短,蛹历期在瓢虫取食棉铃虫卵时最短,总寿命在瓢虫取食虾卵时最短,而雌雄蛾寿命在不同食源天敌胁迫下未表现出显著性差异;棉铃虫成虫卷翅率在瓢虫取食棉铃虫卵时最高,而蛹重、化蛹率、羽化失败率在不同食源天敌胁迫下未表现出显著性差异。压力蛋白基因Hsp70和Hsp90在短时胁迫下(Hsp70:30min至3 h;Hsp90:15 min、1.5 h、2 h、6 h)表达水平显著性上调,热激同源蛋白基因Hsc70在长时胁迫下(5龄幼虫、预蛹、雄蛹、雌蛾阶段)表达水平显著性上调。【结论】在面对捕食性天敌异色瓢虫长时胁迫作用下,棉铃虫各生长发育阶段均出现缩短的现象,即棉铃虫为躲避被捕食风险表现出了发育加速的现象,而快速的生长发育在一定程度上干扰了变态发育,导致蛹重和化蛹率下降,成虫卷翅率提高,符合权衡效应。棉铃虫对不同食源的天敌胁迫具有不同程度的敏感性,即棉铃虫对潜在的捕食风险可能存在一定的分级能力,但这种分级能力没有得到规律性体现。异色瓢虫胁迫能够引起棉铃虫分子层面的生理反应,导致压力蛋白基因的表达上调,其中压力蛋白基因Hsp70和Hsp90受到短时胁迫的反应较为明显,而热激同源蛋白基因Hsc70受到慢性胁迫刺激的反应更为显著。     

Effects of Tebufenozide on the Biological Characteristics of Beet Armyworm （Spodoptera exigua Hǖbner） and Its Resistance Selection

In this article, the selection of tebufenozide to beet armyworm （Spodoptera exigua Htibner） was studied by the treatments to alternative generations＇ 3rd-instar larvae with LC50 dose and to continuous generations＇ larvae with LC10 dose; the effects of tebufenozide on the biological characteristics of current and subsequent generations were examined by the treatments to 3rd-instar larvae and egg pods in different concentrations. After treatments with LC50 dose till F11, the toxicity of tebufenozide to beet armyworm had no significant change, whereas the pupation rate, pupal weight, and fecundity were reduced markedly. After treatments with LC10 dose till Fl9, the beet armyworm only developed 3.52-fold resistance, and the main biological characteristics were nearly accordant in each generation. The livability was reduced 72 h later after treatments to 3rd-instar larvae, respectively in 2.5-40 μg mL^-1, and larval duration, pupation rate, and pupal weight changed considerably with the increase in concentrations. The fecundity, larval livability, larval weight and pupal weight of subsequent generations were reduced as the dose increased over 10 μg mL^-1. The hatching rate of egg pods did not differ with that of the controls obviously after treatment in 10-300 μg mL^-1. But the larval livability, larval weight and pupal weight were reduced when eggs were exposed to 50 μg mL^-1 dose or more. The results indicated that tebufenozide had low resistance risk to the current and subsequent generations of beet armyworm even if tebufenozide had significant effects on the biological characteristics of this insect.