应用RT-PCR和dot-ELISA方法检测单头灰飞虱体内水稻条纹病毒

本文比较了RT-PCR和dot-ELISA两种方法对单头灰飞虱携带水稻条纹病毒(Rice stripe virus,RSV)的检出率、检测灵敏度和检测成本。结果表明,两种方法均能检测到单头灰飞虱体内的RSV,RT-PCR检测单头灰飞虱体内RSV的阳性检出率比dot-ELISA方法低11.79%~15.77%,但RT-PCR的检测灵敏度比dot-ELISA高10倍,RT-PCR技术的检测成本比dot-ELISA的高。结果暗示,对于单头介体昆虫中的病毒检测,RT-PCR技术的检出率不一定比dot-ELISA的高。综合考虑后,如对室外大批量灰飞虱进行带毒率检测时可采用dot-ELISA方法,如需准确分析单头灰飞虱体内RSV时可采用RT-PCR方法。     

水稻条纹病毒单克隆抗体的制备及检测应用

 用水稻条纹病毒(RSV)免疫的BALB/c小鼠脾细胞与SP2/0鼠骨髓瘤细胞融合,经筛选克隆,获得4株能稳定传代且分泌抗RSV单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞。各株单抗腹水的ELISA效价均在1:80000~1:5120000之间。Westernblot分析表明,4株单抗均与RSV的35kDa的外壳蛋白亚基有特异反应。建立了间接ELISA测定RSV的方法,4株单抗检测病汁液的稀释度能达到2560倍以上,与其它病毒无交叉反应。对江苏省部分县市的大田灰飞虱带毒率进行检测,结果显示灰飞虱的带毒率为12.5%~41.5%     

灰飞虱携带水稻条纹叶枯病毒检测研究

采用斑点免疫结合(DIBA)与生物测定方法对采自浙江长兴和嘉兴两地的灰飞虱带(传)毒率进行了检测。结果发现,两地灰飞虱均有部分虫口携带水稻条纹叶枯病毒(RSV),平均带毒率为6.15%,传毒率为3.96%;斑点免疫结合(DIBA)测定的灰飞虱带毒率,均高于生物法测定的灰飞虱传毒率,两者之比为1:0.65。该检测结果为病害预测和防控提供了重要科学依据。     

首届中国植物保护学会科学技术奖获奖成果介绍 水稻条纹叶枯病与传毒媒介灰飞虱发生规律、监测预警与持续控制技术研究（一等奖）

首次测定了浙北地区近年暴发的水稻病毒病病原基因组全序列,明确该病害由水稻条纹叶枯病毒（RSV）引起;在RSV pcl蛋白的RdRp特征性区域内发现3个酶活性位点及其N-端存在一个OUT一结构域,在RSV及同属病毒基因组中发现一个保守并能形成茎环结构的新基序;建立了双抗夹心ELISA和RT—PCR方法,用于RSV及单头灰飞虱带毒率的快速检测和诊断;探明了RSV与灰飞虱田闻发生消长规律、暴发成灾成因,发现千金子和白顶早熟禾分别为RSV和灰飞虱新寄主;发明了具有自主知识产权的灰飞虱发生监测和采集仪器多项,     

水稻条纹病毒对介体灰飞虱生长发育相关基因转录水平的影响

由水稻条纹病毒(Rice stripe virus,RSV)引起的水稻条纹叶枯病是我国粳稻产区的一种毁灭性病毒病害。RSV主要由半翅目昆虫灰飞虱(Laodelphax striatellus)以持久增殖型方式传播,与无毒灰飞虱相比,带毒灰飞虱五龄和整个若虫阶段的发育历期缩短,最终羽化的成虫数减少。为了从分子上揭示RSV对灰飞虱生长发育的影响,本文研究了RSV对灰飞虱生长发育相关基因转录水平的影响。将灰飞虱转录组拼接后建立本地数据库,根据黑腹果蝇生长发育基因序列比对出10种灰飞虱同源基因序列,设计特异引物,通过RT-q PCR方法分别对带毒和无毒灰飞虱体内这10种基因的转录水平进行检测。结果显示,在RSV的影响下,8种基因的转录发生显著变化,其中2种蛋白质转录被激活,6种蛋白质受到抑制。动力蛋白和钠钾转移ATP酶转录水平的变化可能影响灰飞虱神经系统发育,造成昆虫行为异常;桩蛋白转录下降会影响翅的发育;与细胞骨架相关的5种蛋白质转录也受到了RSV抑制,可能影响灰飞虱羽化过程。对生长发育基因转录水平的初步探究为更好地理解RSV与灰飞虱的互作奠定了基础。     

灰飞虱冠蛋白的基因克隆与表达分析

灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus冠蛋白属于WD40重复超家族成员,主要通过结合肌动蛋白调控细胞骨架的动态聚合与解聚。本研究通过RT-PCR克隆并获得了灰飞虱3个冠蛋白coronin 1A、coronin 2B和coronin 7的基因CDS区。系统进化树分析显示,这3个冠蛋白分别属于3个分支,且与褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens的3个冠蛋白同源性最高,氨基酸序列相似性分别为99.2%、88.2%和82.5%。荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,coronin 1A在成虫中的转录水平显著高于2龄、4龄若虫,coronin 2B在雄虫中的转录水平显著高于2龄、4龄若虫和雌虫,coronin 7在雌虫中的转录水平显著高于2龄、4龄若虫和雄虫。而3个冠蛋白基因在唾液腺中的转录水平都显著高于肠道。灰飞虱携带水稻条纹病毒(rice stripe tenuivirus, RSV)后体内3个冠蛋白基因的转录水平显著高于对照,说明冠蛋白可能在灰飞虱传播RSV过程中发挥一定作用,研究结果为深入探究冠蛋白的功能奠定了基础。     

灰飞虱VAP-B蛋白的抗体制备及体内外应用

灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus的囊泡相关膜蛋白相关蛋白B(VAP-B)是内质网膜蛋白家族的蛋白,其主要参与调节囊泡运输、脂类的转运代谢以及未折叠蛋白应答等。本研究克隆了灰飞虱VAP-B基因,构建了pCold-SUMO-VAP-B原核表达载体,再将其转化大肠杆菌感受态细胞Rosetta(DE3),经过IPTG低温诱导表达得到了含有HIS和SUMO标签的VAP-B可溶性蛋白,经过Ni²⁺-NTA亲和层析柱纯化后的蛋白再利用rTEV酶去除SUMO标签,得到无标签的VAP-B蛋白。通过免疫新西兰雄兔制备了VAP-B的多克隆抗体。Western blot检测结果表明该抗体可以特异性检测到灰飞虱的VAP-B蛋白;同时利用该抗体进行免疫荧光标记,发现其能特异性定位灰飞虱唾液腺内的VAP-B蛋白。研究结果表明制备的VAP-B抗体能够成功用于该蛋白的体内外检测,为阐明VAP-B在灰飞虱体内的关键作用奠定了基础。     

甘薯潜隐病毒单克隆抗体的制备及初步鉴定

以原核表达的甘薯潜隐病毒(SPLV)的外壳蛋白(CP)为抗原免疫小鼠,经过细胞融合和亚克隆,筛选出2株稳定分泌抗SPLV CP的单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株(5B11-2和5G8-2),并分别制备了单克隆抗体腹水。间接ELISA结果表明,用SPLV CP包被酶联板,5B11-2和5G8-2单克隆抗体的效价均为1∶512 000;用感染SPLV的甘薯叶片汁液包被酶联板,2株单克隆抗体的效价均为1∶6 400。抗体类型及亚类鉴定结果表明,2株单克隆抗体均为IgG1、κ轻链。Western blot分析表明,2株单抗均能与SPLV CP和感染SPLV的甘薯叶片汁液有特异性反应。利用单克隆抗体建立的间接抗原包被ELISA(ACP-ELISA)检测SPLV方法,病叶1∶3 840倍稀释仍能检测到病毒。血清学和RT-PCR检测结果表明,制备的单克隆抗体可用于田间甘薯样品的检测。     

灰飞虱来源的水稻条纹病毒外壳蛋白基因遗传多样性

 采用单雌产卵法获得来自江苏、云南、山东、河北等地灰飞虱（Laodelphax striatellus Fallén,SBPH）来源的21个水稻条纹病毒（Rice stripe virus,RSV）分离物,提取灰飞虱总RNA,经RT-PCR扩增,获得21个RSV分离物的包含外壳蛋白（cp）基因在内的约1 000 bp左右的DNA片段。测序结果显示,参试分离物的cp由969个核苷酸组成,编码322个氨基酸。采用DNASTAR软件进行分析,21个灰飞虱来源的RSV-cp核苷酸序列和推导出的编码蛋白的氨基酸序列同源性分别为95.7%~100%和96.0%~100%。与已报道水稻来源的32个RSV分离物一起进行序列同源性比较和系统进化树分析结果表明,总体而言RSV-cp较为保守,其遗传多样性首先与地缘相关,从地理位置上可以分成中国云南、中国沿海和日本3个地理种群;其次与寄主相关,在同一地理种群中可以划分为灰飞虱和水稻2个寄主种群。     

水稻条纹病毒胁迫对灰飞虱mucin基因表达量的影响

为分析灰飞虱mucin基因在水稻条纹病毒(Rice stripe virus, RSV)侵染过程中的作用,采用荧光定量PCR的方法分析了RSV 胁迫条件下灰飞虱mucin基因mRNA表达量的变化。饲喂RSV病叶1天和2天时灰飞虱mucin基因的表达量没有明显变化,而在3天和7天时灰飞虱mucin基因的表达量增加了3.60倍和1.97倍。饲喂健康水稻叶片1、2、3和7天后,灰飞虱mucin基因的表达量分别为饲喂前的1.07、1.12、0.78和0.34倍,而饲喂病叶1、2、3和7天后,mucin基因的表达量分别为饲喂前的1.15、1.19、3.19和1.01倍。结果表明,病毒胁迫使灰飞虱体内mucin基因的表达量增加,暗示mucin基因在RSV与灰飞虱互作过程中起着重要作用。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.