Analysis of phenolic compounds in white rice, brown rice, and germinated brown rice

Two hydroxycinnamate sucrose esters, 6'-O-(E)-feruloylsucrose and 6'-O-(E)-sinapoylsucrose, were isolated from methanol extracts of rice bran. Soluble and insoluble phenolic compounds as well as 6'-O-(E)-feruloylsucrose and 6'-O-(E)-sinapoylsucrose from white rice, brown rice, and germinated brown rice were analyzed using HPLC. The results demonstrated that the content of insoluble phenolic compounds was significantly higher than that of soluble phenolics in rice, whereas almost all compounds identified in germinated brown rice and brown rice were more abundant than those in white rice. 6'-O-(E)-Feruloylsucrose (1.09 mg/100 g of flour) and 6'-O-(E)-sinapoylsucrose (0.41 mg/100 g of flour) were found to be the major soluble phenolic compounds in brown rice. During germination, an approximately 70% decrease was observed in the content of the two hydroxycinnamate sucrose esters, whereas free phenolic acid content increased significantly; the ferulic acid content of brown rice (0.32 mg/100 g of flour) increased to 0.48 mg/100 g of flour and became the most abundant phenolic compound in germinated brown rice. The content of sinapinic acid increased to 0.21 mg/100 g of flour, which is nearly 10 times as much as that in brown rice (0.02 mg/100 g of flour). In addition, the total content of insoluble phenolic compounds increased from 18.47 mg/100 g of flour in brown rice to 24.78 mg/100 g of flour in germinated brown rice. These data suggest that appropriate germination of brown rice may be a method to improve health-related benefits.     

通风改善发芽糙米微波连续干燥均匀性

为了提高发芽糙米微波干燥的均匀性,采用台架试验、计算模拟和理论分析相结合的研究方法,分析微波干燥机内料层上微波能分布规律,研究微波干燥时风速对发芽糙米干燥均匀性影响。结果表明:在波导馈口平行的微波干燥机上,馈口间存在耗损和反射,微波能利用率降低;在微波干燥过程中,通入室温空气带走发芽糙米蒸发出的水蒸气:风速低携带水蒸气能力弱,而风速高会导致气流分布不均匀,合适风速在0.5~1.0 m/s。在微波干燥时引入通风方式,可提高微波干燥均匀性,从干燥工艺方面解决因电场分布引起干燥均匀性差的问题。研究结果为微波干燥机的干燥腔结构设计和干燥工艺优化提供依据。     

提高发芽糙米得率的复合酶预处理工艺优化

为解决传统工艺生产发芽糙米浸泡时间长、生产效率低等问题,提出以纤维素酶和木聚糖酶的复合溶液代替蒸馏水浸泡发芽前糙米的新工艺。以糙米为原料,探究复合酶预处理工艺中酶解时间、酶解温度、复合酶浓度及配比对发芽糙米得率的影响规律,采用二次正交旋转中心组合设计试验,建立了各因素对发芽糙米得率影响的数学模型。结果表明:酶解时间、酶解温度、复合酶浓度及酶配比对发芽糙米得率影响显著(P0.05),得到优化参数组合为:酶解时间135 min,酶解温度35℃,复合酶浓度0.57 g/L、纤维素酶和木聚糖酶质量比1.86:1,在此条件下,与传统工艺相比浸泡时间缩短62.5%、发芽糙米得率及γ-氨基丁酸含量分别提高约3.90%和3.86 mg/(100 g)。通过对酶解后糙米皮层微观结构的观察分析,糙米皮层在复合酶作用下部分降解,胚乳中淀粉更易与水分子相结合,从而吸水速率提升。研究结果可为发芽糙米生产提供参考。     

循环加湿工艺降低发芽糙米爆腰增率并提高得率

为解决传统浸泡工艺制取发芽糙米过程爆腰率过高等问题,提出以循环加湿替代传统浸泡的一种发芽糙米生产新工艺。该研究以糙米为原料,采用二次正交旋转中心组合设计试验,研究循环加湿工艺中单次加湿量、间隔时间和温度对爆腰增率和发芽糙米得率的影响规律,建立了各因素对爆腰增率和发芽糙米得率影响的数学模型。用Excel软件和Design Expert软件处理试验数据,结果表明：单次加湿量、间隔时间和温度对爆腰增率和发芽糙米得率影响显著,得到优化参数组合为：单次加湿量1.2%～1.6%、间隔时间45～75 min、温度30℃,该条件下爆腰增率低于33%、发芽糙米得率大于90%。循环加湿处理后爆腰增率比传统浸泡处理降低20%～70%,发芽糙米得率提高1%～16%。研究结果可为改进发芽糙米生产工艺提供参考。     

预糊化条件对萌芽糙米蒸煮质构特性及品质的影响

为了解决萌芽糙米不易蒸煮且蒸煮后米饭口感较硬、黏弹性不足、粗糙感明显等问题,该文应用预糊化技术对萌芽糙米进行品质改良,评价了预糊化条件(米粒含水率43.21%±2.15%、34.64%±1.49%、29.83%±1.67%,蒸汽处理时间2、5、10、15、20、25 min)对萌芽糙米蒸煮特性、米饭质构特性及感官品质的影响。研究结果表明,随着米粒含水率的降低,预糊化萌芽糙米的蒸煮时间、蒸煮吸水率、体积膨胀率显著增大(P0.05),固形物损失率显著降低(P0.05);预糊化萌芽糙米的米饭硬度、黏附性、黏聚性、胶黏性、弹性、咀嚼性随米粒含水率降低的变化较为复杂。随着蒸汽处理时间的延长,预糊化萌芽糙米的蒸煮时间显著缩短(P0.05),蒸煮吸水率、体积膨胀率、固形物损失率变化较小且无明显规律;预糊化萌芽糙米的米饭硬度先减小后增大,黏附性、黏聚性先增大后减小,胶黏性、弹性、咀嚼性变化较为复杂。感官评定结果表明,预糊化萌芽糙米的米饭感官评分随米粒含水率降低的变化较为复杂,随蒸汽处理时间的延长先增大后降低。总体而言,米粒含水率29.83%±1.67%、蒸汽处理15 min的预糊化条件可以显著改善萌芽糙米的蒸煮特性、质构特性及感官品质,使其接近白米的品质指标。研究结果可为预糊化萌芽糙米的产业化开发提供依据。     

非浸泡复合酶法预处理改善糙米碾米性能

在糙米碾米过程中普遍存在碎米较多及碾米能耗高的问题,为改善糙米碾米品质,提出以纤维素酶和木聚糖酶的复合酶溶液处理替代常规水加湿方法的酶法预处理工艺。以贮藏期糙米(含水率15%以下)为原料,采用二次正交旋转中心组合设计试验,研究复合酶溶液处理工艺中复合酶配比、酶质量浓度、加液量及酶处理时间对碾米后整精米率和碾米能耗的影响规律,建立了各因素对整精米率和碾米能耗影响的数学模型。结果表明:构建的整精米率、碾米能耗与复合酶配比、酶质量浓度、加液量及酶处理时间之间的回归方程极显著(P0.01),得到优化参数组合为纤维素酶和木聚糖酶质量比1.3∶1 g/g、复合酶溶液质量浓度65 mg/m L、加液量1.25%,酶处理时间102 min,该条件下整精米率为80.07%、碾米能耗为90.72 k J/kg。复合酶溶液处理后整精米率较加湿调质处理提高约3.98%,节约能耗约13.06%;较纤维素单一酶溶液加湿处理后整精米率提高约0.98%,节约能耗约5.48%。并通过微观结构分析证实了糙米皮层粗纤维的局部破损是其碾米性能改善的主要原因。研究结果可为实际生产条件下的酶法糙米预处理工艺提供参考。     

Effect of zinc sulfate fortification in germinated brown rice on seed zinc concentration, bioavailability, and seed germination

Rice is the staple food for more than half of the world's population and, hence, the main source of a vital micronutrient, zinc (Zn). Unfortunately, the bioavailability of Zn from rice is very low not only due to low content but also due to the presence of some antinutrients such as phytic acid. We investigated the effect of germination and Zn fortification treatment on Zn bioavailability of brown rice from three widely grown cultivars using the Caco-2 cell model to find a suitable fortification level for producing germinated brown rice. The results of this study showed that Zn content in brown rice increased significantly (p < 0.05) as the external Zn concentrations increased from 25 to 250 mg/L. In contrast, no significant influence (p > 0.05) on germination percentage of rice was observed when the Zn supply was lower than 150 mg/L. Zn fortification during the germination process has a significant impact on the Zn content and finally Zn bioavailability. These findings may result from the lower molar ratio of phytic acid to Zn and higher Zn content in Zn fortified germinated brown rice, leading to more bioavailable Zn. Likewise, a significant difference (p < 0.05) was found among cultivars with respect to the capacity for Zn accumulation and Zn bioavailability; these results might be attributed to the difference in the molar ratio of phytic acid to Zn and the concentration of Zn among the cultivars evaluated. Based on global intake of Zn among the world population, we recommend germinated brown rice fortified with 100 mg/L ZnSO(4) as a suitable concentration to use in the germination process, which contains high Zn concentration and Zn bioavailability. In the current study, the cultivar Bing91185 fortified with Zn through the germination process contained a high amount as well as bioavailable Zn, which was identified as the most promising cultivar for further evaluation to determine its efficiency as an improved source of Zn for target populations.     

褐飞虱的RAPD-PCR分析

采用 RAPD-PCR技术对不同地点、时间的褐飞虱 Niloparveta Lugens ( Stal)种群 (长翅型、短翅型 )基因组 DNA进行多态性研究 ,分析了各种群之间的遗传差异。结果表明 ,RAPD PCR能分析各种群之间的基因多态性 ,相似性分析和聚类分析所得的各种群之间的亲缘关系相一致。因此 ,RAPD PCR技术可以作为褐飞虱种群遗传研究的一种方法     

基于轮廓特征的稻种芽谷检测方法

根据机器视觉检测杂交水稻种子质量的要求，针对单粒、静态稻种图像进行芽谷分析识别。对金优402、汕优10、中优207和加优99品种的稻种采集了黑、白背景， A、B两面共4×400幅图像，每幅图像提取出16个稻种轮廓特征参数，经主成分分析降维后作为网络输入，对网络结构进行优化并充分训练后分别建立了各品种的两层人工神经网络。网络对测试集正常稻种的识别准确率均超过95%，对芽谷的识别准确率在85%至90%之间。     

糙米的厚层微波干燥

研究了顺流通风状态下厚层糙米的微波干燥问题，实验结果表明：随着微波功率的增加，糙米的温度和干燥速度随之增加。如果微波的功率被控制在0.05～0.09 kW/kg范围内，风速被控制在0.12～0.20 m/s范围内，则可以保证不出现爆腰和发芽率降低等质量问题。且糙米的有效干燥厚度大约为0.130 m，此值大于同等条件下稻谷的有效干燥厚度。在微波加热的条件下干燥糙米的效率要高于稻谷干燥的效率。     

镉与酸雨交叉胁迫对大豆种子萌发过程中膜脂过氧化的影响

<正>酸雨(AR)和重金属污染是国内外广为关注的重要环境问题[1]。镉(Cd)是污染环境的重金属之一,农作物可从土壤和大气中吸收Cd,生长发育受到抑制,表现为生长缓慢、植株矮小、褪绿等中毒症状,产量大幅度降低[2]。酸雨可造成土壤中Cd2+淋溶加强,解析量升高,生物可利用性增加[3],因此可加重Cd     

基于小波变换的稻米爆腰检测技术研究

稻谷裂纹(俗称爆腰)是导致大米在加工过程中破碎的重要原因，爆腰的检测对裂纹的研究和控制有重要意义。本文提出了一种新的爆腰检测方法。它利用小波变换在图像边缘提取和去噪中的优越性，通过对二进尺度下图像小波变换局部极大值的检测，提取边缘特征，去除噪声，对糙米爆腰图像中的裂纹进行了有效识别。从而实现爆腰率的自动检测，准确率达到92%以上。与传统的检测算子相比，取得了更为良好的效果。     

稻褐飞虱不同生物型致害特性研究

对稻褐飞虱不同生物型致害特性研究结果表明,生物型Ⅱ对TNl、IR26、Mudgo的致害性均达8．7l级以上,对IR36、ASD7、RathuHeenati(R．H)、Babawee(B．W)、Ptb33的致害性均低于4．73级;孟加拉型对TNl、IR26、Mudgo、IR36、ASD7的致害性均达7．68级以上,对R．H、B．W、Ptb33的致害性均低于500级;九龙江型对TNl、IR26、Mudgo、IR36、ASD7、R．H、B．W的致害性均达7．38级以上,对Ptb33的致害性为3．68级。若虫期干扰作用控制指数,生物型Ⅱ在Mudgo上与在TNl上差异不显著,在ASD7上与在TNl上差异亦不显著;孟加拉型在Mudgo、ASD7、B．W上与在TNl上差异不显著;九龙江型在B．W上与在TNl上差异不显著。稻褐飞虱3—4龄若虫取食的选择性,接虫后l-2d,生物型Ⅱ、九龙江型在TNl、Mudgo、ASD7、R．H、B．W、Ptb33上差异不显著,而孟加拉型对TNl的趋性最强;接虫后3d,生物型Ⅱ和孟加拉型对Ptb33的趋性最弱,而九龙江型对ASD7的趋性最弱。成虫取食的选择性,接虫后ld,生物型Ⅱ偏向于TNl、B．W,孟加拉型偏向于TNl、Mudgo、ASD7、Ptb33,九龙江型则对TNl、Mudgo、ASD7、R．H、B.W、Ptb33没有选择性;接虫后2d,生物型Ⅱ偏向于TNl、Mud80、ASD7、B．W,孟加拉型偏向于TNl、ASD7,九龙江型伯向于Mud80、R．H、B．W、Ptb33。成虫产卵选择性,生物型Ⅱ和孟加拉型在R．H上产卵最少,而九龙江型在ASD7上产卵最少。结果说明不同品种对三个生物型若虫的干扰作用控制指数、三个生物型的取食和产卵选择性同三个生物型对不同品种的致害力的表现并不完全一致。     

Manganese foliar supplementation impacts rice yield in tropical lowlands

Abstract

The aim of this work was to evaluate manganese (Mn) sources and levels effects in irrigated rice production in central Brasil (tropical lowlands of Tocantins state). The experiment was conducted in a 5x5?+?1 factorial scheme, five Mn sources and five levels (0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; and 2.5?kg ha^?1), applied in induction of tillering of rice plants, plus a control without treatment, and Mn content in leaves (mg kg^?1), number of panicles per area (m²), hundred grains weight (g), intact grains (%), and grain yield (kg ha^?1) were analyzed. Treatments with Mn-carbonate source got the best results and this source at the level of 1.5?kg ha^?1 provided the highest yield: 7,375?kg ha^?1. Higher values were obtained with the application of 1.0 to 1.5?kg ha^?1 of Mn, except for the intact grains where the best means were obtained at 2.5?kg ha^?1.     

Improving the fatty acid profile of fairy shrimp, Streptocephalus dichotomus, using a lipid emulsion rich in highly unsaturated fatty acids

Fatty acids are the largest component of lipids and have become a useful tool in the determination of live feeds to a variety of cultured species. Bioencapsulation is a technique which allows high-level incorporation of desired components (i.e., fatty acids, vitamins, antibiotics, etc.) in live feeds, which in turn can be supplemented to the consumer organisms. The procedure described in the present study serves as a platform of technology for enriching the Streptocephalus dichotomus. Uptake of two enrichment diets (ALGAMAC2000 and DHA-SELCO) by adult S. dichotomus was investigated. The fatty acid profile supports the hypothesis that the enrichment diet increases the level of essential fatty acids, such as linolic, linolenic, eicosapentenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids. The average content (percent of total fatty acids detected) of the enriched organism by different highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) products were as follows: ALGAMAC2000 showed 14-22% saturated fatty acid (SFA), 17-18% monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), 28-41% polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), 23-34% n-3, and 4.9-7.5% n-6, whereas DHA-SELCO showed about 20-23% SFA, 20-26% MUFA, 38% PUFA, 28-31% n-3, and 7.5-10% n-6. Our present investigation proves that both HUFA-rich diets appear to be an appropriate enrichment diet, and further provides an additional rationale for using fairy shrimp as a maturation diet for any cultivable freshwater organism.     

盐胁迫对发芽水稻种子质膜透性及物质转化的影响

盐（NaCl）胁迫下水稻发芽种子的细胞膜透性增加，细胞伤害率加大，胞内K^ 、Na^ 外渗量增加：淀粉酶活性下降，尤其是α-淀粉酶活性迅速降低，使淀粉水解速率减慢，可溶性糖含量降低，淀粉贮藏组织中淀粉粒形象较密致；同时蛋白酶活性降低，蛋白质转化速率下降，糊粉层胞质中蛋白质残留量增多，干物质消耗减少。耐盐品种“119”水解酶活性受抑程度小于不耐盐品种“78130”，而贮存物质转化速率高于不耐盐品种“78130”，这表明水稻品种耐盐性与上述指标有密切相关关系。     

长期施肥对棕壤矿物吸附点位钾有效性及其剖面分布的影响

运用连续提取法结合常规方法,研究玉米玉米大豆轮作条件下,经过31年不同施肥后棕壤矿物吸附的p位钾、 e位钾和i位钾的有效性及其剖面分布情况。结果表明: 耕层土壤各位点钾含量及占全钾比例均表现为i位＞e位＞p位; 长期单施化学钾肥或不施钾各位点钾含量降低,有机肥配施化肥可以维持土壤中各位点钾含量。相关分析表明,交换性钾与p位和e位钾相关性显著,相关系数分别为0.926*和0.886*; 植株地上部吸钾量与p和e位钾呈显著正相关关系,与i位钾呈极显著正相关关系（r=0.963**）; 不同位点间钾含量呈极显著正相关关系。在剖面分布中,p、 e和i位钾含量均表现为020 cm＞2040 cm。     

储藏条件对糙米理化特性影响的研究

储藏条件是影响糙米储藏品质变化的关键因素，研究了糙米在5℃、20℃、30℃及自然室温下，分别以真空加脱氧剂、真空、CO₂气体封入、自然空气封入、纸袋包装五种包装(气体)条件下，储藏6个月，糙米及其精米和米饭的有关理化学特性变化情况。结果表明，30℃储藏区米饭品质劣化严重， 储藏中糙米过干燥也可能影响米饭品质，真空与脱氧剂并用、真空、CO₂气体封入、空气封入四种包装条件对糙米储藏品质的影响差异不明显，该研究结果对稻米的储藏有一定的参考价值。     

Lower weight gain and hepatic lipid content in hamsters fed high fat diets supplemented with white rice protein, brown rice protein, soy protein, and their hydrolysates

The physiological effects of the hydrolysates of white rice protein (WRP), brown rice protein (BRP), and soy protein (SP) hydrolyzed by the food grade enzyme, alcalase2.4 L, were compared to the original protein source. Male Syrian Golden hamsters were fed high-fat diets containing either 20% casein (control) or 20% extracted proteins or their hydrolysates as the protein source for 3 weeks. The brown rice protein hydrolysate (BRPH) diet group reduced weight gain 76% compared with the control. Animals fed the BRPH supplemented diet also had lower final body weight, liver weight, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), and liver cholesterol, and higher fecal fat and bile acid excretion than the control. Expression levels of hepatic genes for lipid oxidation, PPARα, ACOX1, and CPT1, were highest for hamsters fed the BRPH supplemented diet. Expression of CYP7A1, the gene regulating bile acid synthesis, was higher in all test groups. Expression of CYP51, a gene coding for an enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis, was highest in the BRPH diet group. The results suggest that BRPH includes unique peptides that reduce weight gain and hepatic cholesterol synthesis.     

Quantification of the rice aroma compound, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, in uncooked Khao Dawk Mali 105 brown rice

Volatile components of uncooked Khao Dawk Mali 105 brown rice were extracted using indirect steam distillation under reduced pressure and controlled temperature in order to prevent cooking. Analysis of the fresh extract by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that there were >140 volatile constituents. Among these, 70 volatiles were identified, including 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP), a key aroma compound of cooked rice. Further study concentrated on an improved method for the quantification of 2AP in uncooked brown rice. The method was simplified by utilizing a solvent extraction procedure. Quantitative analysis was performed using a capillary gas chromatographic system employing a flame ionization detector with the aid of a more selective column, CP-Wax 51, for amines. This improved chromatographic system had remarkable detection sensitivity for 2AP in the rice extracts so that 2AP in an extract of only 0.5 g of uncooked Khao Dawk Mali 105 brown rice could be detected.