家畜排卵遥测器的研制和应用

本文介绍了一种新型牛排卵监测装置和应用该装置进行牛排卵监测的结果。排卵监测装置是根据动物排卵时期可发生体温变化的原理设计的（１）（２）（３），应用该装置对家畜的体温进行连续、无损伤、精确地测量和记录，从而根据体温的变化确定牛排卵与否。试验分明，牛排卵期体温可比非排卵期体温升高０．２０～０．５０℃，并可持续８－１０小时。经直肠检查和剖腹探查验证，注射甲基前列腺素（ＰＧＦ２ａ）后诱导的排卵和自然发情牛的排卵时间分别为出现体温高峰后５～８小时而１５－１８小时。这种排卵期出现的体温高峰可以通过我们自制的体温遥测装置进行监测，并且依此可以正确地判断牛的排卵。     

牛排卵遥测器的的研制和应用

本文介绍了一种新型牛排卵监测装置和应用该装置进行牛排卵监测的结果。排卵监测装置是根据动物排卵时期可发生体温变化的原理设计的，应用遥测装置对家畜的体温进行连续、无损伤、精确地测量和记录，从而根据体温的变化确定牛排卵与否。试验表明，牛排卵期体温可比非排卵期体温升高０．２０－０．５０℃，可持续８－１０ｈ，经直肠检查和剖腹探查验证，注射甲基前列腺素后诱导的排卵和自然发情牛的排卵时间分别为出现体温高峰５－８     

氯前列烯醇控制受体黄牛同期发情试验

应用氯前列烯醇对１０３头次经直肠检查确认有功能黄体的健康、未孕成件母牛进行周期发情处理，发情反应率为９５．１，从注射到发情平均间隔时间为５０．５ｈ，在３８－６２ｈ范围内发情母牛为８８．３，对７４头母牛注射氯前列烯醇后排卵及黄体形成情况进行观察，结果７２头排卵，其中８头没有形成功能黄体，占发情母牛１１．０％，氯前列烯醇处理的受体黄牛移植成功率与自然发情受体牛没有差别。     

牛人工授精后血清中孕酮浓度的变化与受胎效果

笔者通过对授精当天、７天后和２０～２２日后牛体血清中孕酮浓度的测定（酶免疫法）与分析，探讨了该法应用于牛的发情鉴定和早期妊娠诊断的可能性。在５２头供试牛中，有４７头（９０．４％）属正常发情（排卵性发情），有１头（１．９％）属假发情（不排卵性发情），另有４头（７．７％）未发情，６０天后妊检结果，有３６头（６９．２％）怀孕，这３６头牛均为正常发情者。输精后第７天血清中的孕酮浓度，妊娠牛（ｎ＝３６）与非妊娠牛群（ｎ＝１６）间无显著差异，但在第２０～２２天后的第二次发情预计日，妊娠牛的孕酮浓度［５．３±１．７（１．２－８．２）ｎｇ／ｍｌ］则显著高于非妊娠牛［１．３±１．２（０．４－５．５）ｎｇ／ｍｌ］。采用此时血清中孕酮浓度指标，判定有４０头牛妊娠，其早期妊娠诊断的准确率在妊娠牛为９０．０％（３６／４０），对非妊娠牛达１００％（１２／１２）。因而，本法在早期妊娠诊断上具有实用价值。     

伊维菌素甲苯咪唑阿苯达唑对猪鞭虫驱虫效果的比较

伊维菌素（Ｉｖｅｒｍｅｃｔｉｎ，ＩＶ）是一种广谱高效、低毒的驱虫药物。Ｃａｍｐｂｅｌ，Ｗ．Ｃ．等［２］报道只需很小剂量（０．２０～３．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）对多种寄生线虫有高效。国内，夏昭华［３］、王正仪［４］等报道该药对人肠道蛔虫、鞭虫和动物钩虫有明显的效...     

黑白花奶牛体温变化与发情及排卵关系的研究

选择30头健康、发情正常的青年母牛,对情期中的体温变化规律作了初步的研究:牛体温不受牛舍内环境温度的影响而保持相对恒定,比较发情时与发情前2天及发情后2天的体温,发现牛体温在发情时升高0.53±0.29℃和0.48±0.29℃;结合直肠检查,摸索排卵时体温变化,发现排卵时体温突然下降0.22±0.13℃。本研究的意义在于可以将牛体温变化作为一种辅助手段,鉴定发情、推测排卵时间,为人工授精及其它工作提供参考。     

莲花白鹅排卵周期血浆中LH、17β－E_2和P含量的变化

采用放射免疫分析法测莲花县白鹅排卵周期外周血浆中ＬＨ、１７β－Ｅ２和Ｐ的动态变化，结果表明，正常产蛋母鹅在排卵周期中均出现三个峰值，ＬＨ峰值出现在排卵前１０ｈ左右，比１７β－Ｅ２和Ｐ峰值提前１６ｈ左右，而其它两次峰三者同步，血浆各激素的平均值分别是２．９２４±０．２３２ｎｇ／ｍｌ，２７．３３７±２４．３１８ｐｇ／ｍｌ和１６４．７４８±２３．９８１Ｐｇ／ｍｌ。但生软壳蛋母鹅在排卵前４ｈ左右见有一峰院，并以ＬＨ和１７β－Ｅ２明显，其血浆中三种激素的平均含量分别为３．２１５±０．６５７ｎｇ／ｍｌ，２７．３１２±２１．８５９ｐｇ／ｍｌ和２１１．６５７±１０４．３７５ｐｇ／ｍｌ，除１７β—Ｅ２外，均高于正常产蛋母鹅的水平，但差异并不明显。     

泌乳曲线的数学描述

泌乳曲线可用一般方程Ｙ＝Ａ１（ｔ）２（ｔ）来进行数学表述，方程中Ａ为一个正纯数，（ｔ）是单调增函数，１＝１为其渐近线，２是一个单调减函数，它具有单位起始值，２＝０为其渐近线。可供１．选择的函数有：１—ｂ。ｅ－ｂ１ｔ（Ｍｉｔｓｃｈｅｒｌｉｃｈ）、１／［１＋ｂ。／（ｂ１＋ｔ）］（Ｍｉｃｈａｅｌｉｓ－Ｍｅｎｔｅｒ）、１／［１＋ｂ０／（ｂ１＋ｔｂ２）］（一般动态饱和）、１／（１＋ｂ。ｅ－ｂｔ）（罗辑斯谛）、ｂ。ｅｘｐ［（—Ｉｎｂ。）（１—ｅ－ｂ１ｔ）］（Ｇｏｍｐｅｒｔｚ）和［１＋ｔａｎｈ（ｂ。＋ｂ１ｔ］／２（双曲正切）；可供２选用的函数有：ｅ－ｅｔ（指数）和１／（１＋ｃｔ）（倒直线）。于是可得到１２种模型，且Ｙ＝Ａｔｂｅ－ｅｔ（Ｗｏｏｄ模型）适合于２３头试验牛整个泌乳期内的数据。Ｍｉｔｓｃｈｅｒｌｉｃｈ×数式、Ｍｉｃｈａｅｌｉｓ－Ｍｅｎｔｅｎ×指数式、罗辑斯谛×指数式、罗辑斯谛×倒直线式及Ｗｏｏｄ模型都很适配。有了这些模型，达到产奶高峰的时间、最大产奶量、整个泌乳期的总产奶量以及在衰减期中点的相对衰减等的表达式都得到了。Ｍｉｔｓｃｈｅｒｌｉｃｈ×指数式模型一般比Ｗｏｏｄ模型适配得更好，与Ｗｏｏｄ模型不同的是，它对所?     

进贤县发展草食畜的几点作法

进贤县宜牧草山草坡，草洲面积共３４１８４．２ｈ，其中可利用面积２．６８万ｈ，可利用冬闲田３．３余万ｈ，而我县草食畜禽只有１２万头（羽），其中牛羊８万头。因此，草山草坡及冬闲田远未得到充分开发利用，为此县委，县政府在县畜牧等有关部门调查研究的基础上，联合向全县下发了［１９９９］１４号文件《关于发展草食动物和肉牛改良工作的意见》。１　目标任务今明２年内，开发利用现有的自然草源０．３３万ｈ以上，人工种草０．０２ｈ，全县耕牛冷配５０００头，每个乡镇至少兴办１～２个种草养畜专业场（户）。在此基础…     

LRH－A_3诱导初情期前母猪发情排卵的效果和机理研究

本研究探讨了ＬＲＨ－Ａ３诱导初情期前北京黑猪发情排卵的效果及其内分泌机理。对６头１５０日龄母猪肌注ＬＲＨ－Ａ３，７５μｇ／头。在注射后０，１，２，３和４ｈ及注射后１，２，３和４ｄ采血测定ＬＨ、ＦＳＨ、Ｅ２和Ｐ４浓度。注射后１０ｄ取卵巢，根据卵巢上黄体数计算排卵率。结果表明：注射ＬＲＨ－Ａ３后，出现排卵和卵巢囊肿的母猪分别为４头（６６．７％）和２头（３３．７％）。４头排卵母猪中的３头和２头卵巢囊肿母猪中的１头有发情表现。排卵的母猪，分别在注射后１ｈ和３ｈ出现ＬＨ和ＦＳＨ峰；注射后２ｄＥ２浓度最高，３ｄ和４ｄＰ４浓度上升。发生卵巢囊肿的母猪，注射后１ｈ出现明显低于排卵母猪的ＬＨ峰，而ＦＳＨ浓度没有上升，Ｅ２和Ｐ４在３ｄ和４ｄ都增加。通过试验认为，初情期前母猪的卵巢对ＬＲＨ－Ａ３至少有两种反应，即排卵或卵巢囊肿。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein