氮添加对苏北杨树人工林土壤动物群落垂直结构的影响

为研究氮沉降对杨树人工林土壤动物群落结构特征的影响,在东台林场模拟氮沉降固定样地(2012年4月开始施氮)中进行了土壤动物群落结构特征调查。在经营模式、立地条件相同的7,11,18年生的3林龄杨树人工林样地,设置5个不同质量梯度的氮沉降处理,即0(N0),5(N1),10(N2),15(N3),30(N4)g N/(m2·a)。结果表明:(1)施氮处理会增加杨树人工林土壤动物个体数,而N4处理只对11年生林分和18年生林分中土壤动物个体数有一定的限制作用。(2)不同施氮浓度下,7,11年生人工林中土壤动物个体数和类群数均呈现表聚性,18年生林分土壤动物也只是在N4处理下表现出向土壤深层趋避的特点。(3)总体上7年生林分土壤动物多样性高于11年生林分和18年生林分。     

土壤质地和pH值对节肢动物多度的影响

为了探讨土壤质地和pH值对节肢动物多度的影响,于2008年8月对车八岭自然保护区进行了野外调查和采样,共捕获土壤节肢动物600头,隶属于6亚纲12目,其中以甲螨亚目的数量最多。结果表明:土壤节肢动物主要分布在凋落物层和表土层,优势类群基本为甲螨亚目和中气门亚目;土壤质地对土壤节肢动物多度有明显的影响,即在同一质地条件下,土壤节肢动物多度与土壤有机质含量之间有紧密的联系,两者呈多项式相关;土壤节肢动物多度与土壤全氮含量关系则受pH值的影响,当pH值4.2时,两者呈线性相关,而当pH值4.2时,两者呈多项式相关。     

城乡梯度下不同林分类型土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性

[目的]探究城乡梯度和林分类型对森林土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性机制的影响,为阐明区域土壤质量评价提供理论依据。[方法]以珠江三角洲城市群城乡梯度下3种典型林分为研究对象,分析0～30 cm土层团聚体稳定性变化特征及其影响因素。[结果]3种林分类型土壤团聚体主要由大团聚体（>0.25 mm）组成。马尾松林（PF）和针阔混交林（MF）的水稳性团聚体呈现由大粒径向微团聚体（<0.25 mm）转变趋势,但常绿阔叶林（BF）土壤团聚体各粒级比例无明显变化趋势。土壤水稳性团聚体的平均重量直径（MWD）和几何平均直径（GMD）在城区随PF–MF–BF递进呈先升高后降低趋势,在近郊呈升高趋势,而在乡村呈先降低后升高趋势。质量分形维数（Dm）和团聚体结构破坏率（PAD）与MWD、GMD变化趋势相反。近郊梯度下土壤团聚体稳定性（机械稳定性和水稳性）随PF–MF–BF递进呈升高趋势。针阔混交林土壤团聚体稳定性在梯度上呈现城区>近郊>乡村趋势。随土层深度增加,不同梯度的3种林分土壤团聚体水稳性降低,而其机械稳定性升高。土壤团聚体水稳性与土壤密度、含水量和有机碳（OC）、全氮（TN）、全磷...     

森林-草原交错带湿生土壤动物群落结构初步研究

2008年3—5月利用Baermann湿漏斗法对内蒙古高原东南缘森林-草原交错带湿生土壤动物群落进行了研究。结果表明：共采集动物标本36 336只,隶属于3门3纲3目（类）,优势类群为小杆目线虫（97.55%）,常见类群为线蚓类（2.20%）。湿生土壤动物群落的组成在交错带各环境梯度间相对稳定,但数量在各环境梯度间存在变化;由森林带至草原带方向,小杆目线虫种群数量呈递增趋势并在草甸-草原区达到高峰,而线蚓类和轮虫类呈递减趋势且在草甸-草原区达到最低。     

江西大岗山杉木凋落层土壤动物群落动态及多样性

为获得更接近自然状态下森林凋落层土壤动物群落,于2002年1月至12月,采用凋落袋法(网孔5、1、1/300 mm)对江西大岗山杉木纯林和混交林(杉木2:鹅掌楸1)凋落层土壤动物群落及其凋落叶分解过程中的动态变化进行研究.在168只凋落袋中,共采集到土壤动物4 321只,隶属3门11纲30目,其中大型土壤动物优势类群有膜翅目、后孔寡毛目、鞘翅目和双翅目;中小型土壤动物优势类群有弹尾目和蜱螨目.凋落层的土壤动物以杂食性、植食性和捕食性为主.土壤动物数量在两种林型的1-3月份数量均呈递增趋势,土壤动物类群在杉木纯林1-5月份以及杉木混交林4-7月份呈递增趋势,两种林型土壤动物类群数和个体数在α=0.05差别不显著,其个体数和类群数大小均为杉木混交林＞杉木纯林.在三种类型凋落袋中,土壤动物总类群数和个体总数均为网孔1＞5＞1/300.土壤动物多样性指数随时间推移,基本呈递增的趋势;优势度在纯林中呈递减的趋势.两种林型森林凋落物土壤动物群落异质性较高.后孔寡毛目在杉木混交林凋落物中集聚的时间最长,鞘翅目集聚的时间最短,分别为8.42和6.45个月;膜翅目在杉木纯林凋落物中集聚的时间最长,弹尾目集聚的时间最短,分别为9.90和7.91个月.     

土壤动物对黔中地区喀斯特森林凋落物分解的影响

[目的]揭示土壤动物在喀斯特森林凋落物分解中的作用，深入认识喀斯特生态脆弱区植物-土壤系统养分的循环过程。[方法]采用凋落物袋法，以贵州中部地区喀斯特森林优势木本和草本植物凋落物（白茅、圆果化香树和翅荚香槐）为研究对象，进行持续1年的原位分解，通过排序分析、随机森林模型等多元统计分析方法，探究不同体型土壤动物群落对森林凋落物分解的影响。[结果]不同处理间凋落物质量损失率差异显著，草本植物凋落物白茅质量损失率最高，木本植物凋落物翅荚香槐损失率最低。一定范围内，凋落物质量损失率与碳氮比成反比。土壤动物平均增加了24.89%的凋落物分解，中小型土壤动物作用（15.34%）大于大型土壤动物作用（9.55%）；土壤动物对凋落物分解的贡献率在分解前期较后期大。从凋落物袋中共捕获土壤动物13 733头，分属21个类群，优势类群为蜱螨目和弹尾目；随机森林模型结果显示，前气门亚目、长角(虫兆)目、短角(虫兆)目、伪蝎目、中气门亚目、蚁甲科在凋落物分解中起到关键性作用。[结论]除草本植物外，黔中喀斯特森林凋落物分解速率与碳氮比成反比。土壤动物在凋落物的分解中具有重要作用，且在分解前期贡献较大。     

冷凉气候区不同形态氮肥对苹果根系氮代谢的影响

以4年生寒富苹果作为试验材料进行盆栽试验,通过施用不同形态氮肥,测定对苹果根系活力、根系氮代谢关键酶活性、根际微生物活性、根际土壤酶活性、根际土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明:不同形态氮肥对苹果的作用相对一致,硝态氮和铵态氮的根系活力动态变化均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,而酰胺态氮则一直呈现下降的趋势;硝态氮和酰胺态氮处理明显地提高了苹果根系NR的活性,而铵态氮则降低了NR的活性,硝态氮和酰胺态氮处理的动态变化都呈现先升高后下降的趋势;各处理间根际微生物数量动态变化都表现出先升高后下降;根际脲酶、蛋白酶和中性磷酸酶活性动态变化表现出先升高后下降;各处理间根际土壤全氮含量、全磷含量以及速效钾含量动态变化呈现先升高后下降的趋势。总之,三种氮肥对苹果根系和土壤的作用效果表现为NO_3~--NCO(NH_2)_2-NNH_4~+-N。     

广东莲花山不同海拔梯度下森林土壤养分和化学计量特征

为探究广东莲花山土壤有机碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）含量垂直分布特征，阐明土壤C、N、P、K生态化学计量学特征对海拔梯度的响应规律，在广东莲花山500~1 000 m区域以100 m海拔间隔进行研究。结果表明：（1）不同海拔下土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾变化范围分别是38.72~68.17、0.90~1.32、0.011~0.022、5.19~7.08 g·kg-1，土壤全氮、全磷含量随海拔梯度升高而增加，土壤有机碳、全钾含量随海拔梯度的变化，差异不显著。（2）土壤的C/N和N/P分别介于40.12~50.76、43.06~90.86间。不同海拔梯段下土壤C/N无显著差异;整体来看，土壤N/P随海拔梯度的增加呈降低趋势。（3）500~1 000 m海拔土壤速效氮含量介于0.81~2.01 mg·kg-1，均值为1.19 mg·kg-1，其中，500 m海拔下土壤速效氮含量最高，1 000 m海拔下，土壤速效氮含量值达到最小。土壤速效氮含量与土壤速效氮含量的关系呈负相关。土壤速效钾、速效磷含量在500~800 m海拔间变化幅度较小，至900 m海拔下最大。莲花山土壤养分空间分布具有一定的异质性，全氮、全磷、速效氮含量、N/P的空间变化强烈。     

广州白云山大中型土壤动物群落结构与多样性

2017年8月和2018年1月对广州白云山大中型土壤动物群落进行了调查,共收集土壤动物13 804头,隶属4纲25目。其中优势类群为真螨目Acariformes和弹尾目Collembola,常见类群为寄螨目Parasiformes、缨翅目Thysanoptera、鞘翅目Coleoptera和膜翅目Hymenoptera,其余类群为稀有类群。调查发现白云山大中型土壤动物个体数和多样性指数存在差异性;其垂直分布有明显的差异性,个体数随着深度的增加而急剧减少。调查结果为进一步研究城市环境对大中型土壤动物的影响提供基础数据。     

模拟氮沉降对山区水库消落带湿地土壤细菌群落结构的影响

为了解氮沉降背景下水库消落带湿地土壤微生物群落结构对氮沉降浓度差异的响应，以浙江长潭水库消落带落羽杉Taxodium distichum种植区的湿地土壤为研究对象，设置了3个氮水平即低氮(NH₄NO₃ 30 kg·hm^-2·a^-1)、高氮(NH₄NO₃ 60 kg·hm^-2·a^-1)和对照(不施氮肥)的模拟氮沉降实验，采用高通量测序技术，分析水库消落带湿地土壤细菌群落对氮沉降浓度差异的响应。结果表明：在氮沉降增加条件下，水库消落带湿地土壤细菌的Shannon指数和Chao1指数在低氮条件下都是呈增加趋势，比对照分别增加了5.54%和13.29%，而在高氮条件下，其值呈降低趋势，分别比对照降低了4.41%和6.64%。氮沉降增加明显改变了消落带湿地土壤细菌群落结构，在门水平上，土壤酸杆菌门Acidobacteria相对丰度随着氮沉降的增加呈一直增加的趋势，土壤放线菌门Actinobacteria的相对丰度随着氮沉降...     

不同海拔梯度川滇高山栎林土壤颗粒组成及养分含量

分析卧龙自然保护区皮条河上游巴郎山3个海拔梯度川滇高山栎林的土壤颗粒组成、总有机碳含量和全氮含量.结果表明:巴郎山川滇高山栎林土壤颗粒组成以粉粒为主,属中质地土壤;3个海拔梯度表层土(0～15cm)土壤总有机碳和全氮含量均高于亚层土(15～30cm);在表层土壤中总有机碳含量随海拔增加呈现由低到高,再变低的趋势,亚层土则随海拔升高呈增加趋势;表层和亚层土壤全氮含量均随海拔降低而减少;巴郎山高山栎林土壤碳氮比值较小,平均为12.77;在2个土层中,总有机碳含量与全氮含量的相关性随海拔梯度递减由极显著正相关(P＜0.01)到不相关;表层土壤中总有机碳和全氮含量在海拔3549m处与粗粉粒含量呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),与粘粒呈显著负相关(P＜0.05),3091m处与粗粉粒含量正相关性显著(P＜0.05),2551m处与细砂粒含量呈显著正相关(P＜0.05);亚层土壤全氮含量只在海拔2551m处与细粉粒含量呈显著负相关(P＜0.05).     

不同土壤水分条件下模拟氮沉降对文冠果结实的影响

文章研究了土壤不同水分条件下200、400kg/(株.a),不同氮沉降0、45和135g/(株.a)对文冠果结实(包括果实产量、种子千粒重、种仁含油率、果实纵横径及其比值等)的影响。结果表明:文冠果结实具有明显的变化特征。氮沉降在一定程度上提高了果实产量和果实横径。氮沉降对种子千粒重、种仁含油率的影响与土壤水分条件有关。低水分条件下,前者随着氮沉降的增加而增加,后者变化不明显。高水分条件下,前者变化不明显,后者则升高。2种水分条件下,果实的纵径、纵横径比均随着氮沉降的增加而降低。     

森林土壤酶活性对氮沉降的响应

近年来,大气氮沉降日益增加,已对森林生态系统产生了不可忽视的影响,而土壤酶活性反映了土壤肥力及土壤环境质量,因而可以用来评价氮沉降对森林土壤造成的影响。关于氮沉降对森林生态系统酶活性的影响已开展了一系列的研究,然而尚缺少系统总结。文中从森林土壤酶种类和林分类型角度总结了氮沉降对土壤酶活性的影响,并从氮沉降水平、氮种类形态、氮沉降与环境的交互作用等方面探讨了土壤酶活性对氮沉降的响应机制,提出未来研究热点是氮沉降对不同类型的森林土壤酶影响、不同森林类型土壤酶的氮沉降临界值、氮沉降对土壤酶活性影响的长期定位研究以及氮沉降与CO₂浓度、温度、降雨、磷添加的交互作用对土壤酶活性影响,以期为未来森林土壤管理提供参考。     

Ecological effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on soil enzyme activity

The continuing increase in human activities is causing global changes such as increased deposition of atmospheric nitrogen. There is considerable interest in understanding the effects of increasing atmos-pheric nitrogen deposition on soil enzyme activities, specifically in terms of global nitrogen cycling and its potential future contribution to global climate change. This paper summarizes the ecological effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on soil enzyme activities, including size-effects, stage-effects, site-effects, and the effects of different levels and forms of atmospheric nitrogen deposition. We discuss needs for further research on the relationship between atmospheric nitrogen deposition and soil enzymes.     

Effects of soil pH gradient caused by stemflow acidification on soil microarthropod community structure in a Japanese red cedar plantation: An evaluation of ecological risk on decomposition

Effect of acidic stemflow input on soil biological properties around cedar tree trunk were examined in a 34 year old Japanese red cedar plantation forest. Average soil pH of soil around cedar trunk (stemflow soil) was 3.88 and that of soil between trees (throughfall soil) was 4.97, and this suggested soil acidification due to proton load via stemflow. Soil microarthropod density in soil was higher as close to tree trunk, whereas microbial biomass of surface soil was reduced ca. 30 % around trunk. Abundance of Collembola and Gamasid mites showed positive correlation to amount of soil organic matter, while Oribatida had strong negative correlation to soil pH.Tectocepheus velatus (Oribatida) was dominant in soils pH under 4.0. Annual decomposition rate of cedar foliage was reduced ca. 16% in stemflow soil compared to throughfall soil. More litter accumulation was observed in stemflow soil, but it was not significant, though low microbial activity and retarded litter decomposition may be responsible to the accumulation of organic matter in stemflow soil. Soil biological community and soil process have been changed due to stemflow, the affected area corresponded to ca. 9.4 % of the forest. Thus, ecological risk of acidification in the sense of decrease in decomposition rate is 1.4%. This study was partly supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)(1), No.08506001 by The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture, Japan, and by the research project “Establishment of a scientific framework for the management of toxicity of chemicals based on environmental risk-benefit analysis” supported by Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST).     

模拟大气氮沉降对云南松飞播林土壤有机碳的影响

于2020年1月至2021年7月,对凉山州云南松飞播林进行了不同水平氮沉降处理,试验研究了凉山州云南松林飞播林土壤有机碳对模拟N沉降的响应.共设置LN(低氮,50 kg/(hm2·a))、MN(中氮,100 kg/(hm2·a))、HN(高氮,150 kg/(hm2·a))和CK4个处理.结果显示:①氮水平增加土壤有机...     

Effects of long-term nitrogen addition and seasonal variation on soil faunal community structure in a temperate natural secondary forest

Elevated nitrogen (N) deposition is changing soil communities around the world and will have unknown consequences for terrestrial ecosystem functions. In this study, we investigated a field experiment that lasted for 13 years to explore the effect of simulated N deposition and seasonal variations on the soil faunal community structure in a temperate natural secondary forest. The experimental design included a control group (0 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1, CK), low N addition (25 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1, LN), and high N addition (50 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1, HN). The results showed that long-term high N addition reduced the soil pH, C/N ratio, and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and increased the total phosphorus. The soil faunal community structure after high N addition was significantly different from those after the CK and low N addition treatments. The overall trend was that abundance and richness increased under low N addition and decreased under high N addition. Further analysis showed that the abundance of omnivores and detritivores was lowest after high N addition, significantly less than the CK and low N addition. The interaction of N addition and seasonal dynamics had a significant impact on herbivores. We found that these changes were driven by differences in ecological strategies such as food and environmental preferences. Furthermore, temperature, moisture, nutrients, and pH in the soil environment were the key factors driving ecological strategies and environmental factors. Seasonal variations significantly affected the soil faunal community structure, showing the highest abundance, richness, diversity, and functional group abundance and richness of the soil faunal community in September. Nitrogen addition and seasonal dynamics significantly affected the abundance and richness of soil fauna by changing soil nutrient concentrations, MBC, and plant diversity. Our study showed that long-term high N addition reduced the abundance and functional group abundance of the soil fauna in natural secondary forests, while low N addition had a positive effect on soil faunal community structure. Collectively, the results suggest that the seasonal balance of soil fauna is affected after long-term N addition, which increases the seasonal sensitivity of soil fauna.

     

Effects of elevated nitrogen deposition on soil microbial biomass carbon in major subtropical forests of southern China

2003

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Yi Z G.Yi W M.Zhou L X.Wang X M Soil microbial biomass of the main forests in Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve 2005(05)

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新疆阿尔泰山小东沟林区木本植物群落数量分类、排序及其环境解适

在野外样方调查和主要环境因子测定的基础上,利用聚类分析和DCCA排序技术对新疆阿尔泰山小东沟林区的森林植被进行类型划分,并定量分析植被与环境因子的关系。结果表明:利用聚类分析可将阿尔泰小东沟林区的木本植物群落划分为6个类型(灌丛、欧洲山杨林、苦杨林、疣枝桦林、新疆落叶松林和新疆落叶松与新疆冷杉、新疆云杉的针叶混交林)。DCCA排序分析表明,海拔和坡向等地形因子以及土壤类型、土壤全氮、土壤全磷、土壤水分含量和大石砾含量等土壤因子是影响阿尔泰林区植物分布的主要因子,林区不同群落类型的分布格局主要是由地形和土壤因子的共同作用所控制的。     

Effects of the vegetation restoration years on soil microbial community composition and biomass in degraded lands in Changting County,China

We evaluated the effects of the number of years of restoration of vegetation on soil microbial community structure and biomass in degraded ecosystems.We investigated the microbial community structure by analyzing their phospholipid fatty acids then examined microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen by chloroform fumigation extraction of restoration soils over several years.The data were compared with those of highly degraded lands and native vegetation sites.The results show that the duration of vegetation on the sites substantially increased microbial biomass and shifted the microbial community structure even after only 4 years.However,microbial communities and biomass did not recover to the status of native vegetation even after 35 years of vegetation cover.A redundancy analysis and Pearson correlation analysis indicated that soil organic carbon,total nitrogen,available potassium,soil water content,silt content and soil hardness explained 98.4% of total variability in the microbial community composition.Soil organic carbon,total nitrogen,available potassium and soil water content were positively correlated with microbial community structure and biomass,whereas,soil hardness and silt content were negatively related to microbial community structure and biomass.This study provides new insights into microbial community structure and biomass that influence organic carbon,nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium accumulation,and clay content in soils at different stages of restoration.