我国实木地板材色的色空间分布特征

采用分光测色计对我国100种实木地板树种的表面材色参数进行测量,研究这些参数的色空间分布特征,结果表明:各项材色参数频率分布基本上接近正态分布规律。在CIE(1976)L*a*b*色空间中,主要分布范围是米制明度L*=41.01~69.14,米制色度指数a*=6.04~17.05,米制色度指数b*=14.15~28.98,色饱和度C*=16.24~35.24,色调角Ag*=48.83~74.34;在孟塞尔系统中,主要分布范围是明度V=2.95~5.77,色饱和度C=6.04~14.24范围内,色相H在0YR~2.5Y,大多数都在YR色域之内。     

4种常用装饰装修木材表面特性分析

对筒状非洲楝、水曲柳、古夷苏木和杉木4种常用装饰装修木材表面特性进行测定分析,结果表明:在CIE(1976)L*a*b*色空间中,筒状非洲楝和古夷苏木明度L*平均值较低,属于深材色树种;杉木明度L*平均值为70.28,属于较高明度。从整体分布情况来看,4种常用装饰装修木材的a*和b*都分布在0以上,明度分布在40以上,色调标号都分布在YR的区间;古夷苏木和水曲柳木材表面润湿性大于筒状非洲楝和杉木。     

圆盘豆热处理材光稳定性的研究

采用热处理和氙灯照射对圆盘豆木材颜色的变化进行研究,以CIE(1976)L*a*b*表色系统表色,分析木材热处理前后、氙灯照射前后颜色变化。结果表明,热处理后木材颜色加深。随着氙灯照射时间延长,未处理材表面颜色逐渐加深,色差△E*逐渐增大。热处理材表面颜色变化不大,色差△E*值变化较小,这表明与未处理材相比,热处理材光稳定性能更好。     

基于L*a*b*颜色空间对木材分类的研究

L*a*b*均匀颜色空间具有等距性和色差高分辨力的特点,非常适合色差较小情况下的颜色测量和比较.木材材色分布范围较窄,利用L*a*b*颜色空间中的颜色特征表示木材表面颜色,有利于木材材色之间的比较和划分.基于L*a*b*颜色空间,提取了东北常见五种树种木材图像的颜色特征进行分类研究,通过仿真试验得到了满意的分类结果.     

巨桉不同家系木材表面视觉性质的研究

通过对人工林巨按表面材色的客观定量，对其不同家系的木材表面视觉性质进行了研究。结果表明三个家系巨桉木材表面材色在CIE（1976）L^＊a^＊b^＊的5个色度学指标中，色调角Ag^＊无显著差异，其它显著差异；同时巨按木材材色在株间及高度上差异显著。     

粗皮桉不同家系木材的表面视觉性质

对人工林粗皮桉不同家系木材的表面视觉性质进行了研究.结果表明:粗皮桉心材和边材材色在CIE(1964)XYZ空间、CIE(1976)L·a·b·均匀色空间及孟塞尔色空间中,均有一定的分布范围;粗皮桉不同家系木材材色和表面光泽度均存在显著差异;顺纹理入射的表面光泽度(GZL)与垂直纹理入射的表面光泽度 (GZT)呈高度相关.     

含水率变化对三种木材色度学参数的影响

为揭示含水率变化对古夷苏木、筒状非洲楝和水曲柳三种木材色度学参数的影响,采用CIE(1976)L~*a~*b~*标准色度学系统及均匀颜色空间对试样材色进行测量,结果表明:三种木材明度随含水率的增大均呈现逐渐下降的趋势。随含水率的增大,三种木材的色调分别表现为古夷苏木从R(红)逐渐变为Y(黄),筒状非洲楝由YR(黄红)色变为Y(黄),水曲柳由R(红)最后变为YR(黄红)。古夷苏木和筒状非洲楝的色饱和度随含水率的变大而逐渐变小,水曲柳则先略微增加后下降至平稳。三种木材的红绿轴色品指数a~*和黄蓝轴色品指数b~*在不同含水率条件下变化规律各异。研究结果为含水率变化对三种木材表面视觉性质影响的综合评价及其加工利用提供了理论依据。     

基于两种孔径的苏式家具珍贵木材材色测定

为了探索不同测量孔径的色彩检测仪对红木类木材材色测量的差异,以4种苏式家具珍贵木材为研究对象,分别选用光源孔径8和2 mm两种规格对其进行材色L*a*b*色空间物理量的测量,其中L*为明度坐标,代表颜色的亮度大小,a*为红绿色品坐标,b*为黄蓝色品坐标,并完成对这4种红木类木材材色的多点均值色空间向孟塞尔色空间的转换,深入剖析基于两种孔径测量的4种红木木材材色变化值的趋势是否一致。结果表明:两种孔径测量苏式家具4种珍贵木材的材色值变化趋势趋于一致。4种木材材色主要处于低明度的红黄色调范围内。其中两种孔径测量降香黄檀差异不显著;而在测量3种崖豆木木材时,L*值差异显著。两种孔径测得的物理量之间的相关性存在差异性和一致性,且这种一致性远高于差异性。     

我国110个树种木材表面视觉物理量的综合统计分析

以我国１１０个树种的木材材色、光泽度参数测量值为基本数据，分析了木材表面视觉物理量各参数之间的相关性。并探讨了它们之间的内在联系。     

木材材色研究进展

木材材色是木材基本属性,关乎木质品视觉美感及其装饰性能,其色彩变化是评价木材品质及其市场价值的重要指标。木材材色的形成及其影响因素是用材树种良种选育、人工林定向培育及木材加工利用的研究热点。文中综述木材材色分析技术,介绍现行的材色分级标准,阐释材色形成机理和变异来源,并面向未来木材市场需求及高价值人工林定向培育目标做出展望,以期为今后木材材色形成机理和实木用材树种良种选育、优质木材定向培育及加工利用等相关研究提供参考。     

Modelling of pH effects and CIE L*a*b*colour spaces of beech wood-inhabiting fungi by NIRS

A combination of statistical techniques of analyses were used to evaluate the potential of International Commission on Illumination (CIE) lightness (L*), redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) colour space system and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to assess surface changes in relation with progressive decay of beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) by wood-inhabiting lignicolous fungi Inonotus hispidus, Trametes versicolor and Xylaria polymorpha. pH effects based modelling predictions of beech earlywood and latewood tissues were also included. Multivariate analysis techniques included response surface optimization, sample-specific standard error of prediction (SEP) method and projection to latent structures partial least squares (PLS) regression. Strong statistical relationships were derived for pH predictions with R² values ranged: from 0.77 to 0.84 for I. hispidus; from 0.77 to 0.84 for T. versicolor and from 0.83 to 0.91 for X. polymorpha. R² values for CIE-based L*a*b* colour space measurements ranged: from 0.43 to 0.69 (L*), 0.66 to 0.76 (a*), 0.42 to 0.53 (b*) for I. hispidus; from 0.59 to 0.69 (L*), 0.69 to 0.79 (a*), 0.64 to 0.79 (b*) for T. versicolor; and from 0.51 to 0.75 (L*), 0.89 to 0.94 (a*), 0.85 to 0.89 (b*) for X. polymorpha. Multivariate technical analysis (response surface analysis, sample-specific SEP, PLS regression) of CIE L*a*b* system and NIRS results should be able to characterize pH effects and surface changes of wood spalted by lignicolous fungi as a quick and reliable non-destructive method relevant to wood-spalting concerns and the forest products industry.     

壳聚糖前处理提高木材表面染色效果的研究

本文采用壳聚糖对木材表面进行前处理后，然后按不同树种，同一染料和同一树种，不同染料两种方式进行染色试验。结果表明：不同树种壳聚糖处理与未处理材的染色效果相比，处理材染色均一，没有色斑，颜色浓深，木材纹理清晰，当采用酸性红Ｇ染色，处理材明度减小，色饱和度增加，色差和色相差变化均很大；同一树种的处理材用不同染料染色，效果不同，亮色系染料染色效果较暗色系染料好。     

Change in fracturing and colouring of solid spruce and ash wood after thermal modification

Effects of different thermal treatments (maximum treatment temperatures of 200, 210 and 220°C for 2.5 hours) on solid spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) were investigated in this study. The fracture behaviour in radial/longitudinal as well as in tangential/longitudinal and the change of the wood colour (CIEL*a*b* colour space) on all principal anatomical surfaces (cross sectional, radial and tangential) were analysed. The specific fracture energy and the maximum breaking load decreased almost significantly after all thermally treated samples in comparison to the untreated (standard dried) sample. The wood colour changed also significantly, in particular the lightness decreased with increasing intensity of thermal treatment on all investigated surfaces. A comparison of the percentage loss of the different fracture and colour values has shown a strong correlation between the maximum breaking load and the lightness after several thermal treatments, in both investigated crack propagation systems, on all measured surfaces and for both analysed species.     

Kinetic analysis of color changes in keyaki (Zelkova serrata) and sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) wood during heat treatment

The kinetics of color changes in keyaki (Zelkova serrata Makino) and sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) wood during heat treatment were examined. The color of wood specimens treated at 90, 120, 150, and 180 °C was measured by an imaging spectrophotometer and expressed using CIELAB color parameters. At any treatment temperature, values for L* and $ \Updelta E_{ab}^{*} $ decreased and increased in both wood species, respectively, with increased treatment time. Changes in a* and b* varied depending on wood species and treatment temperature. The color changes were successfully analyzed using the kinetic approach applying time–temperature superposition method. This approach elucidated and accurately predicted color changes during heat treatment.     

Optical performance of finished and unfinished tropical timbers exposed to ultraviolet light in the field in Costa Rica

This study evaluated wood color change (ΔE*) and the surface quality in 10 tropical wood species painted with three finishes (composed of wax and polyurethane). Two weathering conditions were tested: natural weathering (NW) and artificial weathering (AW). The results showed that the application of these finishes, decreased the luminosity (L*), increased the redness (a*) and the yellowness (b*) parameters in all species. ΔE*, after weathering exposure, was affected significantly by L*, a*, and b, whereas for finished or pretreated wood, L* and b* are the main parameters affecting ΔE* in the 10 tropical species studied. ΔE* values found in different finishes and pretreatments are cataloged as total change of color. Other important results were that tropical light colored timber with natural pretreatment produced higher ΔE* than dark colored timber. The stains and fungal development were observed in polyurethane finishes in NW, but not in AW. The irregular and mosaic flaws were not observed in any kind of finish or pretreatment of surface. The values of the quality index created, which considered long and short lines and switch flaws, were lowest in NW and in waxy finish, while the highest value was obtained with the polyurethane finish.     

Genetic variation in wood color and its correlations with tree growth and wood density of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Calycophyllum spruceanum</Emphasis> at an early age in the Peruvian Amazon

Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) Hook. f. ex K. Shum. is an important timber-tree species in the Peruvian Amazon Basin. Markets currently prefer wood with a uniform, light yellow color, but these preferences may change in the future. As farmers and industry commonly use wood from young trees, it is important to investigate genetic and environmental variation in juvenile-wood properties to assess whether tree improvement programs could make adjustments to changing preferences. A provenance/progeny test was established to evaluate genetic variation in growth and wood properties of young trees, the strength of their genetic control as well as their interrelationships both at the genetic and the phenotypic level in different planting zones. This paper presents analyses of variation in wood color at 39 months, and their correlations with tree growth and wood basic density. CIELab means for lightness ranging from black to white (L), green to red hues (a*) and blue to yellow hues (b*) were 67.63, 5.34 and 22.12, respectively; means for chroma (C) and hue angle (h)* were 22.76 and 76.43, respectively (C and h* were estimated from a* and b*). Significant variation due to provenances and especially due to families within provenances was found in some wood color characteristics, and some color characteristics also differed significantly among planting zones. Genetic correlations indicate that, in general, selection of faster growing trees and/or trees with denser wood would have little effect on wood color and its uniformity. In general, wood color had relatively low heritability (h _i ²): among all trees, h _i ² = 0.31 for L; and variance due to families was not significant for a* and b*. Genetic control of color was highest in the planting zone where trees grew most rapidly: h _i ² = 0.48 and 0.52 for a* and b*, respectively; but variance due to families was not significant for L. Results suggest that selection based on wood color would be more effective in zones with more fertile soils and higher rainfall.      

Relationship of selected cell characteristics and colour of silver birch wood after two different drying processes

Change in the colour of silver birch wood is a serious problem in the mechanical wood industry. Here, colour was correlated with microscopic characteristics of wood, such as cell types and dimensions, by drying processes. In conventional drying, with lower temperature than in vacuum drying used here, the most important factor causing darkened wood was wide latewood. In vacuum drying, thickness of the vessel walls affected wood darkening, as did broad rays and large amount of axial parenchyma. Axial and terminal parenchyma cells contained very small amounts of phenolics, but after drying at elevated temperature, a thin dark layer could be observed on the innerside of their walls. Phenolics were abundant in ray parenchyma; these compounds darkened at elevated temperatures, less in conventional drying than in vacuum drying. Phenolics were observed only inside cells, mainly in the parenchyma, but in vacuum-dried wood also in fibres and vessels. Anatomical characteristics are known to be affected by both environmental and genetic factors. Thus it might be possible to influence the colour reaction of birch wood during the drying process by choosing wood according to growing-site conditions, or by choosing the seed source for birch plantations according to given anatomical characteristics.     

Color variation and correlations in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus dunnii</Emphasis> sawnwood

A study of material thinned from a 9-year-old Eucalyptus dunnii progeny trial revealed that E. dunnii has light yellowish wood that is relatively uniform in color, and varies little within and between trees. The variation in color between half-sib families is small, but is statistically significant (P = 0.008). Most of the color variation relates to the yellowness (CIE b*) of the wood, which in heartwood is moderately heritable (h = 0.6). The color of the endgrain, especially its lightness (CIE L*) and whiteness index (E313), is correlated with basic density, hardness, and rates of shrinkage. The CIE rectangular opponent scale (L*, a*, b*) appeared to be the most informative about wood color and properties, and no additional information was gleaned from an analysis of full spectral data in the range 400–700 nm.     

Relationship of selected cell characteristics and colour of silver birch wood after two different drying processes

Abstract

Change in the colour of silver birch wood is a serious problem in the mechanical wood industry. Here, colour was correlated with microscopic characteristics of wood, such as cell types and dimensions, by drying processes. In conventional drying, with lower temperature than in vacuum drying used here, the most important factor causing darkened wood was wide latewood. In vacuum drying, thickness of the vessel walls affected wood darkening, as did broad rays and large amount of axial parenchyma. Axial and terminal parenchyma cells contained very small amounts of phenolics, but after drying at elevated temperature, a thin dark layer could be observed on the innerside of their walls. Phenolics were abundant in ray parenchyma; these compounds darkened at elevated temperatures, less in conventional drying than in vacuum drying. Phenolics were observed only inside cells, mainly in the parenchyma, but in vacuum-dried wood also in fibres and vessels. Anatomical characteristics are known to be affected by both environmental and genetic factors. Thus it might be possible to influence the colour reaction of birch wood during the drying process by choosing wood according to growing-site conditions, or by choosing the seed source for birch plantations according to given anatomical characteristics.