干旱胁迫对小叶杨幼苗生长的影响

[目的]了解小叶杨的抗旱机理,为山西省北部半干旱风沙区小叶杨防护林建设提供科学依据。[方法]通过在山西省苗圃基地盆栽模拟干旱试验,以小叶杨生长过程中的苗木株高和地径,根、茎、叶生物量,叶片相对含水量和水势,净光合速率、蒸腾速率等为生长和生理指标,研究干旱胁迫对小叶杨幼苗生长的影响。[结果]干旱胁迫抑制了小叶杨幼苗的生长,包括地上部分和根系的生长;叶片相对含水量和水势随土壤相对含水量降低而下降;各干旱梯度下CK,T1,T2,T3,T4,T5的净光合速率、蒸腾速率也随干旱梯度加深而降低,但从CK(田间持水量,土壤含水量20.3%)到T3(田间持水量的40%,土壤含水量8.12%)净光合速率和蒸腾速率随干旱梯度加深降幅逐渐较小,并且干旱时也能保持较大的光合速率和蒸腾速率,表明小叶杨具有明显抗旱特性;当土壤水分进一步减少,T4(田间持水量的30%,土壤含水量为6.09%)时小叶杨开始出现干枯现象,T5(田间持水量量的20%,土壤含水量为4.06%)时小叶杨全部死亡。[结论]山西省西南部及其周边地区进行小叶杨造林时,土壤水分应尽量要保持在6.09%(T4)以上。     

几种常用绿地改良材料对土壤水分特征的影响

分析了几种常用绿地土壤改良材料及其不同配比对土壤水分特征曲线和水分常数的影响,结果表明:利用RETC软件对各配比土壤水分特征曲线van Genuchten方程的参数拟合效果较好,R2均大于0.99;随着砂粒含量的增加,土壤田间持水量降低,土壤中水分有效性比例增加,但砂粒粒径对土壤水分常数影响不显著;绿化植物废弃物能提高土壤田间持水量和有效水含量,降低土壤凋萎含水量;绿化植物废弃物还能提高有效水占田间持水量的比例,以20%绿化植物废弃物的用量为最大,为49.59%;聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)虽然能提高土壤田间持水量,但阻碍土壤水分的释放,降低土壤水分的有效性;脱硫石膏可以增加土壤田间持水量和水分的有效性。综合而言,以70%土、10%砂、20%绿化植物废弃物和0.5 kg/m~3脱硫石膏的配比相对最佳。     

不同土壤容重条件下水分亏缺对作物生长和水分利用的影响

为探究不同土壤容重和不同程度水分亏缺条件下冬小麦-夏玉米生长指标及产量的变化。采用桶栽土培法,分别设置3种土壤容重(1.2,1.4,1.6 g/cm^3)和3个土壤水分控制下限(低水分50%田间持水量、中水分60%田间持水量和高水分70%田间持水量),研究不同土壤容重和水分亏缺对冬小麦—夏玉米根系、生长指标、耗水量、产量和水分利用的影响。结果表明:随水分亏缺程度的加剧,冬小麦和夏玉米生长指标、生物量、耗水量和产量均呈降低趋势。随土壤容重增加,冬小麦生物量和产量呈先升高再降低的趋势,冬小麦耗水量和水分利用效率呈降低趋势;而夏玉米产量、耗水量和水分利用效率均呈降低趋势。试验中,1.4,1.2 g/cm^3分别为冬小麦和夏玉米生长的最适土壤容重。土壤容重与水分处理互作对夏玉米株高、耗水量和水分利用效率有极显著影响,而对冬小麦和夏玉米生物量及产量无显著影响。研究结果可为黄淮海地区作物绿色增产增效及水土资源高效利用提供理论参考。     

棉花调亏灌溉效应研究

盆栽试验研究棉花调亏灌溉效应结果表明 ,棉花苗期为水分亏缺最佳时期 ,土壤含水量应维持在田间持水量的 5 0 %～ 5 5 % ,吐絮期维持在田间持水量的 5 0 %左右 ,蕾期维持在田间持水量的 6 5 %～ 70 % ,花铃期是棉花生长关键期 ,其土壤含水量应维持在田间持水量的 75 %左右 ,适当降低土壤含水量有助于提高棉株蕾铃数量 ,可减少蕾铃脱落。     

调亏灌溉对棉花生长、生理及产量的影响

通过盆栽试验在棉花不同生育时期进行不同程度的调亏灌溉试验。结果表明,调亏灌溉对棉花株高、蕾铃脱落、成桃数等影响较显著;苗期和吐絮期重度水分亏缺、蕾铃期中度水分亏缺均有利于棉花产量的形成。棉花的光合速率和气孔阻力随土壤含水量变化的阈值约在14％土壤含水量水平,该阈值相当于田间持水量的60％～65％。合理的棉花调亏灌溉制度是苗期控制水分供应,土壤含水量维持在田间持水量的55％～60％;蕾期和花铃期是棉花的需水关键期,土壤含水量应分别保持在田间持水量的65％和70％左右;吐絮期应控制水分供应,土壤含水量维持在田间持水量的50％～55％。     

调亏灌溉对干旱环境下春小麦产量与水分利用效率的影响

试验研究调亏灌溉对干旱环境下春小麦产量与水分利用效率的影响结果表明,干旱环境下调亏灌溉春小麦拔节~孕穗后土壤水势低于未进行水分调亏的对照,且全生育期比对照多利用土壤水分14.3~66.5mm。调亏处理小麦产量、穗粒数、水分利用效率与充分供水对照间差异显著,并未因土壤水分亏缺而降低,甚至有较大幅度提高。试验条件下春小麦调亏的适宜土壤水分亏缺水平为营养生长期(拔节)重度水分亏缺(45%~50%田间持水量),其他生育期(孕穗、抽穗、灌浆期/生理成熟前)充分供水(65%~70%田间持水量),而最佳调亏灌溉定额为330~350mm。干旱环境下调亏灌溉春小麦产量和水分利用效率与全生育期耗水量间均呈二次抛物线关系。     

施用等养分量有机肥和化肥对干旱胁迫下玉米生物量影响的比较

  目的  研究干旱胁迫条件下施用有机肥和与之等氮磷钾养分量化肥对玉米生物量的影响及其机制,为玉米抗旱技术措施的提出提供理论依据。  方法  通过温室盆栽模拟试验研究施肥（不施肥、施用牛粪和施用化肥）、微生物（不灭菌和灭菌）和水分（不干旱即田间持水量的70%和干旱即田间持水量的40%）三因素对苗期（45天后）玉米生长及土壤性质的影响。  结果  （1）与不施肥相比,施肥处理显著提高玉米生物量,其中地上部生物量提高了155% ~ 278%,根系提高了71% ~ 122%,总生物量提高了125% ~ 221%;在灭菌条件下,干旱后玉米生物量显著降低（30% ~ 34%）。（2）施肥后,未显著改变土壤无机氮的含量,显著提高了土壤速效磷和速效钾的含量;与正常水分处理相比,干旱仅在有机肥处理下显著降低了土壤速效钾含量,达43.8%;施肥对土壤微生物总生物量和细菌生物量均无显著影响,显著提高了真菌生物量以及真菌和细菌的比值;干旱后,土壤微生物总生物量、细菌和真菌生物量均未发生显著改变。（3）随土壤速效磷含量的增加,玉米总生物量显著增加。  结论  干旱显著降低了苗期玉米生物量,且这种干旱效应仅在灭菌土壤上出现,说明了土壤微生物能够增强植物对干旱胁迫的抗性;在干旱情况下,有机肥施用后玉米生物量显著高于化肥处理,土壤速效磷是主要的驱动因子。     

水分和有机物料对镉污染土壤的改良效应

通过室内培养和盆栽试验相结合的方式,系统研究了3种土壤水分含量条件下,添加不同有机物料对镉(Cd)污染土壤的改良效应。研究结果表明:淹水、田间持水量和65%相对含水量条件下添加有机物料均有利于污染土壤中可交换态Cd含量的降低,铁锰氧化物及有机结合态Cd含量的增加。随土壤中水分含量的增加,影响程度增加,即淹水>田间持水量>65%相对含水量。3种水分条件下,添加蚯蚓粪处理Cd活性降低明显,其次为猪粪处理,草炭处理相对较差。淹水条件下,油菜体内Cd的含量最低,田间持水量和65%相对含水量条件下油菜部分发育指标差异不显著。添加不同有机物料各处理促进油菜生长的顺序大致为:蚯蚓粪>草炭>CK>猪粪。     

添加生物质炭对红壤水稻土有机碳矿化和微生物生物量的影响

通过室内培育试验,研究了添加生物质炭对江西红壤水稻土有机碳矿化和微生物生物量碳、氮含量的影响。结果表明:红壤有机碳矿化速率在培育第2天达最大值后迅速降低,培养7天后下降缓慢并趋于平稳;添加生物质炭降低了土壤有机碳的矿化速率和累积矿化量,培养结束时,不加生物质炭的对照处理中有机碳的累积矿化量分别比添加0.5%和1.0%生物质炭的处理高10.0%和10.8%。此外,生物质炭的加入显著提高了土壤微生物生物量,添加0.5%生物质炭处理的土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量分别比对照高111.5%～250.6%和11.6%～97.6%,添加1.0%生物质炭处理的土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量分别比对照高58.9%～243.6%和55.9%～110.4%。相同处理中,干旱的水分条件下(40%田间持水量)微生物生物量要高于湿润的水分条件(70%田间持水量)。同时,添加0.5%和1.0%的生物质炭使土壤代谢熵分别降低2.4%和26.8%,微生物商减少了43.7%和31.7%。     

有机型沙地调理剂对沙土理化性质的影响

为解决沙土结构差、漏水漏肥的问题,提高沙土的生产力,采用田间试验研究生物有机型沙地调理剂对沙土理化性质的影响。设置了4个处理:处理Ⅰ,不施肥;处理Ⅱ,复合肥300 kg hm~(-2);处理Ⅲ,单施调理剂6 t hm~(-2);处理Ⅳ,单施调理剂9 t hm~(-2)。结果表明:调理剂可以显著提高土壤养分含量,降低土壤容重,提高土壤团聚体含量和田间持水量;0~10 cm处,施用调理剂9 t hm~(-2)较对照土壤容重降低0.07 g cm-3,0.25 mm团聚体含量和田间持水量分别提高5.1个百分点和7.4个百分点,有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和有效钾分别提高21.3%、54.5%、42.6%和56.3%。在试验用量范围内,调理剂9 t hm~(-2)施用量对沙土的改良效果最好,且0~10 cm土层改良效果优于10~20 cm。     

土壤调理剂显效水分阈值试验研究

在不同土壤水分条件下,研究不同剂型土壤调理剂对玉米、大豆和黑麦草出苗的影响,找出土壤调理剂作种子包衣的显效土壤水分阈值,为发挥土壤调理剂的抗旱保苗功效提供依据。     

Effect of penetration resistance on emergence and early growth of silage corn in a laboratory experiment with sandy soil

The emergence and early growth responses of silage corn (Zea mays L.) seeds, planted at various depths, to increasing penetration resistance for two soil moisture regimes was evaluated in a laboratory experiment with sandy soil.At soil moisture content levels of 15% and 25% (v/v) increasing penetration resistance below and beside the planting slot linearly increased the time lapse between planting and emergence of 50% of the number of seeds planted. Percentage of emerged seedlings, increase in plant height and dry matter yield during early growth decreased linearly with increasing penetration resistance. For the latter two parameters an increase in soil moisture content from 15% to 25% (v/v) raised the level of the response curves, but the slopes remained practically the same. Under the experimental conditions deeper planting slightly delayed emergence and increased plant height, but dry matter yield was not affected.     

Rock fragments IL Their impact on soil physical properties and biomass production under Mediterranean conditions

Abstract. The effects of rock fragments on soil temperature, soil moisture conservation, night time water vapour absorption and wheat biomass production were investigated. Under conditions of moderate water stress, water conservation was generally greater in the stony soils. Under conditions of pronounced drought the opposite occurred, with stony soils conserving less water than soils free of stones, though soils with large cobbles on the surface conserved the most water.
Stony soils were generally warmer during daytime and cooler at night than soils free of rock fragments. In the warmest month (July) the diurnal amplitude reached 14.3 °C in the control soil and 24.1 °C in the stony soils. Night time absorption of water vapour in the upper 15–20 cm was less for the stony soil (17.8% cobble cover), than for the stone-free soil. Cobbles on the soil surface increased biomass production by increasing moisture conservation. After removing all the stones from the surface of 16 plots, total dry matter yield of rainfed wheat was on average 20% less than from plots with stones on the surface.     

种衣剂对低温处理下棉花胚根及幼苗外部形态和超微结构的影响

以棉种‘新陆中54号’为材料,用3种种衣剂(棉1、棉2、棉3)包衣棉种后播种于塑料营养盒内,25℃恒温培养,分别在第4天(棉种长出胚根)和第7天(棉株幼苗)均进行5、10、15、20℃共4个低温处理,与各低温下未包衣种子(对照,CK)进行比较,低温处理24h后,观察各处理棉花胚根、幼苗外部形态和超微结构的变化,以期通过模拟新疆早春"倒春寒"发生特点,考察种衣剂对提高棉花耐寒性的功效。结果表明:20℃下种衣剂处理与CK无差异,种子萌发正常,发芽率在92.24%~95.51%,3种种衣剂包衣处理胚根生长量为3.66~3.81cm,幼苗叶色浓绿,茎杆直立,胚根细胞中线粒体结构完整,叶肉细胞中线粒体、叶绿体结构规则;15℃低温下种衣剂处理棉种发芽率较CK提高4.45~6.98个百分点,胚根生长速度下降,但包衣处理生长量较CK提高25.27%~36.05%,幼苗叶色浓绿,棉苗直立,胚根细胞中线粒体内脊清晰,叶肉细胞中叶绿体、线粒体结构清晰,细胞器结构和数量明显优于CK;10℃低温下棉种发芽受到抑制,但包衣处理较CK发芽率提高0.73~4.25个百分点,19.15%~42.55%的幼苗叶片下垂萎蔫,保持正常温度后种衣剂处理棉苗很快恢复到正常形态,胚根细胞中线粒体、内质网数目多于CK,叶肉细胞中叶绿体轮廓清晰,内含物较少;5℃低温下各处理棉种发芽率均低于50.00%,CK幼苗叶色脱水失绿,萎蔫下垂,萎蔫率达74.47%,叶绿体膨胀成圆球形、轮廓模糊,包衣处理幼苗萎蔫率在60.42%~67.45%,叶肉细胞中叶绿体结构完整,呈椭球型,线粒体结构较规则、内含物浑浊。研究表明种衣剂能促进低温处理下种子萌发、提高发芽率和胚根生长速度、保护棉苗外部形态和细胞超微结构稳定,维持正常生长,增强幼苗抵御低温的危害能力。     

秸秆还田与旋耕对川中土壤物理性状及玉米机播质量的影响

为明确川中丘陵地区紫土小麦-玉米两熟种植模式下机播玉米生产适宜的秸秆还田方式与耕作方式,改善土壤的瘠薄、黏性过大等问题,提高耕层土壤的播种条件、播种质量,达到作物高产的目的,设置秸秆还田旋耕(RTS)、秸秆还田免耕(NTS)、秸秆不还田旋耕(RT)、秸秆不还田免耕(NT)4个处理,研究麦秸还田与旋耕对川中丘区紫色黏土物理性状及机播夏玉米播种质量的影响。结果表明:与秸秆不还田相比,麦秸还田显著增加了拔节期0~10 cm土层土壤毛管孔隙度和免耕处理0~10 cm全生育时期土壤含水量,显著降低出苗率、播种均匀度和幼苗整齐度等指标。与免耕相比,旋耕处理降低了0~10 cm土壤容重、含水量,增加了毛管孔隙度,出苗率提高9.9%,幼苗株高、茎粗、叶面积和干重显著提高。麦秸还田条件下,旋耕处理较免耕处理0~10cm土壤容重降低2.0%~12.1%,出苗率、播种均匀度、每穴苗数、幼苗整齐度显著提高,其中出苗率增加17.9%。玉米出苗率与0~10 cm土壤含水量呈显著正相关,播种均匀度与幼苗整齐度均与0~10 cm土壤容重呈显著负相关。可见,麦秸还田下旋耕处理改善了土壤结构,增加了土壤含水量,更有利于川中丘陵地区小麦-夏玉米种植模式机播玉米质量和幼苗素质的提高。     

分根区交替灌溉对玉米水分利用和土壤微生物量碳的影响

分根区交替灌溉由于创造了一个土壤水分分布不均匀的环境,从而影响土壤中微生物活性,作物水分和养分利用。为探明这种影响,该文通过盆栽试验,研究了在2种灌水水平(正常灌水W1,70%～80%田间持水率;轻度缺水W2,60%～70%田间持水率)和2种有机无机氮比例(100%无机氮,70%无机氮+30%有机氮)条件下,常规灌溉和不同生育期分根区交替灌溉(分别在苗期～灌浆初期、苗期～拔节期以及拔节期～抽雄期进行分根区交替灌溉(AI),即AI1、AI2和AI3)对玉米干物质积累、水分利用以及拔节期、抽雄期和灌浆初期土壤微生物量碳(MBC),可溶性碳(DOC)含量以及基础呼吸和诱导呼吸CO2释放量等的影响。结果表明,与常规灌溉相比,轻度缺水时,拔节期～抽雄期分根区交替灌溉总干物质质量增加23.2%～27.4%,水分利用效率提高23.3%～26.7%;相同施肥和灌水水平条件下,抽雄期时拔节期～抽雄期分根区交替灌溉土壤MBC增加,但是土壤诱导呼吸CO2释放量降低。与单施无机氮相比,有机、无机氮配施增加玉米干物质质量,在某些水分条件下(W1CI、W1AI1和W1AI2)还提高灌浆初期基础呼吸和诱导呼吸CO2释放量。因此,轻度缺水时拔节期～抽雄期进行分根区交替灌溉可以提高玉米总干物质质量、水分利用效率和微生物量碳。     

Ash and biochar amendment of coarse sandy soil for growing crops under drought conditions

Appropriate soil amendments may increase plant available water and crop yields on coarse sandy soils under drought conditions. In this study, we applied straw ash or straw biochar from gasification to a Danish coarse sandy subsoil to assess the effects on soil water retention, evapotranspiration and crop yields. Spring barley (2016, 2017) and winter wheat (2018) were grown over three years in columns containing 25cm of organic matter-rich topsoil, 80 cm of amended coarse sandy soil (1.5%, 3%, 6% wt. ash or 1% wt. biochar or control soil) and 45 cm of un-amended subsoil. Precipitation, evaporative demands and soil moisture were recorded across the growth seasons, with 2018 having severe drought conditions. This year evapotranspiration levels increased with increasing ash and biochar content (by 54% and 33% for the 6% ash- and 1% biochar-amended soils, respectively), and plant dry matter increased by 18% in both the 1% biochar- and 6% ash-treated soils compared to the untreated control. A linear relationship was established between in situ field capacity and ash dosage (R² = .96), showing an increase of 2.2% per percentage (wt.) of ash added, while the 1% biochar treatment increased the capacity by 3.5%, indicating a higher efficiency than for ash. However, we did not find significant positive effects on grain yields. The results show that ash and biochar have the potential to significantly increase soil water retention, evapotranspiration and total dry matter yield in drought conditions, but that this may not correspond to an increase in grain yield.     

The interaction between soil water regime and potassium availability on the growth of tea

Abstract

Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) grown in China often suffers from severe seasonal drought in the summer causing drastic effects on productivity. In a field trial, the effect of potassium (K) fertilization on summer tea yields during 1992–1994 was studied and related to the weather conditions of the respective years. Summer tea yields of 1994 (dry year) increased significantly at K2 (300 kg K₂O‐ha^‐1) compared to the Kl treatment (150 kg K₂O ha^‐1). In contrast, only marginal effects were observed by increasing K application from Kl to K2 in the years with adequate water availability (1992 and 1993). During the latter maximum tea yields were already achieved with Kl. In addition, a pot experiment was conducted in order to investigate the interaction between the soil water regime and K availability in the soil on tea biomass production. Soil moisture was maintained at 45, 55, 65, 75, and 85% of the field capacity (FC) and K levels were 0 and 500 mg K₂Okg^‐1. No tea plant survived at the 45% FC level whereas all tea plants survived at or above 75% FC. The survival rate increased substantially in the K treated tea plants under moderate drought stress conditions (55% and 65% FC). The dry matter production was significantly larger with increasing soil moisture and at the high K status in the soil. This observation was most pronounced under water stress conditions. The study indicates that under moisture stress, increased survival, improved dry matter production and yields of tea plants were due to improved K bioavailability following K application. Furthermore, larger amounts of K are required under moisture stress conditions compared to normal water supply.     

Increasing seed protein content enhances seedling emergence and vigor in wheat

Deep seeding of wheat, a common practice when soil moisture is deficient, causes poor seedling emergence and stand establishment. We investigated whether increasing seed protein content by nitrogen fertilization of parental plants might increase emergence rate and vigor of winter wheat seedlings from deep‐planted seeds. Four seeding depths, three cultivars, and three seed protein contents were compared in different soil mixtures and fertility regimes. Under all treatments, emergence rate and dry weight of seedlings markedly decreased as seeding depth was increased. Increasing protein content of seeds sometimes, but not always, increased seedling emergence rate and commonly increased seedling dry weight regardless of soil mixture or fertility regime. Differences were greatest at 4.8‐ and 12‐cm seeding depths; seedlings failed to emerge from 16‐cm depth under any treatments. We concluded that increasing seed protein content by nitrogen fertilization of parent plants is an economic and efficacious method of enhancing wheat establishment when seed must be deeply planted.     

马铃薯淀粉渣对土壤保肥特性及玉米幼苗生长的影响

[目的]探究马铃薯淀粉渣对土壤保肥特性及玉米幼苗生长的影响,为马铃薯淀粉渣的利用提供依据。[方法]采用室内人工气候箱模拟自然环境和用淋洗管模拟田间淋洗的方法,测定沙壤土中施入0,1.00,5.00,10.00,20.00,30.00g/kg的马铃薯淀粉渣对土壤容重、土壤总孔隙度、土壤含水量;土壤淋洗出的硝态氮、铵态氮、速效磷和速效钾含量及玉米幼苗株高、茎粗和干鲜重等指标。[结果]马铃薯淀粉渣施用量为30g/kg时,土壤容重降幅达7.24%,土壤总孔隙度、土壤含水量升幅分别为10.15%,21.25%;土壤淋洗出的硝态氮、铵态氮、速效磷和速效钾含量降幅分别为97.13%,91.03%,63.85%和66.4%;玉米幼苗株高较对照降低8.90%,茎粗较对照增加25.53%,幼苗的干、鲜重分别比对照提高13.47%,15.79%。[结论]马铃薯淀粉渣施用量为30.00g/kg时,改善了土壤理化性状,增强了保肥能力,明显促进玉米幼苗干物质的积累。