斑节对虾水质因子耐受性研究

在室内条件下进行了斑节对虾短期内对水温、盐度、pH、低氧的耐受性实验。结果表明:该虾类对这几个主要水质因子的耐受能力强。当水质因子呈渐变时,虾对水温、盐度、pH 的耐受极限分别 T:16～39℃,S:2～55‰,pH:6.71～9.04;而在急变情况下,虾对这些参数的耐受性减弱。该虾对低氧的耐受性随不同温、盐度而定,在适宜的温、盐度范围内(T:25～30℃,S:20～35‰),虾对低氧的耐受性最强,此时致死溶解氧的临界值为0.5～1.5ppm,在其它温、盐度,溶解氧为0.9～2.75ppm 时虾即发生侧倒,表明此时对低氧的耐受性下降。     

斑节对虾营养需求的研究进展

简要综述了斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon)营养需求方面的最新研究进展，旨在为斑节对虾配合饲料的生产提供有益的参考。     

Concentration and Composition of Astaxanthin in Black Tiger Prawn Penaeus monodon Postlarvae Fed Artemia sp. Nauplii or Mauxia Shrimsp Acetes intermedius

Minced Taiwan mauxia shrimp Acetes intermedius , an alternative to brine shrimp Artemia sp. nauplii, has long been used as a principal or supplemental feed in prawn hatcheries in Southeast Asia and India. In this study, black tiger prawn Penaeus monodon postlarvae were fed with frozen brine shrimp nauplii (diet B) or minced Taiwan mauxia shrimp (diet M) for 4 wk to compare their astaxanthin concentration and composition, survival, and growth. Diet B contained two and a half times more total carotenoid (TC) than diet M, with canthaxanthin as a major (79%) carotenoid, but without astaxanthin, a predominant carotenoid in crustaceans. Of its TC in diet M, 55% was β-carotene and 17% astaxanthin. B-prawn (postlarvae fed with diet B) had a similar growth rate as M-prawn and twice the survival rate as M-prawn. The concentrations of total astaxanthin (TA), free astaxanthin (FA), astaxanthin monoester (MA), and astaxanthin di-ester (DA) in B-prawn were all higher than those in M-prawn. Except for FA, no reduction of TA, MA, or DA concentration during the feeding interval was found in B-prawn. However, concentrations of TA, FA, MA, and DA in M-prawn all decreased. TC content of the experimental diets had a greater influence on resulting prawn astaxanthin concentration and composition than carotenoid compositions of the diets.     

Acute Toxicity of Ammonia and Nitrite to White Shrimp Penaeus setiferus Postlarvae

Penaeus setiferus postlarvae were exposed to acute levels of ammonia, nitrite, and to a mixture of both by a short-term static method, The 24h, 48-h and 72-h LC50 values for un-ionized ammonia were 1.49, 1.21 and 1.12 mg/L NH₃-N (un-ionized ammonia as nitrogen), and 11.55, 9.38 and 8.69 mg/L ammonia-N (un-ionized plus ionized ammonia as nitrogen). The 24-h, 48-h and 72-h LC50 values for nitrite were 268.06, 248.84 and 167.33 mg/L nitrite-N (nitrite as nitrogen). Nitrite was much less toxic than ammonia. The joint effect of ammonia and nitrite on the postlarvae was synergistic at 48-h exposure and antagonistic after 72 h. Postlarvae of P. setiferus may be considered as organisms sensitive to ammonia and nitrite.     

在斯里兰卡养殖斑节对虾及防病技术

１９９６年,由于病毒性虾病暴发,期里半卡８０％以上养虾场濒于绝产。笔者在Ａ．Ｅ．虾场利用３０个０．５ｈｍ６２的池塘进行养虾防病试验。采取的措施是：将１０个池改为海水沉淀消毒池。２０个养虾池铲除淤泥,翻耕曝晒,遍洒生石灰。选择健壮虾苗暂１５－３０天后放入养殖池,每池放养１０－１２．５万尾。池四角各设一台水车式增氧机,使池水溶氧始终保持３ｍｇ／Ｌ以上。     

斑节对虾室外人工育苗试验报告

<正> 斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)又称角虾、青根虾,台湾称草虾,它个体大,生长速度快,且对饵料选择不严格(偏植物性),广盐性,耐高温,离水后的抵抗耐力强,具有活虾出口的优越条件,是虾类养殖的理想品种,是东南亚各国及我国南方、台湾省对虾养殖的主要品种。近几年来,斑节对虾工厂化育苗取得了可喜的成绩,产量逐年增     

Acute Effect of Ammonia and Nitrite on Respiration of Penaeus setiferus Postlarvae under Different Oxygen Levels

The white shrimp Penaeus setiferus is a potential species for culture in the Gulf of Mexico. It has been demonstrated that postlarval P. setiferus is a species sensitive to ammonia and nitrite. In this study, the effect of ammonia and nitrite on the oxygen consumption of Penaeus setiferus postlarvae subjected to different dissolved oxygen concentrations was investigated. Un-ionized ammonia tended to reduce the oxygen consumption of P. setiferus postlarvae. The addition of 0.4 mg/L un-ionized ammonia-N modified the response of the postlarvae to lower dissolved oxygen levels. Exposure to 0.7 mg/L un-ionized ammonia-N caused severe effects on the respiratory rate and it was lethal at low dissolved oxygen concentrations. Nitrite exposure decreased the respiratory rate of post-larvae in high dissolved oxygen concentrations, whereas postlarvae exposed to nitrite under hypoxic conditions showed higher oxygen consumption than unexposed animals. The decreases of the oxygen consumption induced by the interactive effect of ammonia or nitrite and low dissolved oxygen concentration indicate a harmful condition. The results indicate that P. setiferus postlarvae is a sensitive organism to the combined effect of un-ionized ammonia or nitrite and low dissolved oxygen concentrations.     

Cu2+和Cd2+对斑节对虾幼虾的毒性作用

研究了Cu^2 和Cd^2 对斑节对虾幼虾 的急性和亚急性毒性作用，获得了Cu^2 和Cd^2 的半致死浓度、安全浓度和累积量。     

The Effects of Prophylactic Formalin Bath Treatment on Blood Glucose in the Giant Tiger Prawn Penaeus monodon

Abstract— Juvenile Penaeus monodon prawns were bathed in seawater-formaldehyde concentrations of 312, 625, and 1,250 ppm for up to 6 h. The tests were conducted at concentrations in excess of those previously published, in order to examine maximum tolerance levels to formaldehyde. Physiological stress was monitored by measurement of blood glucose levels. Under controlled laboratory conditions, 12 h food deprived juvenile prawns exposed to formaldehyde concentrations of 312 ppm did not exhibit signs of stress. However, bathing in formaldehyde concentrations of 625 and 1,250 ppm, caused significant increases ( P < 0.05) in blood glucose levels after 2 and 4 h, respectively. There were no mortalities in any treatment group. In contrast, juvenile prawns from grow-out ponds bathed in 625 ppm of formaldehyde immediately after 2.5 h of transport did not exhibit significant increases in blood glucose. This may be due to their nutritional status and these results are discussed. No significant change in blood glucose levels was observed in bilaterally eyestalk ablated prawns after exposure to 1,250 ppm formaldehyde. The increase of blood glucose due to formaldehyde treatment is presumably mediated by a stress response, which includes crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH), and not a result of non-specific cell lysis and death.     

The Effects of Different Types of Stress on Blood Glucose in the Giant Tiger Prawn Penaeus monodon

Abstract— Juvenile Penaeus monodon prawns were exposed to a variety of putative stressom and blood glucose concentrations monitored as an index of metabolic stress. Prawns were held under controlled conditions and food deprived for 12–18 h before blood sampling. Juvenile prawns maintained in tanks at densities of 9, 23, 36 and 50 prawns/m² for 4 wk did not have significantly different baseline levels of blood glucose, with mean concentrations varying from 1.1 to 1.3 mmol/L. In contrast, as an index of overall condition, antennal length and rostral spine length were significantly degraded in the 36 and 50 prawns/m² groups compared to the 9 and 23 prawns/m² groups ( P < 0.05). Blood glucose levels were significantly elevated after prawns were exposed to air for 10 min and also increased Significantly when dissolved oxygen was decreased from 6.5 mg/L to 2.1 mg/L. ( P < 0.05). Gassing of water from pH 8.5 to 5.9 with carbon dioxide, with a corresponding decrease of dissolved oxygen from 6.6 to 5.9 mg/ L, induced a rapid and significant rise in blood glucose levels from 1.1 to 2.3 mmol/L. In contrast, a decrease of water pH from 8.3 to 5.9 with sulfuric acid, did not result in a significant change in blood glucose concentrations. These findings are discussed in relation to pond management for maintaining prawns in a low stress environment.     

Broodstock Condition and Egg Quality in Tiger Prawn, Penaeus monodon, Resulting from Feeding Bioencapsulated Live Prey

This study was motivated by the need to find a solution to poor egg quality and the resulting mass mortality of hatchery-produced larvae of the tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon. The approach adopted sought to improve the broodstock condition and determine its effect on egg quality using rates of fertilization, hatching and metamorphosis. Broodstock specimens were given four separate dietary treatments (D1–D4), all of which comprised squid and trash fish plus supplements. D2, D3 and D4 were supplemented with bloodworm, bioencapsulated bloodworm and a commercial broodstock diet, respectively. Tricalcic phosphate (Ca₃(PO₄)₂) was used to enrich the live bloodworm. The bioencapsulated ration performed better than regular bloodworm and other diets. This was evident from the bioencapsulation results which showed the highest rate of hatching, survival of nauplii and larvae metamorphosing into zoea stage.     

Triacylglycerol Digestion by the Leader Prawn Penaeus monodon

Abstract.— Midgut gland extracts from leader prawn Penaeus monodon were evaluated for lipase activity and positional specificity using triolein as a substrate. Lipase activity of aqueous and acetone midgut gland extracts was screened using a mammalian serum lipase test kit and triolein/agar emulsion clearing. Using the clearing method lipase activity was identified in both aqueous and acetone extracts. However, no lipase activity was detected using the serum lipase test kit. In vitro hydrolysis of triolein by midgut gland lipase at pH 8.0 produced 1,2-diacylglycerol and free fatty acid as the sole digestion products indicating specificity for the 1-position of triacylglycerol. The specifcity of lipases from Penaeus monodon for the primary position of triacylglycerol is similar to that of manmalian pancreatic lipase and lipases from Homarus americanus and most fish.     

Toxicity of Ammonia and Nitrite to Penueus monodon Juveniles

Pcnaeus monodon juveniles (35.4 ± 2.2 mm TL) were exposed to seawater (20 ppt) having different concentrations of total ammonia (NH₃+ NH,+) and nitrite. Median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) was determined with static-renewal tests. The LC₅₀, of total ammonia-N, NH₃-N and niMte-N on shrimps decreased with increase of exposure time. The 24, 48, 72, % and 120 h LC₅₀ were 94.96, 61.09, 47.47 45.58 and 38.00 mg/L total ammonia-N (2.68, 1.73, 135, 1.29 and 1.08 mg/L NH₃-N) and 215.85, 185.33, 88.54, 54.76 and 37.97 mg/L nitrite-N, respectively. The 144h LC₅₀ of total ammonia-N and NH₃-N was 36.71 mg/L and 1.04 mgL. The "threshold" of ammonia and nitrite was found at 144h and 120h respectively, from the toxicity curve approaching asymptote. A "safe value" was 3.7 mg/L total ammonia-N, 0.1 mg/L NH₃-N (20 ppt, pH 7.70, 27C) and 3.8 mg/L nitrite-N for P. monodon juvenile .     

Influence of Enriched Live Prey and Other Artificial Diets on RNA and DNA Concentration in the Ovary of Tiger Prawn,Penaeus monodon

Abstract

Separate batches of tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon, were fed three different diets, and the effect of these nutritional treatments on RNA and DNA concentrations in the ovary was examined. The given diets did not produce any significant difference in the concentrations of the nucleic acids. DNA remained remarkably stable. RNA/DNA ratio varied from 2.18 to 3.62 and largely followed the pattern similar to that of RNA. Differences in the RNA/DNA ratio did not suggest actual quantitative change in DNA per cell. Cause and effect relations need to be differentiated by analysis of nucleic acid contents at cell level for further insights into the possible link between the dynamics of change in the nucleic acids and broodstock nourishment.     

Use of Cyclopoid Copepod Apocyclops dengizicus as Live Feed for Penaeus monodon Postlarvae

In this study, the suitability of cyclopoid copepod Apocyclops dengizicus as a live food for black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, postlarvae was investigated. After 14 d, P. monodon postlarvae (PL1) had survival rates of 41.7 ± 2.9% (mean ± SE), 28.7 ± 1.2%, 56.3 ± 3.7%, 4.4 ± 1.9%, and 2.8 ± 1.0% when fed A. dengizicus (CC), Artemia nauplii (AN), mixture of A. dengizicus and Artemia nauplii (CC + AN), artificial shrimp feed (SF), and microalga Tetraselmis tetrathele (TT), respectively. Specific growth rates (SGRs) of P. monodon were maximum (14.2 ± 0.6%/d) in CC + AN, followed by CC (11.0 ± 0.4%/d), AN (9.3 ± 0.7%/d), SF (6.1 ± 0.2%/d), and TT (6.0 ± 0.5%/d). The total n‐3 fatty acids of postlarvae increased from 20.6 to 25.8% when fed with CC, 28.8% with AN, and 29.0% with CC + AN. Better survival and SGRs of P. monodon postlarvae could be attributed to docosahexaenoic acid : eicosapentaenoic acid : arachidonic acid ratio of CC (10.2:3.2:1) diet. The results of this study showed that A. dengizicus has a potential to be used as a substitute live feed for P. monodon postlarvae because of better survival, growth, and high polyunsaturated fatty acids.     

斑节对虾性腺组织、细胞的原代培养条件优化

通过观察不同成分培养基及不同培养方法培养的斑节对虾性腺组织及细胞原代培养生长情况,分析细胞活力及生长相关基因表达情况,判断3种改良培养基的适用条件,为进一步细胞培养试验提供支持。试验结果表明,以L-15培养基为基础培养基,不同配方的培养效果差距较大,其中机械分离法可成功培养离体斑节对虾性腺组织,而酶解法与3号培养基结合效果较好;在培养过程中可见离体卵母细胞多呈悬浮生长,部分可见分裂相,离体精原细胞多呈贴壁生长,1号、2号培养基中的细胞可维持良好生长状态达一周以上;CCK测试结果表明,机械分离的性腺组织和酶解法分离的性腺细胞分别在1号、3号培养基中有更高的细胞活力,而2号培养基中的性腺组织及细胞在两种培养方法下的活力差别不大。进一步的荧光定量PCR检测了离体培养过程中MAPK信号通路相关基因的表达变化情况,结果表明,Ras、c-Mos、MEK1、ERK基因在卵母细胞中表达变化更显著,且c-Mos基因与离体细胞生长发育情况呈正相关。本试验系统性地筛选了适宜斑节对虾性腺组织、细胞的原代培养方法,为了解培养过程中的生理过程变化提供了相关参考数据。     

Preservation of Black Tiger Shrimp Penaeus monodon Spermatophores by Chilled Storage

Chilled storage of spermatozoa in fish has been extensively investigated for many years, but limited research was focused on crustacean species. Chilled storage of spermatophores of black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon is needed to generate consistent and reliable supply of spermatozoa for subsequent use. The objective of this study was to develop a protocol for the chilled storage of black tiger shrimp spermatophores and to evaluate bacterial propagation during chilled storage of spermatophores. In the first experiment, spermatophores were selected and preserved using four different extenders, namely mineral oil, Ringer's solution, phosphate buffer and 0.85% sodium chloride, and stored at low temperature (2‐4 C) for 42 d without antibiotic supplementation. Results showed that mineral oil was the best extender for chilled storage of spermatophores, since the highest percentage of viable sperm (58.3 ± 2.9%) was observed with this extender at the end of experiment (day 42). Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus sp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were identified as the predominant bacteria occurring during chilled storage, and the total bacteria count gradually increased during the experiment. In the second experiment, spermatophores were preserved in the mineral oil with four concentrations of the antibiotic, penicillin‐streptomycin (0.1%,1%, 2%, and 3%). There was no significant difference (P 0.05) in the percentage of viable sperm among treatments with 0.1%,1 %, 2%, and 3% antibiotics. The total count of Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus sp., and P. aeruginosa in the antibiotic treated groups significantly decreased (P < 0.05) to undetectable levels by day 14 of the experiment. Fertility studies from artificial insemination indicated that P. monodon spermatophores preserved with mineral oil for 7‐8 d at 2‐4 C were capable of fertilizing eggs with hatching rates similar to the controls. This study suggests that chilled storage of spermatophores is a feasible approach for the management and spawning of black tiger prawn broodstock or other Invertebrate species that produce spermatophores.     

Growth, Survival and Reproductive Performance of Domesticated Australian Stocks of the Giant Tiger Prawn, Penaeus monodon, Reared in Tanks and Raceways

The growth, survival and reproductive performance of domesticated Australian stocks of the giant tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon were evaluated in trials conducted in 1997 and 2003. The 1997 trials assessed the performance of first generation progeny of wild broodstock from the northeast coast of Australia and fourth generation progeny of pond‐reared broodstock, which also originated from northeast coast wild stocks. In these trials, growth and survival of the shrimp were assessed when reared for 17 mo in tanks. Reproductive performance of the shrimp was assessed at 14.5 mo and 17 mo. The 2003 trials assessed the performance of first generation progeny of wild broodstock from the Gulf of Carpentaria (north coast of Australia). In these trials, growth and survival of shrimp were assessed when reared for 14 mo in tanks and raceways. Reproductive performance of the shrimp was assessed at 11 mo, 12 mo, and 15 mo. Growth and reproductive performance of the stocks varied between trials, families, ages and rearing systems. The most pronounced differences in growth and reproductive performance were between the 1997 and 2003 trials. At 11 mo of age, the average wet weight of the shrimp in the 2003 trials (females 117.1 ± 5.8 g; males 87.9 ± 7.6 g) was 200% greater than the average wet weight of shrimp in the 1997 trials (females 55.2 ± 6.8 g; males 41.2 ± 3.4 g). The reproductive performance of the shrimp was also higher in the 2003 trials in terms of the percentage of spawnings hatching (52.0% in 1997; 77.1% in 2003) and mean hatch rate (21.5% in 1997; 31.6% in 2003). Differences in the growth and reproductive performance of the tank‐reared stocks between years were indicative of significant improvements in the rearing environment, diet and husbandry techniques. Variation in the reproductive performance between families was consistent across rearing environments and at different ages and suggests the potential to improve reproductive performance through genetic selection. Notably, this study identified hatch rates of nauplii from the spawned eggs as a key area for future improvement of domesticated stocks reared in tanks and raceways. Future efforts to improve the growth and reproductive performance of domesticated P. monodon could benefit from integrating incremental improvements to husbandry with genetic selection.     

Effect of Dietary Phospholipids on Digestion of Neutral Lipid by the Prawn Penaeus monodon

Abstract— Different amounts of dietary phospholipid were tested for their effect on the digestibility of total neutral lipids in the diet of the prawn Penaeus monodon . A purified source of the phospholipid, L-α-phosphatidylcholine, was included at 0. 5, 10, 20 or 40 g/kg in a purified diet containing 80 g/kg olive oil as the predominant neutral lipid source. The apparent digestibility of the neutral lipid (ADNL) in these diets was determined by comparing concentrations of the digestibility marker, cholestane in the feed and faeces of the prawns. ADNL (%) increased curvilinearly with increasing dietary phospholipid content (X, %) as described by the equation: ADNL = 80.4 + 9.08X -1.705X² (P < 0.05; R² = 0.71); the asymptote of 92.5% was achieved with a phosphatidylcholine value of 27 g/kg. These results demonstrate that phosphatidylcholine significantly increases the digestibility of neutral lipids by penaeid prawns. However, olive oil was used as the predominant neutral lipid source to examine the effects with a relatively poorly digestible lipid source. The effects of phosphatidylcholine on more readily digested lipid sources such as fish oils, may not be as great, but still be sufficient to improve the utilisation of these nutrients.