家禽油乳剂灭活苗免疫不当造成的后果及原因分析

笔者从事乡镇基层动物防疫工作20多年,经常碰到有些家禽养殖场(户)因免疫不当造成不良后果的事例。现根据多年实践体会,总结分析因免疫不当造成不良后果的原因,及正确使用方法的建议,供大家参考。1家禽油乳剂灭活苗免疫不当引起的后果家禽油乳剂灭活苗免疫不当引起的后果主要     

正确使用油乳剂灭活疫苗

油乳剂灭活疫苗具有安全、稳定、易于保存等优点，是预防畜禽传染病的常用疫苗。使用时应注意以下问题： （1）油乳剂灭活疫苗一般适用于肌肉注射，不宜进行皮下注射。畜禽皮下组织非常疏松，分布有丰富的血管和神经。由于油乳剂灭活苗注射后吸收较慢，在注射部位容易形成大面积水肿，并形成油滴结块，压迫和损伤局部神经和血管，引起畜禽功能障碍，免疫力下降。家禽注射油乳剂灭活疫苗的部位最好在胸部肌肉或翅膀肩关节附近的肌肉。灭活苗不能口服，也不能滴鼻或点眼。 （2）油乳剂灭活苗不宜进行紧急预防接种。油乳剂灭活苗释放较慢，一般…     

禽霍乱矿物油乳剂灭活苗的使用效果、免疫期及保存期试验

禽霍乱油乳剂苗对鸡无不良反应,保护率高于氢氧化铝苗.保定畜牧场连续用油乳剂苗3年,完全控制了禽霍乱的发生.在4～10℃保存的乳剂苗,经1年4个性状良好,效力基本不变.为进一步明确油乳剂灭活苗的免疫效果、免疫期及保存期,特进行了本试验.兹将结果报告如下.     

鸡新城疫灭活苗的研究 Ⅲ.油乳剂灭活苗的免疫期和保存期试验

用油乳剂灭活苗免疫2～4月龄健康后备鸡.免疫期可达一年左右。油乳剂灭活苗于4℃可保存15个月;20℃可保存9个月:30℃可保存4个月。     

农村预防接种操作技术规程

为了提高畜禽免疫接种效果,确保各项免疫成功,笔者将多年从事农村预防接种工作的操作规程总结如下,供兽医技术人员参考. 1 疫苗保管 1.1 保存 各种疫苗应保存在低温、避光及干燥的场所.灭活疫苗、油乳剂灭活苗应在2～10℃下冷藏,防止冻结;弱毒疫苗应在0℃以下冷冻保存,如禽流感、新城疫重组苗,猪瘟苗等应在-15℃以下保存.     

500天蛋鸡应用新城疫油乳剂灭活苗的效果观察

鸡新城疫在我国养鸡生产中仍然是很严重的传染病之一。我们按常规防疫程序应用弱毒苗和冻干Ⅰ系苗进行预防,效果一直不很理想,近几年来改用油乳剂灭活苗免疫,效果显著,特别是传染性法氏囊病和新城疫同时流行的时候。更显示出鸡新城疫油乳剂灭活苗的威力和优越性。现将我们的试验结果报告如下:     

鸡抗鹅副粘病毒病高免蛋黄抗体的研制和应用

1　抗原制备鹅副粘病毒油乳剂灭活苗 ,本所通过分离毒鹅胚增殖 ,经甲醛灭活、加白油等乳化而成。2　蛋鸡免疫方法选择健康蛋鸡 2 0 0只 ,供免疫用。2 1　基础免疫　每只蛋鸡肌注 1 .0ｍｌ鹅副粘病毒油乳剂灭活苗。2 2　加强免疫　基础免疫后 1 0天 ,肌注鹅副粘病毒油乳剂灭活苗 1 .5ｍｌ/只。2 3　强化免疫　加强免疫后 1 0天 ,再肌注鹅副粘病毒油乳剂灭活苗 2ｍｌ/只。免疫后 1 5天抽检卵黄 ,抗体效价达 6(ｌｏｇ2 )以上 ,可用作制备抗体 ,若效价低于 6(ｌｏｇ2 ) ,再免疫一次灭活油乳苗。3　鸡抗鹅副粘病毒病高免卵黄抗体的制备3 1　高…     

鸡防疫中应注意几个问题

在鸡的防疫中，往往由于疫苗用法用量或选择疫苗的种类不合适，而造成免疫效果不好，出现免疫失效，造成鸡群大面积伤亡，严重威胁养鸡业的发展，因此做好鸡的防疫是十分必要的，现将鸡的防疫中应注意的几个问题介绍如下：一、疫苗的选择我国幅员广阔，根据鸡的某些疾病在不同地域内流行的特点不相同，选用预防的疫苗类型也不相同，因此要选择针对本地区流行病的疫苗才能达到预防本地区流行的传染病。同时无论是冻干苗还是油乳剂灭活苗，国产苗的质量并不亚于进口苗。尤其是减蛋综合症油乳剂灭活苗，国产苗的使用效果比个别进口苗效果还好。…     

I型鸭疫里默氏杆菌荚膜免疫的研究

用盐浸法提取了I型鸭疫里默氏杆菌（RA）的荚膜,并制成油佐剂疫苗。其免疫原性测定结果表明：用荚膜粗提物免疫雏鸭可得到很好的免疫保护效果（9／10）。同时进行了RA荚膜油佐剂疫苗与各常规佐剂疫苗的免疫效力比较,免疫保护效果依次为：英膜油乳剂苗、油乳剂灭活苗、蜂胶灭活苗、铝胶RA灭活苗、无佐剂RA灭活苗。结果显示,鸭疫里默氏杆菌英膜免疫的研究为进一步研制亚单位疫苗打下基础。     

Ⅰ型鸭疫里默氏杆菌荚膜免疫的研究

用盐浸法提取了I型鸭疫里默氏杆菌(RA)的荚膜,并制成油佐剂疫苗.其免疫原性测定结果表明:用荚膜粗提物免疫雏鸭可得到很好的免疫保护效果(9/10).同时进行了RA荚膜油佐剂疫苗与各常规佐剂疫苗的免疫效力比较,免疫保护效果依次为:荚膜油乳剂苗、油乳剂灭活苗、蜂胶灭活苗、铝胶RA灭活苗、无佐剂RA灭活苗.结果显示,鸭疫里默氏杆菌荚膜免疫的研究为进一步研制亚单位疫苗打下基础.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …