细菌的病毒——噬菌体最新分类与命名

2005年，国际病毒分类委员会（International Committeeon Taxonomy of viruses，ICTV）发表了《病毒分类一国际病毒分类委员会第8次报告》（以下简称第8次报告）对目前已经确认并比较系统研究的绝大多数细菌的病毒——噬菌体（Bacterial viruses，或bacteriophages），根据病毒核酸类型、形态结构、基本特性以及宿主菌类型等特征，进行了系统的依据分类与命名。     

最新脊椎动物病毒分类简介

最新脊椎动物病毒分类简介陆承平（南京农业大学动物医学院，南京２１００９５）国际病毒分类委员会（ＩＣＴＶ）编写的第６次病毒分类报告（下称第６次报告）最近问世。虽然第６次报告与第５次病毒分类报告发表时间相隔不过３年，但其内容和形式均有重大变化［１］。第６...     

新的动物病毒分类简介

国际病毒分类委员会（ＩＣＴＶ）于１９９５年发表了第６次病毒分类报告,就病毒分类提出了一些新的建议。１９９６年８月１１—１６日在以色列耶路撒冷召开了第１０次国际病毒学会议,对第６次病毒分类报告中的建议进行审议通过。１９９７年５月ＩＣＴＶ执行委员会又在法国斯特拉斯堡召开会议,批准通过了病毒成员资格。第６次病毒分类报告中对病毒分类遵循病毒基因组的种类、病毒基因组链的性质、反转录能力、病毒基因组的极性等４个准则,将截止１９９７年底ＩＣＴＶ批准通过　　收稿日期：１９９９０１０１的病毒（包括细菌病毒、动…     

脊椎动物病毒分类现状

国际病毒分类委员会于2004年发表了第8次病毒分类报告,就病毒分类提出了新建议。第8次报告新增了双顺反子病毒科（Dicistroviridae）和戊型肝炎病毒科（Hepaviridae）。在反转录病毒科（Retrovirida）之下增列了两个亚科,即正反转录病毒亚科（Orthoretrovirinae）及泡沫反录病毒亚科（Spumaretrovirinae）,文章对第8次报告和第7次报告中关于脊椎动物病毒分类的变化进行了比较。     

病毒分类的新动态

国际病毒分类委员会（ICTV）于1995年发表了第六次病毒分类报告,就病毒分类提出了一些新的建议。1996年8月11日-16日在以色列耶路撒冷召开了第10次国际病毒学会议。对第六次病毒分类报告中的建议进行审议通过。1997年5月ICTV执行委员会又在法国斯特拉斯堡召开会议,批准通过了病毒成员资格。截止1997年底,ICTV批准通过的病毒分类为189个属,其中166个属可分类到55个科内,剩余23个属待定。而此次报告中涉及动物、人及昆虫的病毒有用个科,包括9个亚科,96个属或群。1998年3月7－8日,在美国加利福尼亚圣迭戈斯克里普斯研究院召开了I…     

动物病毒分类新动态

对病毒统一分类 ,对于病毒的发现、认识、研究、利用和病毒病的防制有着重要意义。国际病毒分类委员会 (Interna-tional Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses,ICTV ;1 96 6年成立至 1 973年称 ICNV,即国际病毒命名委员会 ,1 973年更名为 ICTV)发表的历次报告 ,都对病毒学领域产生了深远的影响 ,逐次报告内容的增加反映了对病毒认识的不断深入和新病毒的不断发现。2 0 0 0年 ICTV第 7次报告 (以下简称第 7次报告 )出版 [1 ,2 ] ,与 1 995年发表的第 6次报告包含的 1个目、5 0个科、1 6 4个属的内容相比 ,这个 1 1 6 2页的报告共描述了…     

动物病毒分类新进展

动物病毒分类新进展朱其太（连云港动植物检疫局）１９９１年国际病毒分类委员会（ＩＣＴＶ）发表了第５次病毒分类报告，在这次报告中有关动物病毒的部分共有２５科，包括９个亚科、７８个属或群。１９９６年８月１１—１６日在耶路撒冷召开了第１０届国际病毒学会议，对...     

脊椎动物病毒分类的新近变化

自从国际病毒分类委员会发表第7次分类报告以来,随着学者对病毒研究的不断深入,病毒分类也随之不断变化。从2000年的第7 次分类报告到2004 年的第8 次分类报告,动物病毒分类变化不是太大,原来的3个目没有变,增加了6 个科,而涉及脊椎动物病毒的只有Roniviridae 科。在属的水平上变化较多,包括新增设了27个属,更改了4个属的属名,正式确定命名了4 个属的属名。在种的水平上变化的更多,主要是增加了一些新的种。     

与兽医学和公共卫生学有关的病毒新近分类地位

国际病毒分类委员会(ICTV)于1991年发表的病毒分类和命名的第五次报告,与第四次(1982)报告比较,有以下几点不同:1.修改了病毒命名法规,取消了原第四和第十三条,并对原第五、十二、十四、二十条的内容作了修订;2.增加了许多科、属、组及新发现的和前此未收进的病毒;3.调整了某些病毒的分类位置;4.建立了单股负链核糖核酸病毒目(Mononegavirales),将丝状病毒科(Filoviridae)、副粘病毒科、弹状病毒科隶属于此目;5.删除了一些病毒,如非洲猪瘟病毒、马立克病病毒等;6.开列了第四次报告以来到1991年年初新发表的参考文献。现将第五次报告中与兽医学和公共卫生学有关的重要病毒的分类情况,按目、科、亚科、属(群)、亚属(亚群)、种、亚种(变种、血清型)顺序简介于下:     

猪传染性胃肠炎的诊治实例

猪传染性胃肠炎（porcine transmissible gas-troen-teritis，TGE）是由套式病毒目、冠状病毒科、冠状病毒属（国际病毒分类委员会第7次分类报告，2000年）的猪传染性胃肠炎病毒（TGEV）引起的以猪呕吐、腹泻、脱水为特征的传染病，     

The evolution of bovine viral diarrhea: a review

The economic importance of bovine viral diarrhea is increasing with the emergence of seemingly more virulent viruses, as evidenced by outbreaks of hemorrhagic syndrome and severe acute bovine viral diarrhea beginning in the 1980s and 1990s. It appears that evolutionary changes in bovine viral diarrhea virus were responsible for these outbreaks. The genetic properties of the classical bovine viral diarrhea virus that contribute to the basis of current diagnostic tests, vaccines, and our understanding of pathogenic mechanisms are now being reevaluated because of these "new" virus strains. This shift in virulence has confounded both nomenclature and the significance of current bovine viral diarrhea virus categorization. The purpose of this review is to summarize our current understanding of bovine viral diarrhea virus with a chronological review of prevailing scientific tenets and practices as described in clinical and scientific North American veterinary journals and textbooks. The first part of this review describes how we have arrived at our current understanding of the viruses, the diseases, and their nomenclature. The second part of the review deals with current concepts in virology and how these concepts may both explain and predict bovine viral diarrhea virus pathogenesis. By reviewing how knowledge of bovine viral diarrhea has evolved and the theories of how the virus itself is able to evolve, the interpretation of diagnostic tests are more effectively utilized in the control and treatment of bovine viral diarrhea virus associated disease.     

Progress of the comparative MHC Committee and a summary of the Comparative MHC Workshops held at the 32nd ISAG, Edinburgh and the 9th IVIS, Tokyo, 2010

The comparative MHC Nomenclature Committee was formed following a recommendation by the International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG) at its meeting in G?ttingen, Germany in 2002. The committee subsequently became affiliated to VIC, the Veterinary Immunology Committee of IUIS; the International Union of Immunological Societies, which is the umbrella organization for immunology societies worldwide. The committee currently fulfils three roles: (1) to establish guidelines for MHC nomenclature in species outside of human and mouse, (2) to facilitate the development of databases which provide a source of validated MHC sequences with official nomenclatures for associated species (immuno-polymorphism database IPD-MHC) and (3) to facilitate scientific discussion on comparative aspects of MHC biology. The committee currently comprises individuals representing a range of species nomenclature committees. This report summarises progress the committee has made in addressing its core objectives as well as the principal outputs from the Comparative MHC Workshops held at the 32nd International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG) conference in Edinburgh, UK in July 2010 as well as in August 2010 at the 9th International Veterinary Immunology Symposium (IVIS) in Tokyo, Japan. Additional data from posters and presentations at related workshops focussing on aspects of MHC biology are also included where appropriate.     

Zoonotic mosquito-borne flaviviruses: Worldwide presence of agents with proven pathogenicity and potential candidates of future emerging diseases

An update on the mosquito-borne flavivirus species including certain subtypes, as listed in the Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, is given. Special emphasis is placed on viruses which have been shown to cause diseases in animals, and viruses for which no pathogenicity has been proven yet. Several recent examples (Usutu virus and lineage-2 West Nile virus in central Europe, Zika virus in Micronesia) have shown that sources providing information on such scientifically largely neglected viruses are valuable tools for scientists and public health officials having to deal with such disease emergences. Furthermore the effects of global warming will lead to introduction of competent mosquito vectors into temperate climate zones and will increase efficiency of viral replication in less competent vector species. This, facilitated by rising global travel and trade activities, will facilitate introduction and permanent establishment of mosquito-borne viruses, some of which may become of public health or veterinary concern, into novel environments, e.g. industrialized countries worldwide.     

The molecular epidemiology of equine influenza in Ireland from 2007-2010 and its international significance

Reasons for performing the study: Antigenic and genetic drift of equine influenza (EI) virus is monitored annually by the Expert Surveillance Panel (ESP), which make recommendations on the need to update vaccines. Surveillance programmes are essential for this process to operate effectively and to decrease the risk of disease spread through the international movement of subclinically infected vaccinated horses. Not only is surveillance necessary to inform vaccine companies which strains are in circulation, but it serves as an early warning system for horse owners, trainers and veterinary clinicians, facilitating the implementation of appropriate prophylactic and control measures. Objective: To summarise the genetic analysis of EI viruses detected in Ireland from June 2007 to January 2010. Methods: The HA1 gene of 18 viruses was sequenced and phylogenetic analysis undertaken. Results: All viruses belonged to the Florida sublineage of the American lineage. Clade 2 viruses predominated up to 2009. The viruses identified on 4 premises in 2007 displayed 100% nucleotide identity to A/eq/Richmond/1/07, the current clade 2 prototype. The first clade 1 virus was identified in November 2009 and, thereafter, clade 1 viruses were responsible for all the outbreaks identified. The Irish clade 1 viruses differ from the clade 1 virus responsible for the EI outbreaks in Japan and Australia in 2007. No virus of the Eurasian lineage was isolated during this surveillance period. Conclusions: In 2010 the ESP recommended that the vaccines should not include a H7N7 virus or a H3N8 virus of the Eurasian lineage but that they should contain both a clade 1 and clade 2 virus of the Florida sublineage. The surveillance data presented here support these recommendations and indicate that they are epidemiologically relevant. Potential relevance: These data also serve as a scientific basis for investigating the source of epizootics and outbreaks both nationally and internationally.     

Ether Sensitivity of the Walleye Dermal Sarcoma Virus

Abstract

Current evidence supports the classification of the virus causing dermal sarcoma on walleyes Stizostedion vitreum as a member of the family Retroviridae. One of the characteristics of this group of viruses is the presence of a lipid envelope. In this report we document studies conducted that demonstrate the presence of a lipid envelope on the walleye dermal sarcoma virus.     

Serologic surveillance of swine H1 and H3 and avian H5 and H9 influenza A virus infections in swine population in Korea

Influenza A is a respiratory disease common in the swine industry. Three subtypes, H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 influenza A viruses, are currently co-circulating in swine populations in Korea. An outbreak of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus occurred in domestic bird farms in Korea during the winter season of 2003. Pigs can serve as hosts for avian influenza viruses, enabling passage of the virus to other mammals and recombination of mammalian and avian influenza viruses, which are more readily transmissible to humans. This study reports the current seroprevalence of swine H1 and H3 influenza in swine populations in Korea by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. We also investigated whether avian H5 and H9 influenza transmission occurred in pigs from Korea using both the HI and neutralization (NT) tests. 51.2% (380/742) of serum samples tested were positive against the swine H1 virus and 43.7% (324/742) were positive against the swine H3 virus by HI assay. The incidence of seropositivity against both the swine H1 virus and the swine H3 virus was 25.3% (188/742). On the other hand, none of the samples tested showed seropositivity against either the avian H5 virus or the avian H9 virus by the HI and NT tests. Therefore, we report the high current seroprevalence and co-infectivity of swine H1 and H3 influenza viruses in swine populations and the lack of seroepidemiological evidence of avian H5 and H9 influenza transmission to Korean pigs.     

国际肉牛育种的新动向-小型肉牛培育

本文在查阅大量文献资料的基础上,指出国际肉牛育种的新趋势是向小型肉牛方向发展。提出了肉牛大、中、小型划分的国际标准;列举出小型牛品种培育的四个方式途径;从六个方面详细论述了小型牛的优点或特点;最后根据我国肉牛业牛品种资源丰富,尤其是长江以南地区的当地牛品种是培育中国小型专门化肉牛的良好基础的现状,结合国际肉牛育种的趋势,指出中国肉用牛品种的培育方向为以中小型为主,培育出我国自己的小型肉牛品种。     

猪呼吸道疾病综合征药物防控技术研究进展

猪呼吸道疾病综合征（PRDC）在养猪业中广泛流行,发病原因复杂,由多种细菌、病毒、寄生虫及环境应激等因素共同引发,普遍造成猪生长迟缓和猪肉品质下降,还有相当比例的病猪死亡,严重影响养猪业的发展。胸膜肺炎放线杆菌（APP）、副猪嗜血杆菌（Hps）、链球菌（SS）是常见的细菌性病原,而猪繁殖与呼吸障碍综合征病毒（PRRSV）、猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）、伪狂犬病毒（PRV）是常见的病毒性病原,合理用药防治PRDC十分关键。头孢喹肟、氟苯尼考及加米霉素等抗生素因抗菌谱广、抗菌活性强、在猪体内药代动力学特征优良等优点被广泛用于防控细菌性感染的猪呼吸道疾病。对于病毒性感染的猪呼吸道疾病,常用的抗病毒药物有细胞因子及中药,尤其是中药,不仅可以抗病毒还可增强机体免疫力,应用前景非常广阔。文章系统地阐述了上述抗菌药物的抗菌机理、药效学及药动学,详细介绍了上述抗病毒药物的抗病毒机理及其在病毒性猪呼吸道疾病上的应用,以期为合理用药防控PRDC提供一定的建议。     

Genetic typing of classical swine fever virus

Three regions of the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) genome that have been widely sequenced were compared with respect to their ability to discriminate between isolates and to segregate viruses into genetic groups. Sequence data-sets were assembled for 55 CSFVs comprising 150 nucleotides of the 5' non-translated region, 190 nucleotides of the E2 envelope glycoprotein gene and 409 nucleotides of the NS5B polymerase gene. Phylogenetic analysis of each data-set revealed similar groups and subgroups. For closely related viruses, the more variable or larger data-sets gave better discrimination, and the most reliable classification was obtained with sequence data from the NS5B region. No evidence was found for intertypic recombination between CSFVs. A larger data-set was also analysed comprising 190 nucleotides of E2 sequence from 100 CSFVs from different parts of the world, in order to assess the extent and global distribution of CSFV diversity. Additional groups of CSFV are evident from Asia and the nomenclature of Lowings et al. (1996) [Lowings, P., Ibata, G., Needham, J., Paton, D., 1996. J. Gen. Virol. 77, 1311-1321] needs to be updated to accommodate these. A tentative assignment, adapting rather than overturning the previous nomenclature divides CSF viruses into three groups with three or four subgroups: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3; 2.1, 2.2, 2.3; 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4. The expanding data-base of CSFV sequences should improve the prospects of disease tracing in the future, and provide a basis for a standardised approach to ensure that results from different laboratories are comparable.     

Suspected adverse drug reactions in 2004

We received 62 reports of suspected adverse events (SARs) for the year 2004. Their number and repartition according to affected animals and active substances were comparable with the previous year. The distributors or manufacturers submitted most of the declarations, but the proportion submitted by practicing veterinarians is slowly growing. 72% of the declarations dealt with adverse reactions in small animals (cats and dogs), followed by cattle and horses. Antiparasitics, anti-inflammatory drugs and immunologicals were the most frequently mentioned therapeutic classes, which are listed here according to the international ATCvet classification. A report from abroad about a fatality following injection of an antibiotic preparation for cattle prompted Swissmedic to review the security of this medication also sold on the Swiss market. It was decided to modify the package insert to warn about the danger of inadvertent self-injection in humans, to reduce the risk of similar accidents in Switzerland. We hope that the pharmacovigilance system will enjoy an increasing awareness by the practicing veterinarians.