种植作物条件下非饱和土壤中水盐的动态实验和数值模拟研究

A laboratory salt-water dynamics experiment using unsaturated soils in packed silt loam and clay soil columns with different soil texture profiles and groundwater levels under crops were conducted to study the changes of salt-water dynamics induced by water uptake of crops and to propose the theoretical basis for the regulation and control of salt-water dynamics as well as to predict salinity levels. The HYDRUS 1D model was applied to simulate the one-dimensional movement of water and salt transport in the soil columns. The results showed that the salts mainly accumulated in the plow layer in the soil columns under crops. Soil water and salt both moved towards the plow layer due to soil water absorption by the crop root system. The salt contents in the column with lower groundwater were mostly greater than those with high groundwater. The water contents in the soil columns increased from top to the bottom due to plant root water uptake. The changes in groundwater level had little influence on water content of the root zone in the soil columns with crop planting. Comparison between the simulated and the determined values showed that model simulation results were ideal, so it is practicable to do numerical simulation of soil salt and water transport by the HYDRUS 1D model. Furthermore, if the actual movement of salt and water in fields is to be described in detail, much work needs to be done. The most important thing is to refine the parameters and select precise boundary conditions.     

基于微观球体颗粒模型的土水特征曲线研究

When variations occur in the water content or dry bulk density of soil,the contact angle hysteresis will affect the soil-water characteristic curve(SWCC).The occurrence of the contact angle hysteresis can be divided into slipping and pinning.It is difficult to determine the effect of pinning existence on SWCC by tests.In this study,the effect of contact angle hysteresis on SWCC was analyzed either in the case of no variations in soil dry bulk density with changes in soil water content or no variations in soil water content with changes in soil dry bulk density.In both cases,soil particles were simplified to the spherical particle model.Based on the geometrically mechanic relationship between the particles and connecting liquid bridges,a physical model for predicting the SWCC was derived from the spherical particle model.Adjusting parameters made the model applicable to various soils,that is,the cohesive soil was considered as micron-sized spherical particles.Through the simulations on SWCC test data of sand,silt,clay,and swelling soil,it was confirmed that the physical model possessed good reliability and practicability.Finally,the analysis of rationality of contact angle was performed based on the basic assumptions of the model.     

非饱和土壤热质运移的数学模型

A system atic study of coupled heat and mass transfer in unsaturated soils under complex boundary conditions was carried out and a mathematical model of heat and mass transfer in unsaturated soils was established by non-equilibrium thermodynamic theory. The gradient of volumetric moisture content, the gradient of temperature, the salt mass concentration and vapor pressure were the primary driving forces influencing the process of heat and mass transfer in unsaturated soils. Based on the thermodynam ic analysis and the mass and energy conservation principles, a set of mass and energy equations were developed. The initial and boundary conditions of soil column for one dimension were also given out.     

中国禹城土壤盐渍化的时空变异及其预测

This research used both geostatistics and GIS approach to compare temporal change of soil salt between 1980 and 2003, to analyze the spatial distribution of surface soil salt, to developed methods for predicting soil salinization potential based on recent improvements to the Dempster-Shafer theory, and to develop probability maps of potential salinization in Yucheng City, China. A semivariogram model of soil salt content was developed from the spherical model, and then employing kriging interpolation the spatial distribution of salt content in 2003 was obtained utilizing data from 100 soil sampling points. Potential salinization distribution was mapped using an approach that integrated soil data of the second general survey in 1980 in Yucheng City, which included groundwater salinity, groundwater depth, soil texture, soil organic matter content, and geomorphic maps. With the support of Dempster-Shafer theory and fuzzy set technique the factors that affected potential soil salinization were characterized and integrated;and then soil salinization was predicted. Finally a prognosis map of potential salinization distribution in the research area was obtained, with higher probability values indicating higher hazards to salinity processes. The distribution of the potential soil salinization probability was a successive surface.     

不饱和土壤中可溶性甲醇迁移过程模拟

A combined model of solute transport and water flow was developed to simulate the migration of methanol, a soluble organic chemical, in unsaturated soil zone. The solute transport equation considered convective-dispersive transport in the liquid phase as well as diffusion in the gas phase. The effect of rainfall and evapotranspiration on transport was considered at the boundary conditions of the governing equations. Data on the characteristics of a loam soil and the climatic conditions in southern California were also introduced to compare the results with those from a study in the USA in which the profiles of methanol distribution and water content in the soil zone at different times had been depicted. This comparison showed that there was good agreement between the two studies. The results showed that methanol contamination reached a depth of about 250 cm after 8 760 h. In contrast, if rainfall and evapotranspiration were not considered, the depth was only about 140 cm. The model therefore confirmed that rainfall strongly affected solute transport.     

土壤水流通量对饱水带溶质运移参数的影响

The transport processes of solutes in two soil columns filled with undistrubed soil material collected from an unsaturated sandy aquifer formation in Belgium subjected to a variable upper boundary condition were identified from breakthrough curves measured by means of time domain reflectometry(TDR),Solute breakthrough was measured with 3 TDR probes inserted into each soil column at three different depths at a 10 minutes time interval.In addition,soil water content and pressure head were measured at 3 different depths.Analyteical solute transport models were used to estimate the solute disperison coefficient and average pore-water velocity from the observed breakthrough curves,the results showed that the analytical solutions were suitable in fitting the observed solute transport,The dispersion coefficient was found to be a function of the soil depth and average proe-water velocity,imposed by the soil water flux.the mobile moistrue content on the other hand was not correlated with the average pore-water velocity and the dispersion coefficient.     

Mechanistic Model for Predicting NO3-N Uptake by Plants and Its Verification

Some mechanistic models have been proposed to predict the No3^- concentrations in the soil solution at root surface and the NO3-N uptake by plants,but all these relatively effective non-steady state models have not yet been verified by and soil culture experiment.In the present study,a mathematical model based on the nutrient transport to the roots,root length and root uptake kinetics as well as taking account of the inter-root competition was used for calculation,and soil culture experiments with rice,wheat and rape plants grown on alkali,neutral and acid soils in rhizoboxes with nylon screen as a isolator were carried out to evaluate the prediction ability of the model through comparing the measured NO3-concentrations at root surface and N uptake with the calculated values.Whether the inter-root competition for nutrients was accounted for in the model was of less importance to the calculated N uptake but could induce significant changes in the relative concentrations of NO3^- at root surface.For the three soils and crops,the measured NO3-N uptake agreed well with the calculated one,and the calculated relative concentrations at root surface were approximate to the measured values.But an appropriate rectification for some conditions is necessary when the plant uptake parameter obtained in solution culture experiment is applied to soil culture.In contrast with the present non-steady state model,the predicted relative concentrations,which show an accumulation,by the Phillips‘ steady-state model were distinct from the measured values which show a depletion,indicating that the present model has a better prediction ability than the steady-state model.     

Salt-Water Dynamics in Soils: II. Effect of Precipitation on Salt-Water Dynamics

Through a simulation test carried out with soil columns (61.8cm in diameter),the effect of precipitation on salt-water dynamics in soils was studied by in-situ monitoring of salt-water dynamics using soil salinity sensors and tensioneters.The results show that in the profile of whole silty loam soil,the surface runoff volume due to precipitation and the salt-leaching role of infiltrated precipitation increased with the depth of ground water;and in the profile with an intercalated bed of clay or with a thick upper layer of clay,the amount of surface runoff was greater but the salt-leaching role of precipitation was smaller than those in the profile of whole silty loam soil.In case of soil water being supplemented by precipitation,the evaporation of groundwater in the soil columns reduced,resulting in a great decline of salt accumulation from soil profile to surface soil.The effect of precipitation on the water regime of soil profile was performed via both water infiltration and water pressure transfer.The direct infiltration depth of precipitation was less than 1m in general,but water pressure transfer could go up to groundwater surface directly.     

低水势下土壤水分磁滞现象研究

Knowledge of the soil water characteristic curve is fundamental for understanding unsaturated soils. The objective of this work was to find scanning hysteresis loops of two fine textured soils at water potentials below wilting point. This was done by equilibration over NaCl solutions with water potentials of -6.6 to -18.8 MPa at 25 ℃. When cycled repeatedly through a series of potentials in the range noted previously both soils exhibited a hysteresis effect. The experimental differences in water content between the drying and wetting soils at the same water potential were much too large to be accounted for by failure to allow sufficient time to attain equilibrium as predicted by the exponential decay model. The wetting versus drying differences were relatively small, however, at only 4 mg g^-1 or less in absolute terms and about 3% of the mean of wetting and drying, in relative terms. Hysteresis should be a consideration when modeling biological and physical soil processes at water contents below the wilting point, where small differences in water content result in large potential energy changes.     

营养和病虫害管理对双季杂交水稻种植系统的土壤生态质量的共同影响

The mineral fertilizers(NPK) and pesticide,including herbicides,insecticides and fungicides,were applied alone or in combination and the soil sampling was done at different growth stages during the crop cycle to study the changes in soil organic matter,microbial biomass and their activity parameters in a paddy soil with different nutrient and pest management practices in a hybrid rice double-cropping system.A consistent increase in the electron transport system(ETS) activity was measured during the different crop growth stages of rice.The use of fertilizers(NPK) alone or with pesticides increased ETS activity,while a decline of ETS activity was noticed with pesticides alone as compared with the control.Nearly an increasing trend in soil phenol content was observed with the progression of crop growthstages,while the usage of pesticides alone caused maximum increments in the soil phenol content.The soil protein content was found nearly stable with fertilizers and/or pesticides application at various growth stages in both crops taken.But notable changes were noticed at different growth stages probable because of fluctuations in moisture and temperature at particular stages,which might have their effects on N mineralization.Marked depletions in the phospholipid content were found with the advancement of crop growth stages,while the incorporation of fertilizers and/or pesticides also produced slight changes,in which a higher decline was noticed with pesticide application alone compared with the control.     

川西北高寒区冻融交替作用后土壤水热运移模拟研究

川西北高寒区在黄河和长江上游的水源涵养与补给、生态平衡中发挥着重要作用,该区土壤长期受到昼夜及季节性冻融作用影响,但土壤水分和热量在受到冻融交替作用后的变化规律,及其在草地退化及沙化过程中的作用还不明确。通过野外采集土样进行室内土柱模拟水热运移实验,利用有限元软件HYDRUS建立了一维土柱模型,开展基于冻融循环作用后的非饱和沙化草地和天然草地土壤水热迁移过程的数值计算研究,揭示不同冻融界面条件下沙化草地和天然草地土壤的水热分布特征、空间运移特性。结果表明：HYDRUS软件模拟沙化草地和天然草地土壤体积含水率的模拟结果R²>0.98,其平均值分别为0.997,0.996,模拟效果较理想;在土壤温度特性方面,模拟结果R²>0.98,平均值0.999,HYDRUS软件较好地模拟了川西北高寒区冻融交替作用后天然草地和沙化草地土壤温度和体积含水量的变化特征。通过模拟预测发现,反复冻融作用后,天然草地和沙化草地土壤体积含水率随时间变化均呈现上下波动的趋势,天然草地各土层体积含水率总体均高于沙化草地含水率;土壤温度模拟值呈现先波动上升后波动下降...     

季节性冻土区包气带水汽热耦合运移研究进展

季节性冻土区占据中国超过一半的国土面积,冻融作用会显著改变土壤性质与包气带水、热传输过程,并且由于季节性冻土广泛分布在干旱半干旱地区,温度与气态水对于土壤水分运移影响显著,开展水汽热耦合研究不仅更符合季节性冻土区实际情况,同时对于揭示土壤水循环机制十分关键。本文综述了包气带水汽热耦合运移理论的提出与发展历程,阐述了季节性冻融作用对水汽热耦合运移研究中水力参数及水分相态转化过程的影响,探讨了水汽热耦合模型适用性,并归纳总结了温度梯度驱动下气态水运移规律及其重要性。最后,对该领域尚需加强研究的方向提出看法与建议,以期为深化包气带水汽热耦合运移理论以及解决季节性冻土区相关实际问题提供科学依据。     

Development of an apparatus for measuring one‐dimensional steady‐state heat flux of soil under reduced air pressure

One of the best ways to evaluate the coupled heat and mass transfer in soil is to measure the heat flux and water distribution simultaneously. For this purpose, we developed an apparatus for measuring the one‐dimensional steady‐state heat flux and water distribution in unsaturated soil under reduced air pressure. The system was tested using four samples with known thermal conductivity (0.6–8.0 W m^?1 K^?1). We confirmed that the system could measure the one‐dimensional steady‐state heat flux under a fixed temperature difference between ends of the samples over a wide range of thermal conductivity values. Time domain reflectometry was used to measure the water distribution with a repeatability of less than ± 1.0%. We used the apparatus to measure the soil heat flux and distribution of water content and temperature under steady‐state conditions with reduced air pressure. The initial volumetric water content, θ_ini, of the soil samples was set at 0.20 and 0.40 m³m^?3. For a θ_ini of 0.20, the heat flux was not significantly affected by air pressure, and the water content on the hot side decreased whilst that on the cold side increased, i.e. a pronounced water content gradient was formed. For a θ_ini of 0.40, the heat flux increased sharply with reduced air pressure, and the water content did not change, i.e. a homogeneous water distribution was observed. The increase in the heat flux with air pressure reduction is caused by the vapour transfer in soil pores. We found that a large vapour transfer took place in the soil with the homogeneous water distribution, and that the vapour transfer was less in the soil with the pronounced water content gradient. These experimental facts were entirely different from the traditional knowledge of vapour transfer in soil under temperature gradients. A lack of data on heat flux must have resulted in the previously incorrect conclusions. The new apparatus will serve to clarify the intricate phenomena of thermally induced vapour transfer in unsaturated soil in further experiments.     

Modelling and measurement of the nitrogen cycle in a vegetable field in Switzerland II. Validation of the nitrogen model with field data

Field experiments were conducted over a period of two years on a commercial vegetable farm for calibration and validation of the nitrogen model (tables 1 and 2). Yield and nitrogen uptake of the crops were measured at least five times during crop growth. Soil water tension and nitrate concentration in the soil solution were assessed by frequent sampling of different soil layers. The volumetric soil water content was calculated from continuously measured water potential by means of a field desorption curve. The model was calibrated using a transfer factor for rapid and slow water transport corresponding to changes in water content observed during a leaching experiment in winter 1987/88. Other required input parameters were taken from existing knowledge about the growth of vegetable crops, an evaluation of the soil profile to assess water transport in the soil, and the results of an incubation experiment for the estimation of the net nitrogen-mineralisation. Yield and nitrate uptake of different vegetables are predicted with an accuracy of about 15% for yield and of about 20 kg N/ha for nitrate uptake (table 4, figure 1). Measurement of water and nitrate transport under fennel and a fallow plot (figure 2) reveals that the simulated net nitrogen-mineralisation is overestimated by about 30 percent, and that simulation of rooting depth and evapotranspiration should be improved. Nitrate leaching during summer takes place only after periods of very heavy rain. The accuracy of the agreement between simulated and measured data is within 10% for the water content, and within 25% for the nitrate concentration in the soil solution, while measured nitrate leaching exceeded the simulated values by up to 80 kg N/ha. The precision of the model seems to be satisfactory in view of the large amount of nitrogen and water cycled in a vegetable field (table 5). However with respect to water management improvements are necessary. Further validation of the model on other sites is required before a predictive model for practical purposes can be elaborated.     

SIMULATION OF THE WATER BALANCE OF SOIL COLUMNS AND FALLOW SOILS

A model is described that predicts the evaporation of water from, and the distribution of water in, a soil column evaporating into a constant environment. It is based on a numerical solution of the flow equation and requires only the initial water distribution in the column, the equilibrium (air-dry) water content at the soil surface and the relationship between volumetric water content and diffusivity. The model predictions show good agreement with a published analytical solution and with experimental results. Modifications to the model that allow for rewetting of the sod by rainfall, and changes in atmospheric conditions above the soil, enable predictions to be made of the water balance of a fallow field. In general, good agreement was obtained with the measured distribution of water deficits in the soil profile, although the predicted water content of the surface 2.5 cm of soil showed systematic differences from the measured values. The reasons for this are discussed.     

不同温度下的土壤热导率模拟

土壤热导率是研究陆地表层水热盐耦合运动的基本物理参数。由于水汽潜热传热在高温下的显著作用,高温下的土壤热导率显著高于常温值。该研究的目的是建立能够有效预测高温下土壤热导率的模型。在气体扩散定律的基础上,该文结合常温土壤热导率模型,提出了一个计算高温土壤热导率的新方法。并利用热脉冲技术实际测定了不同温度、不同含水率下的土壤热导率,对新模型进行了测试验证。结果表明,Cass等的水汽运移促进因子参数依赖于土壤质地,且存在较大的不确定性。经过对该参数修正后,建立的热导率模型均能够较好地模拟出高温下的土壤热导率。     

大气对流对土壤内热和水分迁移影响的数值模拟

对土壤中热和水分迁移过程进行了数值模拟及实验验证。理论上,通过对土壤内热和水分迁移机理分析,根据质量守恒和能量守恒原理,建立了土壤非饱和区热和水分迁移的理论模型。并对大气对流条件下土壤内热和水分迁移进行了数值模拟。实验上,对大气对流环境条件下土壤内热、水分迁移过程进行了研究。通过数值计算和实验测量,获得了不同大气对流速度作用下土壤中温度、含水率分布。     

Comparison of Different Models to Simulate Soil Temperature and Moisture Effects on Nitrogen Mineralization in the Soil

The rate of mineralization of organic nitrogen (N) in soils depends on environmental factors, specially temperature and water content. In this paper, different models that describe temperature and water content effects on mineralization are examined and the values of the factors used in the different models are compared. The results of mineralization simulations, using the different models at different levels of water content and temperature, are compared with experimental field data from the literature. The results show that the principal differences are found at temperatures greater than 25°C and at water content levels near saturation and near permanent wilting point. The different models were used for an estimation of net mineralized N under field conditions in a soil with ryegrass by using a deterministic model of water and N transport in the soil. The results confirm the differences of moisture and temperature effects on mineralization when the soil became very dry and wet during the rainy months.     

利用两区和两流区模型模拟氯离子在黑垆土中的迁移过程

以原状长武黑垆土为研究对象,针对不同输入方式、不同孔隙水流速条件下的氯离子溶质迁移过程,分析原状土壤中大孔隙存在条件下溶质迁移的特征,对两区模型和两流区模型的各拟合参数进行对比和分析。结果表明:大小脉冲输入条件下,氯离子浓度在试验土柱中均随穿透试验的进行呈现先增加而后降低的趋势,其峰值大小及其出现位置随孔隙水流速变化差异显著,且小脉冲输入时溶质穿透曲线较大脉冲时的不对称和拖尾现象更为显著;两流区模型相对于两区模型可较好描述氯离子的穿透曲线;两模型所得模拟参数随孔隙水流速的变化差异性较大。两模型拟合所得弥散度(λ)随孔隙水流速的变化趋势相同,但两流区模型拟合的弥散度大两区模型拟合值2个数量级。两模型拟合所得可动水含量(β)均随孔隙水流速的增加相应增加,而质量交换系数(α)值均极小。