Comparison of behavioral characteristics of hatchery-reared and wild red tilefish Branchiostegus japonicus released in Maizuru Bay by using acoustic biotelemetry

ABSTRACT:   In order to establish techniques for the stock enhancement of red tilefish Branchiostegus japonicus , it is important to understand the behavioral characteristic of both hatchery-reared and wild fish. Four hatchery-reared and six wild fish were released and tracked using acoustic biotelemetry in Maizuru Bay, Kyoto, Japan, from August 2003 to February 2004. Data for the four wild fish released and tracked from January 2003 to May 2003 were also referred to for analysis. The released fish moved around in relatively large areas within about 10 days after the release, and then three hatchery-reared and two wild fish settled and stayed within limited areas. Fish of both origins showed strong site fidelity and diel activity patterns, i.e. they were detectable in the day but not at night, probably due to hiding behavior in their burrows at night. However, some discrepancies between fish of both origins were detected by comparing their track terms and activity patterns in detail. These discrepancies are probably attributable to the differences in environmental conditions that the fish had experienced before release.     

Deep water longline selectivity for black spot seabream (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pagellus bogaraveo</Emphasis>) in the Strait of Gibraltar

Species and size selectivity of the deep water longline traditionally used in commercial fishing of the black spot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) were studied in the Strait of Gibraltar with four sizes of hooks. Black spot seabream contributed up to 88% of the catch by number. Catch and by-catch rates differed for the different hooks and fishing trials. Significant differences in average fish length between all hooks, except in one case, were found. The comparison of two experimental fishing trials within 4 years indicates a displacement towards smaller sizes in the size frequency distributions. The results of this study show that the fishing gear can be size selective depending on hook size. The fitted selectivity models for each experiments were very different despite having two hooks in common. This is probably due to the very different catch size distributions in the two periods, which suggests that the population size structure changed significantly between 2000/2001 and 2004/2005.     

东海日本鲭繁殖群体生物学特征的年代际变化

利用1960–2012年间3个时间段共1054尾东海日本鲭(Scomber japonicus)繁殖群体的基础生物学数据,对其群体组成、肥满度、性比、性成熟长度等繁殖特征的年代际变化进行了研究。结果表明,随着时间的推移,东海日本鲭繁殖群体的年龄结构和优势年龄组、肥满度指数、最小和平均性成熟长度都呈现出逐渐下降的趋势。各年代的性比均符合1∶1关系(P0.05),但呈现升高的趋势。与前2个年代相比,21世纪初期有大量1龄鱼加入繁殖群体,这有助于提高繁殖群体的数量。各年代的雌雄鱼性成熟长度之间无显著性差异(P0.05),但最小和平均性成熟长度均表现为雄鱼略大于雌鱼。面对近50年来不断增强的捕捞压力,日本鲭主要采取降低性成熟年龄、提高性腺指数、增加群体中的雌性比例、提高相对繁殖力和减小卵径等自身调节机制来保持种群的延续。针对上述日本鲭繁殖群体的生物学长期变化特征,为了保持该鱼类资源的种群平衡和渔业可持续利用,文章提出了3点渔业管理建议,分别是控制中上层渔业捕捞努力量并制定渔船及网具标准、在主要产卵场设立产卵亲体保护区及在幼鱼索饵场设立特殊禁渔期、针对日本鲭渔业实施TAC管理制度。     

Individual consistency between diel activity during rearing and behavior after release in red tilefish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Branchiostegus japonicus</Emphasis> revealed by laboratory observation and acoustic telemetry

ABSTRACT:   To determine characteristics which may reflect the behavioral quality of red tilefish Branchiostegus japonicus after release, five wild and four hatchery-reared fish were observed in a laboratory and in the sea. The diel activity of the fish was recorded on video tape for 2 days in a tank, where the light condition was regulated to vary periodically over 24 h. The individuals were then released in Maizuru Bay and tracked using acoustic telemetry. Four wild individuals became most active at dawn during a day in the tank, and settled near the release area to stay for 28–104 days after release in Maizuru Bay. In contrast, one wild and four hatchery-reared individuals were not active at dawn, and then did not settle in Maizuru Bay after release. Among the four settled wild individuals, the more active a fish had been in the tank, the more distant the individual moved from the release point until its settlement. The diel activity pattern should be a factor deciding whether red tilefish would settle nearby after release, and the relative amount of activity during rearing is probably related to the degree of dispersion within the release area.     

东海北部、黄海南部方头鱼资源调查

方头鱼属暖水性底层鱼类,据记载中国有4种。本文报导的是1998年8月-2004年6月在27°00′~34°00′N、128°00′E以西海域深水流网作业捕捞的日本方头鱼(Branchiostegus japonious)和白方头鱼(Branchiostegusalbus)混合群体的生物学特性和资源状况。本海域方头鱼捕捞群体体长范围100~390mm,平均体长223.9mm。体重范围30~1470g,平均体重231.5g,捕捞群体1~9龄,以1~3龄为主,体长与体重关系呈幂函数曲线增长,雄鱼平均体长、体重比同龄雌鱼大,但肥满度雌鱼略高。捕捞群体雌、雄比例接近1∶1.2。浙江近海有产卵场,主要产卵期在4-8月。方头鱼属广食性肉食性鱼类,在繁殖期间不停食。本海域的日本方头鱼主群分布在126°00′E以东海域,白方头鱼主群分布在124°00′E以西海域,124°00′~126°00′E为混栖区域。方头鱼在深水流网作业渔获总重量中约占30%,居其它种类之首。目前方头鱼资源虽未见明显衰败,但与早期比较,其产量占深水流网总渔获量比重已明显下降。因此,必须合理利用,保护该种资源维持相对稳定。     

Distribution and abundance of copepod nauplii in southern part of the East China Sea: implications for prey availability to jack mackerel Trachurus japonicus larvae

In the southern part of the East China Sea (ECS), a large spawning ground of jack mackerel Trachurus japonicus has recently been found: Larval survival during the period of transport from the spawning ground along the shelf break is potentially a critical stage prior to recruitment. As such, the distribution of copepod nauplii in this region was investigated during the main spawning period in 2003–2006. The average naupliar density in 2003 was significantly higher than the other years along the shelf break, which is a major transport pathway for jack mackerel larvae (sea-surface temperature 20–23°C). Estimated egg production rates for Paracalanus spp., one of the most dominant genera of copepods in the southern ECS, based on temperature and chlorophyll-a concentration could not fully explain the spatial and annual variation in naupliar distribution and abundance. Although naupliar densities showed significant positive correlations with chlorophyll-a concentration for all years, an analysis of covariance revealed that naupliar density in 2003 was high even if the effect of chlorophyll-a concentration was excluded. This suggests that apart from copepod production, adult female distribution plays an important role in variability of the naupliar distribution and abundance in the southern ECS.     

基于SELECT模型的南海金线鱼刺网选择性研究

为研究流刺网网目尺寸对金线鱼(Nemipterus virgatus)的选择性, 2008年5月于南海北部渔场用网目尺寸分别为40 mm、45 mm、50 mm、55 mm和60 mm的刺网进行了共同捕捞试验。在SELECT(Share Each LEngthclasss Catch Total)模型的架构下, 用Normal、Gama 和Bi-normal概率模型拟合刺网对金线鱼的选择性, 根据赤池信息指数(Akaike's Information Criterion, AIC)值评价并选出最佳拟合模型。结果表明, 试验共捕获金线鱼185尾, 金线鱼众数体长随网目尺寸的增加而增大; Gama的估计分隔模型AIC值在所有模型中最小(466.55), 将其作为最佳拟合模型; 刺网对金线鱼的相对作业强度(Pi)大小顺序依次为40 mm60 mm55 mm45 mm50mm; 40 mm、45 mm、50 mm、55 mm和60 mm刺网对体长150 mm金线鱼的选择率分别为98.39% 、80.94% 、39.30% 、13.70% 和3.87%。该研究认为将50 mm作为金线鱼刺网的最小网目尺寸不足以达到保护渔业资源的目的, 建议将南海区金线鱼刺网最小网目尺寸增加到55 mm。     

GLM和GAM模型研究东黄海鲐资源渔场与环境因子的关系

鲐是我国近海重要中上层鱼类,研究其资源变动、渔场分布与时空、海洋环境因子之间的关系有利于该资源的合理开发和利用.根据1998-2004年我国东黄海大型鲐围网渔业的生产统计和时间、空间、表温、表层盐度、表温梯度、表温的月差异等环境数据,利用广义可加模型(GAM)和广义线性模型(GLM)对鲐资源丰度和环境因子的关系进行研究.结果表明,在南部海域,作业渔场集中在122.5°E～124°E、26.5°N～28°N,适宜表温26.5～30℃,适宜表层盐度33.3～34.3,并明显集中在锋区周边海域;在北部海域,作业渔场集中在122.5°E～125.5°E、33°N～37.5°N,适宜表温15～20℃,适宜表层盐度31.3～32.3,集中在冷水区边缘海域.相对资源密度指数大于0.5的海域为122°30'E～124°30'E、26°30'N～28°N,122°30'E～125°30'E、33°N～34°30'N和124°E～125°E、34°30'N～37°N.研究认为,南北不同海域鲐分布的适宜表温和表层盐度差异明显.影响鲐资源丰度的环境因子重要性依次为时间、空间和海洋环境.     

南海北部近海竹荚鱼资源密度的概率分布型特征

竹荚鱼(Trachurusjaponicus)是中国南海北部近海主要渔获物之一,其空间分布具有非均匀性。根据2014—2017年南海北部近海两个周期(2014—2015年为第1周期, 2016—2017年为第2周期)的底拖网调查数据,以单位捕捞努力量(catchperuniteffort,CPUE)表征资源密度,采用柯尔莫可洛夫-斯米洛夫检验(Kolmogorov-Smirnov,K-S test)探索了11种概率分布特征。结果表明,南海北部陆架区竹荚鱼不具明显的概率分布特征,而北部湾海域竹荚鱼资源密度服从对数正态分布型且第二周期较第一周期更为显著。同时,采用基于对数正态理论模型法(对数正态模型与Delta模型)与调查设计法(均值法)对该海域进行资源密度估值比较,发现基于对数正态理论模型更切合竹荚鱼资源密度结构分布特征,而在对数正态理论模型中Delta模型法更适用于该物种资源密度估值。     

东海带鱼渔获量对捕捞压力和气候变动的响应

为了解捕捞压力和气候变动对东海带鱼渔业产量的共同影响,对1956-2006年东海带鱼渔获量进行了分析.东海带鱼渔获量时间序列可划分成变化趋势和年间变动.变化趋势主要归因于捕捞努力量的单调增长,Fox模型拟合结果,东海带鱼渔获量与捕捞努力量关系显著(P＜0.01).移除趋势后,其年间变动与陆地降水、季风风速、海表水温和热带气旋影响指数相关(P＜0.05).结果表明,气候变动影响到东海带鱼渔获量年间变动:陆地降雨和径流携带大量营养盐进入沿岸生态系统;而季风则驱动营养盐的扩散和循环,影响着营养盐的利用效率;水温的升高不仅有利于带鱼的性腺发育与成熟,还能增加带鱼的饵料供应;热带气旋所形成的水团流动、风生混合、上升流等能促进营养盐供应并增加水域的生物量.从捕捞努力量和气候变量拟合东海带鱼渔获量的结果来看,与实际渔获量显著相关(P＜0.01),并且能够很好地反映出实际带鱼渔获量的变化趋势和年间变动.这说明渔获量的变化受到捕捞效应和气候变动的双重影响,未来气候变化将有利于东海带鱼渔业产量的增加,且渔获量年间变动幅度将会比以往更大.     

东海近海蟹笼网目尺寸对三疣梭子蟹的选择性

不断壮大的东海近海笼壶渔业对三疣梭子蟹（Portunus trituberculatus）等甲壳类资源造成了巨大的压力,实施养护幼蟹的管理措施已成为渔业管理者和生产者的共同呼声。本研究通过海上对比试验,分析了放大网目尺寸对蟹笼渔获效率的影响,运用SELECT模型估算了蟹笼对三疣梭子蟹的尺寸选择性,结合混合影响模型探讨了作业时间和可捕群体对选择性分析的影响。结果显示,对照蟹笼（网目尺寸32.0 mm）与试验蟹笼（网目尺寸分别为52.3 mm和59.7 mm）的三疣梭子蟹渔获甲宽分布存在显著性差异;SELECT模型拟合结果显示试验蟹笼与对照蟹笼的相对作业强度无显著性差异,网目尺寸分别为52.3 mm和59.7 mm的试验蟹笼对三疣梭子蟹的50%选择甲宽（CW₅₀）分别为86.9 mm和90.9 mm,选择范围分别为15.9 mm和9.2 mm。试验蟹笼的CW₅₀远未达到浙江省等当前的最小可捕尺寸规定,表明蟹笼渔业中仅依靠放大网目尺寸可能难以实现幼蟹的有效释放。结果分析显示,在此次试验中作业时间和可捕群体的数量对蟹笼的选择性没有显著性影响。     

东海区单层流刺网对棘绿鳍鱼的选择性

为了明晰东海区单层流刺网对棘绿鳍鱼的选择性特征,开展不同网目尺寸(45、50和55 mm)和网片高度(6和10 m)的单层流刺网生产实验。结果显示,不同实验网渔获物中棘绿鳍鱼体长频率呈单峰分布;选用Normal、Lognormal和Gamma模型对渔获数据进行拟合,并使用极大似然法估算模型参数,似然比卡方检验和赤池信息系数(AIC)比较表明,Lognormal模型拟合效果最佳,其卡方值为30.65,明显小于临界值,AIC值为147.78,模型曲线向右倾斜明显,峰值左侧选择率递增较快,右侧下降缓慢,与原始数据相符;50 mm网目50%选择性体长为123 mm,有效捕捞体长范围为123~209 mm;根据遭遇网具的棘绿鳍鱼资源结构估算结果,实验海域棘绿鳍鱼体长频率呈正态分布,优势体长范围为125~185 mm,与早期研究结果相近;50 mm网目有效捕捞体长范围与当前资源优势体长范围相近,可实现捕捞效率的最大化;总体上两种高度(6和10 m)实验网渔获物中,棘绿鳍鱼体长频率分布相似,优势体长范围相近,上述两种网片高度对棘绿鳍鱼资源的影响差异不显著。上述研究结果可为近海渔业生产和管理提供参考。     

1999—2011年东、黄海鲐资源丰度年间变化分析

根据1999—2011年我国鲐大型灯光围网渔业数据,使用广义线性模型(generalized linear model,GLM)和广义加性模型(generalized additive model,GAM)估算了影响CPUE的时间(年、月)、空间(经度、纬度)、捕捞性能和环境效应[海表面温度(sea surface temperature,SST)、海表面高度、海表面叶绿素浓度],并以年效应作为资源丰度指数,分析了东、黄海鲐资源丰度的年间变化,东、黄海鲐资源丰度指数的年间变化与产卵场海表面温度以及捕捞强度间的关系。GAM结果表明,时间、空间、捕捞和环境变量对CPUE偏差的解释率为11.69%,其中变量年的解释率最大,占总解释率的38%。结果显示,1999—2011年东、黄海鲐鱼资源丰度指数(abundance index,AI)总体上呈下降趋势,2008年以来更是持续下降,丰度指数由2008年的1.22降至2011年的0.82。东、黄海鲐资源丰度指数年间与产卵场呈正相关,关系式为AI=-3.51+0.23SST(P0.05),这表明较高的产卵场SST对鲐资源量增加有利。过高的渔获量以及我国群众围网渔业渔船数量的快速增长是导致近年来鲐鱼资源下降的重要原因。     

Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation of Japanese anchovy <Emphasis Type="Italic">Engraulis japonicus</Emphasis> from the Yellow Sea and East China Sea

Sequence variation of a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene was examined using polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing among three populations of Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus from the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. A total of 24 and 47 nucleotide sites were detected variable defining 29 and 32 haplotypes in cyt b and COI data, respectively. All variable sites except one in COI were silent in the two sets of sequences. The Ewens-Watterson test indicated that the observed allelic configurations in both data sets were in full agreement with neutral expectations. The variation level was high, with h=0.957±0.018, π=0.644±0.387 (%) in cyt b data set and h=0.958±0.021, π=0.640±0.386 (%) in COI data set, respectively. However, at the population level, Fst values between pairs of populations were not significantly different from zero (P>0.05) in both data sets. The analysis of haplotype frequency distribution showed no significant differences among populations. Similarly, the analysis of the partitioning of molecular variance indicated that all or almost all of the genetic variation was distributed within populations. Based on the data from this study, the existence of separate genetic stocks in this area were not detected. Mixing of stocks to some extent in migration cycle and dispersal capacity of anchovy’s planktonic larvae could be the reasons for genetic homogeneity in this species in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea.     

利用角质颚形态判别东海两种常见枪乌贼

为了尝试利用角质颚对东海2种常见枪乌贼类种类进行判别,本研究对2015年11月采集的69尾中国枪乌贼和100尾杜氏枪乌贼的角质颚,采用主成分分析法、逐步判别分析法、傅里叶法对2种枪乌贼进行种类判别。结果显示,在所有12个形态参数的比较中,中国枪乌贼和杜氏枪乌贼都存在极显著差异,杜氏枪乌贼角质颚在雌雄群体间存在显著差异。采用逐步判别分析法对2种枪乌贼进行分类,中国枪乌贼判别正确率为92.4%,杜氏枪乌贼为85.3%,总判别正确率为88.2%。根据主成分分析结果,以2种枪乌贼主成分特征值大于1的因子中,负载值最高的形态参数比例指标构建判别函数,中国枪乌贼的判别正确率为98.5%,杜氏枪乌贼为84.2%,总判别正确率为90.1%。分雌雄对2种枪乌贼进行分类判别,雄性的总判别正确率为83.3%,雌性为97.8%。利用傅里叶法进行判别分析,基于上颚的判别总正确率为83.3%,基于下颚的判别总正确率为95.0%。研究表明,角质颚外部形态可用于2个枪乌贼种类的判别。     

日本鬼鲉脊柱和附肢骨骼的早期发育

通过软骨-硬骨双染色的方法对日本鬼鲉从初孵仔鱼到35日龄的发育过程中脊柱和附肢骨骼的发育进行系统观察.结果显示,脊柱的发育以10日龄髓弓的出现和1 1日龄脉弓的发育为起点;其中,椎体、髓棘、脉棘在20日龄形成,至35日龄基本完成骨化并伴随着躯椎的弯曲,并且发育和骨化顺序均为从前向后.附肢骨骼的发育顺序依次为胸鳍、尾鳍、臀鳍、背鳍和腹鳍.胸鳍的发育以3日龄胸鳍的匙骨、支鳍骨原基的出现为起点,11日龄软骨质的胸鳍支鳍骨形成,35日龄胸鳍下端支鳍骨游离.腰带和腹鳍出现较晚,在18日龄开始发育,但发育较快.背鳍和臀鳍出现在20日龄,23日龄时出现完整背鳍和臀鳍形态,并伴随着鳍棘的发生;背鳍从身体中部出现,此后鳍棘由前向后发育,而臀鳍从身体中部向后发育.尾鳍发育以8日龄仔鱼尾下骨的发育为起点,15日龄尾鳍基本成型,尾下骨和尾鳍条分为上下两部分.35日龄尾鳍支鳍骨形成并初步完成骨化.对日本鬼鲉脊柱和附肢骨骼的早期发育研究,为早期发育过程中的功能适应性研究提供依据.     

东黄海大黄鱼洄游路线的研究

依据我国10多个主要渔业公司1971-1982年共12年的大黄鱼捕捞统计资料,从产量分布、鱼群移动等方面,研究了东黄海大黄鱼的洄游路线。结果显示,东黄海大黄鱼只有一个种群,两处越冬场。其中,外海越冬场主要位于30°00′N~32°00′N,124°00′E~126°00′E水域,近海越冬场位于浙江中南部和福建北部禁渔线外侧。每年3-4月,外海越冬场鱼群向西进入舟山渔场和长江口渔场;5月,这部分鱼群部分向西北进入吕泗渔场沿海产卵,另一部分向西进入舟山群岛沿海的岱衢洋、大衢洋、黄泽洋和大目洋等水域产卵;到了6月,在长江口和吕泗渔场近海形成索饵群体;6-8月,索饵群体北上黄海南部近海索饵;9月,索饵群体前锋到达34°00′N禁渔线外侧;10月以后,随着冷空气南下,索饵场的大黄鱼向南做越冬洄游,并且在10月回到长江口。从这里,一部分群体游向外海越冬场,一部分群体继续南下回到东海中南部近海的越冬场。浙江中南部和福建北部禁渔线外侧近海越冬的大黄鱼群体,在春季产卵洄游中,部分北上在舟山渔场与外海来的鱼群汇合,进一步游向吕泗渔场和舟山群岛沿海产卵,部分就近游向沿岸的猫头洋、洞头洋、乐清湾、官井洋和东引岛等水域产卵,产卵后的群体在产卵场附近索饵,冬季回到就近的越冬场。     

黄海、东海近海七个棘头梅童鱼地理群体的形态差异分析

对2013年采自连云港、大丰、崇明、舟山、宁德、厦门和温州的7个棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus)群体共238个个体进行形态学比较研究,运用单因素方差分析、主成分分析、聚类分析和判别分析等多元统计分析方法对13项可量性状以及20项框架参数进行形态差异分析。单因素方差分析结果显示,7个地理群体之间确实存在显著性差异;主成分分析得到的4个主成分对不同群体间总差异的贡献率分别为53.131%、9.328%、4.249%和3.406%,累积贡献率为70.113%,躯干部最能用以区分不同的地理种群;主成分分析和聚类分析结果基本一致,认为7个棘头梅童鱼地理群体在形态上不存在明显的南北分化现象;通过判别分析得到14个比例变量并构建判别函数,将7个群体的数据代入函数,得到群体的综合判别率为85.3%,判别准确率P1为62.5%~96.7%(群体判别正确的尾数/群体的实际尾数),P2为78.1%~90.6%(判别正确的尾数/判入该群体的尾数),舟山群体由于其特殊的地理因素,判别准确率较低(P1=62.5%,P2=78.1%)。本研究为棘头梅童鱼地理种群判别、种质资源保护以及良种选育等提供了基础的形态学数据。