南荻同源四倍体光合生理特性的研究

为揭示南荻同源四倍体的光合生理特性,以二倍体为对照,研究了盆栽条件下南荻同源四倍体生长过程中光合作用参数、地上部鲜重和干重的变化。结果表明：在整个生育期南荻同源四倍体的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均呈先增加后减少的单峰曲线变化,胞间CO2浓度呈先升高后降低再升高的趋势,其光合特性优于二倍体。南荻同源四倍体植株地上部鲜重随生育期推进呈先增加后降低的趋势。与生长初期相比,南荻同源四倍体收获期植株地上部干物质量显著增加。南荻同源四倍体生长生理特性优于二倍体。相关分析表明：在整个生育期南荻同源四倍体净光合速率与气孔导度之间正相关极显著;在生育后期南荻同源四倍体净光合速率与胞间CO2浓度负相关极显著。表明不同生长时期影响南荻同源四倍体光合作用的参数不同,南荻同源四倍体生长生理与其光合特性密切相关。     

α-萘乙酸对干旱和复水处理下大豆幼苗生长和光合作用的影响

以大豆品种南农99-6为材料,通过盆栽试验研究了α-萘乙酸对干旱和复水处理下大豆幼苗生长和光合作用的影响.结果表明:干旱抑制了大豆的生长,植株的生物量和叶面积的增长速率降低,叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和蒸腾速率等生理指标急剧下降.复水后大豆生长状况得到改善,植株的生物量和叶面积的增...     

水分胁迫对黄秋葵生理以及光合特性的影响

设置4个水分胁迫处理(每3 d一次浇水,每7 d一次浇水,每15 d一次浇水和每30 d一次浇水),通过测定黄秋葵幼苗期、花期和收获期农艺性状,产量和产量构成因素、生理生化反应以及光合特性等指标,研究水分胁迫对黄秋葵生长、生理以及光合作用的影响。结果表明,随着水分胁迫程度的增加,各生育期黄秋葵农艺性状、籽粒产量以及产量构成因素均显著降低,重度缺水导致黄秋葵绝收;黄秋葵叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度均随着水分胁迫强度的增加而减少,叶片叶绿素含量随着水分胁迫程度增强,呈现先增加后降低的趋势;黄秋葵的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸、丙二醛含量均随着水分胁迫强度的增加而增加。     

干旱条件下土壤盐分对大豆生长及光合作用的影响

以盆栽大豆为材料,设置不同程度的土壤盐分(NaCl)、干旱及旱盐组合处理,然后测定各处理大豆植株的株高、生物量、光合作用指标以及植株的水分状况和Na~+、K~+含量,探索干旱条件下土壤盐分对大豆生长的影响及可能机制。结果表明:干旱和盐胁迫均可导致大豆叶片的净光合速率降低和生长量的减少,干旱还导致光合机构的严重损伤。但是,干旱和适量土壤盐分(100~150 mmol·L~(-1)NaCl)组合处理的大豆植株,其生长量、净光合速率和PSⅡ最大光化学效率都显著高于单一干旱处理。同时,旱盐组合处理的大豆叶片RWC、Na~+含量也高于单一干旱处理,水势和渗透势低于后者,且叶片Na~+含量与其渗透势降低显著相关。综合分析表明,在干旱条件下,土壤适量NaCl的存在使大豆能够吸收和积累更多Na~+等盐离子作为渗透调节物质,来降低渗透势、提高吸水能力,以改善植株的水分状况和光合性能,保持植株较高的生长速率,即土壤中适量盐分(NaCl)的存在可减轻干旱对大豆的负效应。     

低温胁迫对白及光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为了研究白及对低温胁迫的生理响应,以一年生白及为试材,分别进行22、18、14、10℃4个低温处理,之后再置于26℃进行恢复培养,分别于处理0、7、14、21、28 d和恢复培养的3、7 d测定叶片光合速率和叶绿素荧光动力学参数。结果表明,14和10℃处理下,白及叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)显著下降,胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)呈现先下降后上升的趋势,在14 d时Ci最低;叶绿素荧光参数F_o上升,F_v/F_m、Y(Ⅱ)、qP和ETR大幅度下降,植株不能恢复生长。说明10℃和14℃对白及叶片PSⅡ光合系统造成严重损害,导致植株不能正常生长。18和22℃处理下,Pn、Gs、Tr和Ci均缓慢下降,说明气孔因素是导致Pn下降的主要因素,其中18℃处理条件下F_o小幅度上升,而F_v/F_m、Y(Ⅱ)、qP和ETR有小幅度下降,说明PSⅡ光合系统受到轻微损伤,22℃处理7 d时,Y(Ⅱ)、qP和ETR有轻微下降,F_o轻微上升,之后无显著变化,而F_v/F_m一直处于正常范围之内,说明7 d后白及可以适应22℃的温度环境,且Fo、Y(Ⅱ)、qP和ETR的变化均在正常范围之内,未对白及的光合系统造成伤害。研究结果表明,10、14℃严重抑制了白及的生长和光合作用;18℃处理下,白及的生长形态未受到影响,但光合作用受到轻度抑制;22℃对白及的生长和光合作用不造成影响。     

果园草被残体浸提液对日本草种子发芽与幼苗生长的化感效应

采用生物检测方法，研究果园草被植株残体浸提液处理后的日本草种子萌发和幼苗生长的变化。结果表明：（1）10％浓度浸提液处理果园土壤时，会影响果园杂草的萌发及优势种日本草根冠比；（2）用不同浓度果园草被的植株残体浸提液砂培日本草种子时，都会降低发芽势和发芽率，且竹节草处理的效果最明显，达到差异显著（p<0.05）或极显著水平（p<0.01）；（3）百喜草处理促进日本草幼苗生长，宽叶雀稗处理效果相反；竹节草处理5.0％和10.0％时抑制日本草根生长，而其它处理促进了日本草根生长；（4）不同处理的日本草生物量都不同程度地小于对照，且竹节草处理的效果最明显，达到差异显著或极显著水平；（5）各处理对受体日本草的化感综合效应指数都小于对照，起抑制作用，竹节草处理抑制效果最明显。     

施用生物有机肥对可可苗期生长及土壤酶活性的影响

通过温室盆栽试验研究施用不同生物有机肥对可可苗期生长及土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明:施用生物有机肥BIOa和BIOb的处理可可植株干重,总根长、根系直径、根系表面积和根系总体积显著高于对照(单施化肥)及施用牛粪的处理;施用生物有机肥BIOa的处理可可叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和叶绿素含量与对照相比分别增加了169％、270％和28％;施用BIOa的处理土壤酸性磷酸酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性与对照相比显著提高了98.7％、92.2％和83.2％.综上所述,施用生物有机肥BIO可显著促进可可地上部植株和根系生长,同时也可显著提高相关土壤酶活性.     

增强UV-B辐射对芒果株产和果实品质及光合作用的影响

为了解增强UV-B辐射对芒果成年树株产、果实品质和光合作用的影响，以金煌芒果成年树为试验材料，在田间以40 W为梯度设置40~200 W的增强UV-B辐射处理，以自然光照为对照(CK)，观测了芒果树单株产量、果实主要营养风味品质以及叶片光合色素含量、气孔导度(Gs)、净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)在果实生长发育期间的动态变化。结果表明，80 W以上辐射强度的增强UV-B辐射显著地引起芒果减产和果实营养风味品质变劣；在增强UV-B辐射的一定强度范围内，随UV-B 辐射强度增强，叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量、气孔导度、净光合速率和蒸腾速率等均表现为下降趋势。可见，增强UV-B辐射对金煌芒果成年树株产、果实品质、叶片光合作用和蒸腾作用等产生了不利影响，且其呈现出剂量效应和累积效应。     

不同水分处理对甘蔗光合作用的影响

甘蔗伸长期间，智能模拟自然降雨，进行降雨量为60、40、20、0mm／旬的水分处理。试验结果表明：0mm／旬处理＋1叶的叶绿素含量、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率、净光合速率很低；各灌水处理中，40mm／旬处理的叶绿素含量、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率、净光合速率高而稳定。     

不同氮素水平对营养生长期南荻植株光合特性的影响

为揭示南荻(Triarrhena lutarioriparia L.Liu)在不同氮素水平下的光合生理特性,本研究采用盆栽试验,比较了四倍体南荻在5种不同施氮水平处理下光合作用参数之间的差异.结果表明,在0 ～4 g/株氮素水平范围内,随着施氮量的增加,各处理净光合速率(Pn)、叶绿素含量随之增加.净光合速率较高的处理其植株的气孔导度(G8)、蒸腾速率(Tr)也较高,而胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)较低.在施氮水平为4g/株时,南荻叶片净光合速率和叶绿素含量达最大值,分别为24.47 μmol/m2·s和3.64 mg/g.叶绿素含量与净光合速率呈显著正相关(r =0.892*).不同施氨水平南荻植株光响应曲线不同,施氮可提高南荻暗呼吸速率(Rd)和光补偿点(LCP);在施氮为2g/株和4g/株处理时有较高的表观量子效率(AQY);在2～4g/株氮素水平范围内,植株最大净光合速率较大.     

不同程度干旱胁迫对马铃薯幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

试验以马铃薯品种美康1号原种一代为材料,用盆栽方法人工模拟土壤干旱条件,设置土壤田间最大持水量的80%、60%、40%和20%4个水分处理水平,研究了不同程度干旱胁迫对马铃薯幼苗生长和生理特性的影响,结果表明：苗期土壤含水量为田间最大持水量80%（CK）时,株高、茎粗、单株叶面积、地上部鲜重均最大,随土壤含水量的降低和...     

Functions of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium in Energy Status and Their Influences on Rice Growth and Development

Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are important essential nutrients for plant growth and development, but their functions in energy status remains unclear. Here, we grew Nipponbare rice seedlings in a growth chamber for 20 d at 30 °C/24 °C (day/night) under natural sunlight conditions with different nutrient regimes. The results showed that N had the strongest influence on the plant growth and development, followed by P and K. The highest nonstructural carbohydrate content, dry matter weight, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), ATP content, as well as NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase and ATPase activities were found in the plants that received sufficient N, P and K. The lowest values of these parameters were detected in the N-deficient plants. Higher dry matter accumulation was observed in the K-deficient than in the P-deficient treatments, but there was no significant difference in the ratio of respiration rate to Pn between these two treatments, suggesting that differences in energy production efficiency may have accounted for this result. This hypothesis was confirmed by higher ATP contents and activities of NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase and ATPase in the K-deficient plants than in the P-deficient plants. We therefore inferred different abilities in energy production efficiency among N, P and K in rice seedlings, which determined rice plant growth and development.     

Comparative Effects of Salt Stress and Extreme pH Stress Combined on Glycinebetaine Accumulation, Photosynthetic Abilities and Growth Characters of Two Rice Genotypes

Glycinebetaine (Glybet) accumulation, photosynthetic efficiency and growth performance in indica rice cultivated under salt stress and extreme pH stress were investigated. Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) activity and Glybet accumulation in the seedlings of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive rice varieties grown under saline and acidic conditions peaked after treatment for 72 h and 96 h, respectively, and were higher than those grown under neutral pH and alkaline salt stress. A positive correlation was found between BADH activity and Glybet content in both salt-tolerant (r2=0.71) and salt-sensitive (r2=0.86) genotypes. The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and total carotenoids contents in the stressed seedlings significantly decreased under both acidic and alkaline stresses, especially in the salt-sensitive genotype. Similarly, the maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), photon yield of PSII ((PSII), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in the stressed seedlings were inhibited, leading to overall growth reduction. The positive correlations between chlorophyll a content and Fv/Fm, total chlorophyll content and (PSII, (PSII and Pn as well as Pn and leaf area in both salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive genotypes were found. Saline acidic and saline alkaline soils may play a key role affecting vegetative growth prior to the reproductive stage in rice plants.     

拔节后补灌对不同穗型冬小麦耗水和籽粒产量的影响

为探究拔节期和开花期不同补灌方案对不同穗型冬小麦耗水特性、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响,于2017-2019年在山东省泰安市以大穗型品种山农23和中多穗型品种山农29为试验材料,以拔节后无灌水(T1)为对照,设置拔节期补灌目标为0~20 cm土层相对含水率达100%田间持水率(T2)、拔节期和开花期补灌目标为0~20 cm土层相对含水率达100%田间持水率(T3)和拔节期补灌目标为0~40 cm土层相对含水率达100%田间持水率(T4) 3种补灌方案。结果表明,拔节后不同补灌方案对大穗型和多穗型小麦品种影响基本一致。与T1处理相比,T4处理显著提高了0~100 cm土层土壤相对含水率,使60~100 cm土层土壤相对含水率在开花期仍保持较高水平;T3处理显著提高了拔节期0～60 cm和开花期0~40 cm土层土壤相对含水率。与T3处理相比,T4处理的拔节至开花阶段耗水量增加了28.9%,其中对上层土壤总供水的表观消耗量增加了66.4%;T4处理在开花至成熟阶段对深层土壤总供水的表观消耗量增加了68.0%,对上层土壤总供水的表观消耗量降低了37.4%。在开花至成熟期降水较多(121.2 mm)的年份,T4处理的开花至成熟阶段耗水量、开花后旗叶净光合速率和籽粒产量相对于T3处理均无显著变化,但总耗水量较高,水分利用效率显著降低;在开花至成熟期降水较少(45.2 mm)的年份,T4处理的开花至成熟期的阶段耗水量、开花后旗叶净光合速率、籽粒产量和水分利用效率较T3处理均显著降低。因此,在小麦全生育期降水量为111.6~220.2 mm、开花后降水量为45.2~121.2 mm的条件下,大穗型和中多穗型小麦品种均以在拔节期和开花期将0~20 cm土层补灌至100%田间持水率的补灌方案最优,可同时实现高产和高水分利用效率。     

杂种稻在不同温度条件下的光合适应性和光合生产力的研究

 在人工气候箱控温条件下比较了杂种稻Lemont／七桂早（Leｅ／七）及其亲本Lemont和七桂早对短期高温中浊处理条件下的光合适应性和光合生产力。当早稻试验植株从室外平均高温29.4℃移至箱内经41℃处理3 h后，七桂早及Lemont两个亲本的单叶净光合速率下降80%左右，而杂种稻L3／七只下降了约50%，表现了较强的抗“高温＋中等强光”所引起的光抑制伤害。Le／七的作物生长率（CGR）及总生物量，无论在早季或晚季，无论在高温或中温条件下，都比双亲明显为高。结合以前关于高低光强适应性试验结果综合分析，可以认为由于光合作用的杂种优势，Le/七在光合适应性及光合生产力方面均比亲本有了明显的提高。     

干旱胁迫对入侵植物假臭草幼苗生长和生理生态指标的影响

在控水条件下,研究干旱胁迫对入侵植物假臭草幼苗生长和生理生态指标的影响.结果表明,假臭草在干旱胁迫下,幼苗生长受到抑制;幼苗叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率均随着土壤含水量的减少而降低;体内的丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)、叶绿素含量均发生了不同程度的变化.表明假臭草体内存有抗旱的机制,能够适应多种生境,这可能是其成为人侵植物的原因之一.     

不同菌渣施用比例对水稻秧苗素质的影响

以晶两优534和甬优1540为材料,于2021年在贵州省兴义市开展菌渣不同施用比例（体积比为20%、40%、60%和80%）对水稻秧苗素质影响的试验。结果表明,与耕作土育秧（对照）相比,育秧基质中施用一定比例菌渣对水稻秧苗根数、茎基宽等农艺性状和干物质积累等影响不显著;随着菌渣施用比例的增加,秧苗的整齐度增加,25 d秧龄时,菌渣施用比例为60%和80%的处理,2个品种秧苗的整齐度分别比对照高9.8%~13.1%和12.0%~19.4%,差异显著,40 d秧龄时各处理间整齐度差异不显著;相比对照,施用菌渣的处理秧苗叶片叶绿素含量升高,尤其是40 d秧龄施用60%和80%菌渣的处理,2个品种叶片叶绿素含量分别比对照高13.4%~35.9%和7.6%~17.3%。因此,在耕作土中混合60%~80%体积的菌渣有利于提高秧苗的整齐度和叶片叶绿素含量,提高秧苗素质。     

Recovery Effect of Root Soaking in Brassinosteroid (BR) on Transplanting Shock of Hydroponically Grown Long-Mat Rice Seedlings Under Mechanical Transplanting

【Objective】Mechanical transplanting results in serious transplanting shock of rice seedlings and a longer recovery stage, which negatively impacts the growth of rice seedlings in the paddy field and the yield formation of machine-transplanted rice. The objective of the research is to investigate the effects of brassinosteroid (BR) soaking on transplanting shock and grain yield of hydroponically grown long-mat seedlings (HLMS) under mechanical transplanting. 【Method】We analyzed the effects of different concentrations of BR (CK, T1, T10, T20, BR concentrations of 0 mg/L, 1 mg/L, 10 mg/L, 20 mg/L in the nutrient solutions, respectively) soaking on morphological traits, dry matter accumulation, antioxidant system, endogenous hormone concentrations and grain yield of HLMS under mechanical transplanting. 【Result】Root soaking in BR could promote above-ground part growth of rice, the plant height under T1, T10, T20 was 11.68%, 8.12% and 7.61% higher than CK, respectively; and the effect on the root was more obvious, BR soaking significantly increased the root length, root surface area, root tip number, root volume, root diameter, root weight and root/shoot ratio. At low BR concentration, root tip overnumbered that at high BR concentration while other root system indicators were better under high concentration BR treatment. Compared with CK, BR (T1, T10, T20) soaking decreased the H2O2 content in leaves by 12.50%, 23.25% and 22.25% 12 days after transplanting, respectively, and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Compared with the day of transplanting, the zeatin (ZT) concentration in the leaves under BR soaking treatments increased rapidly (197.27%, 153.11% and 243.78%, respectively), while under CK treatment it increased slowly (2.94%), the root performance was consistent with leaves, and the auxin (IAA) concentration in the roots was significantly higher than that of CK on the second day after transplanting. The gibberellin (GA3) content of roots in BR soaking treatments was significantly higher than that of CK within one week after transplanting. Compared with CK, T10 significantly increased the number of spikelet per panicle by 15.04%, and the seed-setting rate by 6.62%. T20 obviously increased the seed-setting rate by 6.17%. However, T1, T10, and T20 notably decreased 1000-grain weight. The grain yield under T10 and T20 treatments (the corresponding values were 10.58 t/hm2 and 10.84 t/hm2) were 5.11% and 7.99% higher than CK (10.04 t/hm2), while grain yield under T1 (9.68 t/hm2) was 3.58% lower than that of CK, and there was no significant difference among these treatments. 【Conclusion】Briefly, BR （T10, T20）soaking at proper concentrations could mitigate the transplanting shock, increase antioxidant enzymes activities, decrease H2O2 content of leaves, improve the contents of ZT, GA3, and IAA to different extent, efficiently promote roots growth, increase the number of spikelet number per panicle and seed-setting rate of HLMS under mechanical transplanting. This study will lay a theoretical basis and provide technical reference for reducing machine-transplanting shock and promoting high and stable yield of mechanical transplanted rice.     

油菜素内酯浸根对水稻水卷苗机插植伤的修复效应

目的 探究油菜素内酯(Brassinolide, BR)浸根对机插水卷苗栽后本田生长及产量的影响。方法 以宁粳8号为试验材料,分析不同浓度BR(T1、T10、T20,分别表示水培营养液中BR浓度为1 mg/L、10 mg/L、20 mg/L)浸根对水卷苗机插本田后返青活棵及产量的影响,以正常水培营养液处理为对照(CK)。结果 BR浸根(T1、T10、T20)能够促进水稻地上部生长,栽插本田21d后株高较CK分别增加11.68%、8.12%和7.61%;BR浸根对水卷苗栽后根系的促生作用更为明显,不同浓度BR浸根对水卷苗栽后根长、根表面积、根尖数、根体积、根直径、根质量和根冠比均产生了显著影响,其中根尖数以低浓度BR处理效果更优,而其他根系指标均以高浓度BR处理效果更优。与CK相比,不同浓度BR浸根降低了叶片过氧化氢浓度(至移栽后12 d,分别降低12.50%、23.25%和22.25%),增强了叶片抗氧化酶活性;与移栽当天相比,移栽后第2天BR浸根处理叶片中玉米素(ZT)浓度迅速增加(分别为197.27%、153.11%和243.78%),而CK增加缓慢(2.94%),根系表现一致,且根系中生长素(IAA)浓度显著高于CK;同时BR处理在栽后一周内赤霉素(GA₃)浓度均明显高于对照。与CK相比,T10处理显著提高了每穗粒数和结实率(分别为15.04%和6.62%),T20处理显著提高了结实率(6.17%),但BR处理千粒重均显著下降,最终产量T10和T20处理较CK分别提高5.11%和7.99%。结论 适当浓度的BR(T10~T20)浸根能减轻水卷苗机插植伤,提高抗氧化酶活性,降低H₂O₂含量,提高ZT、GA₃和IAA浓度,高效地促进根系生长,提高了每穗粒数和结实率。本研究可为减轻机插植伤,促进机插水稻高产稳产提供理论依据和技术参考。     

土壤相对含水量对冬小麦氮素积累、蛋白质组成和加工品质的影响

为了解土壤相对含水量(SRWC)对冬小麦氮素利用和籽粒品质的影响,在防雨条件下,以高产强筋小麦品种皖麦38为材料,采用测墒补灌的方法,0~40cm土层SRWC在拔节期(J)设置65%、70%和75%3个水平,开花期(A)设65%和70%两个水平,分析了不同处理(分别用J65A65、J65A70、J70A65、J70A70、J75A65、J75A70)间冬小麦氮素积累、蛋白质组成和加工品质的差异。结果表明,在65%~75%范围内,随拔节期SRWC的提高,小麦开花期各器官的氮素积累量显著增加;J70A70处理的成熟期籽粒氮素积累量与J75A65和J75A70处理无显著差异,但显著高于其他处理,且其氮素收获指数最高。开花期SRWC相同时,拔节期SRWC 65%处理较SRWC 70%处理具有较高的贮藏蛋白含量和谷醇比以及较低的可溶性蛋白含量;J65A65处理的籽粒谷蛋白含量、谷醇比和贮藏蛋白占总蛋白的比例显著高于其他处理。与面粉品质和烘烤品质相比,拔节期和开花期SRWC对面团品质的调控效果明显。其中,面团形成时间和稳定时间在拔节期SRWC 65%和70%条件下随开花期SRWC的提高而降低;开花期SRWC相同时,拔节期SRWC 65%处理较SRWC 70%和75%处理提高了面团形成时间、稳定时间、沉降值、面包体积。综合以上结果,J65A65处理提高了籽粒谷蛋白和谷醇比,延长了面团形成时间和稳定时间,增加了面包体积,有利于改善冬小麦加工品质,是最佳的优质节水测墒补灌方案。