Recombinant adenovirus expressing the haemagglutinin of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) protects goats against challenge with pathogenic virus; a DIVA vaccine for PPR

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a morbillivirus that can cause severe disease in sheep and goats, characterised by pyrexia, pneumo-enteritis, and gastritis. The socio-economic burden of the disease is increasing in underdeveloped countries, with poor livestock keepers being affected the most. Current vaccines consist of cell-culture attenuated strains of PPRV, which induce a similar antibody profile to that induced by natural infection. Generation of a vaccine that enables differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) would benefit PPR control and eradication programmes, particularly in the later stages of an eradication campaign and for countries where the disease is not endemic. In order to create a vaccine that would enable infected animals to be distinguished from vaccinated ones (DIVA vaccine), we have evaluated the immunogenicity of recombinant fowlpox (FP) and replication-defective recombinant human adenovirus 5 (Ad), expressing PPRV F and H proteins, in goats. The Ad constructs induced higher levels of virus-specific and neutralising antibodies, and primed greater numbers of CD8⁺ T cells than the FP-vectored vaccines. Importantly, a single dose of Ad-H, with or without the addition of Ad expressing ovine granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and/or ovine interleukin-2, not only induced strong antibody and cell-mediated immunity but also completely protected goats against challenge with virulent PPRV, 4 months after vaccination. Replication-defective Ad-H therefore offers the possibility of an effective DIVA vaccine.     

Experimental infection of alpine goats with a Moroccan strain of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV)

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) recently caused a serious outbreak of disease in Moroccan sheep and goats. Alpine goats were highly susceptible to PPRV with mortality rates approaching 100%, as opposed to local breeds of sheep which were less susceptible to the disease. The relative susceptibility of alpine goats was investigated through an experimental infection study with the Moroccan strain of PPRV. Severe clinical signs were observed in the alpine goats with virus being excreted through ocular, nasal and oral routes. No difference in the severity of the disease in goats was observed with different inoculation routes and transmission of the virus by direct contact was confirmed. This study confirmed the susceptibility of the alpine goat to PPRV infection and describes a challenge protocol that effectively and consistently reproduced severe clinical signs of PPR in experimentally infected goats.     

Concurrent vaccination of goats with foot and mouth disease (FMD) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) booster vaccines

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) remains subclinical and self-limiting in small ruminants, but risk of spread of infection to susceptible cohorts is of great epidemiological significance; therefore, small ruminants must be included in vaccination campaigns in FMD endemic regions. Three groups of goats already immunized against peste des petits ruminants (PPR) were vaccinated with FMD and PPR vaccines alone or concurrently. The specific antibody response against three FMD virus strains and PPR virus were evaluated by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). Goats concurrently vaccinated with PPR + FMD vaccines had significantly (p < 0.05) higher antibody titers to two serotypes of FMD virus at 28, 45, and 60 days post-immunization compared to goats vaccinated with FMD vaccine alone, while goats vaccinated with PPR vaccines alone or PPR + FMD vaccines concurrently showed similar antibody kinetics against PPR virus up till 60 days post-vaccination. Overall, antibody kinetic curves for all three tested strains of FMD virus and PPR virus were similar in vaccinated groups during the course of experiment.     

小反刍兽疫分子生物学研究进展

小反刍兽疫(peste des petits ruminants,PPR)是由小反刍兽疫病毒(peste des petits ruminants virus,PPRV)引起的一种急性、烈性、接触性传染病。山羊高度易感;牛、猪等动物也可以感染带毒,野生动物偶有发生。作者主要介绍了小反刍兽疫病毒各基因结构特点,6种结构蛋白的功能,以及小反刍兽疫的诊断技术等方面的最新研究进展。     

The detection of antibody against peste des petits ruminants virus in Sheep,Goats, Cattle and Buffaloes

Monoclonal antibody-based competitive ELISA (C-ELISA) has been used for the specific measurement of antibodies to peste des petits ruminants (PPR) viruses in sheep, goats, cattle and Buffalo. Serum samples from sheep (n = 232), goats (n = 428), cattle (n = 43), buffalo (n = 89) were tested. The animals had not been vaccinated against rinderpest or PPR. Findings suggested that the sero-positive cases were significantly higher in sheep (51.29%) than in goats (39.02%) (P = 0.002). The overall sero-prevalence of PPRV in small ruminants was 43.33%. The PPR antibodies seroprevalence was 67.42% in buffalo and 41.86% in cattle which was significantly higher in buffalo (P = 0.005). The overall sero-prevalence of PPRV in large ruminants was 59.09%. Cattle and buffalo sera showed a high prevalence of antibody against PPR virus which may explain the difficulty experienced in achieving high post-vaccination immunity levels against rinderpest. Because antibodies against PPR virus are both cross-neutralizing and cross-protective against rinderpest virus, further vaccination in the presence of antibodies against PPR virus may be a waste of national resources. It was also suggested that antibodies to PPR virus could prevent an immune response to the rinderpest vaccine. This paper presents serological evidence for the transmission of PPR virus from sheep and goats to cattle and buffalo and highlights the need to include PPR serology in the sero-monitoring programme to give a better indication of national herd immunity of sheep and goats against PPR.     

小反刍兽疫的诊断与综合防控措施

小反刍兽疫是由小反刍兽疫病毒引起的一种急性、亚急性传染性疾病,主要感染绵羊、山羊及一些野生小反刍动物,发病率和死亡率均较高,给广大农牧民和养殖场造成巨大的经济损失。因此,对该病的诊断及综合防控措施进行概述,以期为该病的防控提供参考。     

Attenuation of a strain of rinderpest virus: potential homologous live vaccine

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious disease of small ruminants frequently associated with severe mortality in these hosts. In countries where it occurs, PPR represents an important constraint to the improved productivity of sheep and goats. Until now the only way to combat this plague has been the use of heterologous rinderpest vaccine; all attempts to develop a homologous vaccine have ended in failure. The present communication describes the attenuation of the Nigerian strain PPRV Nig 75/1 by serial passage in Vero cells. The avirulent virus obtained has the same characteristics as Plowright and Ferris' rinderpest vaccine. The virus is advanced as a potential homologous vaccine against PPR.     

Serological studies with peste des petits ruminants and rinderpest viruses in Nigeria

One hundred and ninety-five goat and 67 sheep sera collected from various parts of southern Nigeria were screened for neutralising antibodies to both the peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and rinderpest viruses. Neutralising antibodies against both viruses were found in the sheep and goat sera examined. Parallel titration of samples which neutralised both viruses indicated a primary infection with the PPR virus (PPRV). However, some samples which failed to neutralise PPRV neutralised the rinderpest virus (RV) indicating RV activity in sheep and goats in Nigeria. These findings are discussed in relation to the diagnosis of PPRV infection and the recent reappearance of bovine rinderpest in Nigeria.     

重组N蛋白抗原检测PPRV抗体ELISA的研究——试剂盒阴阳性临界值的测定及其与OIE参考实验室试剂盒的比较

对临床上采集的244份不同背景的羊血清样本,用纯化的重组N蛋白为包被抗原建立的检测小反刍兽疫病毒(PPRV)抗体的间接ELISA进行检测,运用统计学方法摸清了检测结果的分布规律,并同时用OIE参考实验室抗体检测试剂盒进行检测,结果表明,两种检测方法的符合率为91.73%。利用TG-ROC软件分析了ELISA抗体检测临界值,该试剂盒与国外试剂盒相比,其相对特异性和敏感性分别为98.6%和85.4%。     

The production of peste des petits ruminants hyperimmune sera in rabbits and their application in virus diagnosis

Hyperimmune sera were produced by serial inoculation of rabbits with Vero cell-adapted, sucrose gradient-purified Nigerian peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) isolate. Two antisera produced, neutralized the homologous PPRV but not the heterologous rinderpest Kabette "O" virus. The antisera gave strong precipitin lines with purified PPRV antigens and were used to detect PPRV and rinderpest virus antigens from ante-mortem secretions and post-mortem tissue homogenates from PPR and rinderpest virus infected goats and cattle by the agar gel precipitation tests (AGPT). The hyperimmune sera gave good titration curves with both purified Nigerian goat and the United Arab Emirate wildlife PPRV isolates in the indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results of indirect ELISA showed that although there were some cross reactions with the rinderpest, canine-distemper and measles viruses, at 1:100 dilution, the antisera would give a positive signal with only the homologous PPR virus.     

Genetic characterization of Indian peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of fusion protein and nucleoprotein gene segments

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an important viral disease of sheep and goats, endemic in India. The study was undertaken to characterize the local PPRV by sequencing fusion (F) protein and nucleoprotein (N) gene segments and phylogenetic analysis, so as to focus on genetic variation in the field viruses. Selected regions of PPRV genome were amplified from clinical samples collected from 32 sheep and goats by RT-PCR and the resulting amplicons were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. The phylogenetic tree based on the 322bp F gene sequences of PPRV from five different locations clustered them into lineage 4 along with other Asian isolates. While the 425bp N gene sequences revealed a different pattern of branching, yielding three distinct clusters for Nigerian, Turkey and Indian isolates. Thus, classification of PPRV into lineages based on the N gene sequences appeared to yield better picture of molecular epidemiology for PPRV.     

小反刍兽疫研究进展

小反刍兽疫病毒(PPRV)是副黏病毒科(Paramyxoviridae)麻疹病毒属(Morbolivirus)的成员,主要感染山羊、绵羊等小反刍动物,引起一种高度接触性病毒性传染病。小反刍兽疫为一种重大的外来性疾病,2007年在中国西藏自治区日土县首次发生。自2013年末以来中国新疆、青海、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙、湖南、辽宁等地频繁暴发小反兽疫疫情,给中国的畜牧业带来了巨大的损失,引起极大的重视。为更好的分析小反刍兽疫的病原特性及采取有效的防控措施,文章对小反刍兽疫的病原学及疫苗研究进展进行论述。     

Study on Secretory Expression and Immunogenicity of PPRV F Gene in Insect Cells

This study was aimed to explore the use of baculovirus expression system to secrete peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) F gene protein and use it as subunit vaccine. The gene fragment encoding F protein of PPRV was cloned into the baculovirus pFastBac Ⅰ transfer vector with a honeybee melittin signal peptide.The constructed F-pFastBac was transformed into Escherichia coli DH10Bac,resulting the recombinant baculovirus DNA (F-Bacmid) which was confirmed by blue-white plaque assay and antibiotic resistance selection.The F-Bacmid was then transfected into Sf9 insect cells by the cellfectin transfection reagent.The recombinant F protein was expressed in High Five cells in the serum-free medium.The SDS-PAGE and Western blotting analysis of recombinant protein showed that the protein could be expressed in insect cells and secreted into the culture medium. For the immunogenicity study,the recombinant protein was then inoculated into BALB/c mice, the results showed that the recombinant protein was able to stimulate B cells to produce special antibodies. In conclusions,the recombinant baculovirus expressing F protein of PPRV were successfully constructed.This study applied a basis for the development of PPRV subunit vaccine.     

小反刍兽疫病毒(PPRV)F基因在昆虫细胞中的分泌表达及免疫原性研究

试验旨在探索利用杆状病毒表达系统分泌表达小反刍兽疫病毒（peste des petits ruminants virus,PPRV） F基因蛋白及将其作为亚单位疫苗的应用价值。将PPRV F基因克隆到已插入蜂毒信号肽（melittin）的转移载体pFastBacⅠ中,将鉴定正确的重组质粒转化大肠杆菌DH10Bac感受态细胞,经抗性及蓝白斑筛选得到含F基因的重组杆状病毒DNA （F-Bacmid）,转染提取的F-Bacmid DNA至Sf9昆虫细胞,获得重组杆状病毒（F-rBac）,应用无血清培养的High Five细胞进行重组蛋白的表达及条件优化。SDS-PAGE结果表明,重组蛋白在重组杆状病毒感染的High Five昆虫细胞中获得分泌表达,并可产生较高浓度的重组蛋白;Western blotting结果显示,重组蛋白可被PPRV的特异性抗体所识别,表明重组蛋白具有反应原性;应用重组蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠试验结果显示,该蛋白可刺激小鼠产生较高水平的特异性抗体。本研究成功分泌表达了PPRV F蛋白,该蛋白能够刺激机体产生免疫应答,为小反刍兽疫亚单位疫苗的研制奠定基础。     

Evidence of mixed infection of peste des petits ruminants virus and bluetongue virus in a flock of goats as confirmed by detection of antigen, antibody and nucleic acid of both the viruses

A mixed infection with peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and bluetongue virus (BTV) occurred in goats which exhibited symptoms characteristic of PPR. A number of samples were collected from ailing or dead goats for labrotory diagnosis. Antibody to BTV and PPRV was detected in sera samples by competitive ELISA. No PPRV antigen was detected in tissue samples like lung and spleen, however, presence of PPRV antigen in some sera samples was confirmed by sandwich ELISA. All the blood samples collected from the ailing animals were found positive for BTV antigen by a sandwich ELISA. BTV- and PPRV nucleic acids were amplified from the pooled blood and tissue samples respectively by RT-PCR assays. The identity of the amplicons was confirmed by cloning and sequencing. All these tests confirm that the goats were infected with PPRV and BTV simultaneously. Isolation of viruses from the clinical samples is underway.     

小反刍兽疫活疫苗的安全性评价试验

2007年小反刍兽疫(PPR)在我国西藏首次暴发,在西藏和新疆部分地区使用PPR Nigeria 75/1疫苗株制造的疫苗进行免疫接种。为明确疫苗的安全性,中国兽医药品监察所国家牛瘟参考实验室对其安全性能进行了系统评价。健康易感山羊、绵羊及怀孕山羊、怀孕绵羊按不同剂量接种疫苗后,均未观察到异常临床反应;怀孕母羊所产羔羊数量与对照组无明显差异。疫苗对小白鼠、豚鼠的非特异性安全试验表明,所有接种动物均健活。结果表明该疫苗安全性良好,可在田间大规模使用。     

小反刍兽疫病毒反向遗传学研究进展

小反刍兽疫(PPR)是由小反刍兽疫病毒(PPRV)引起的山羊、绵羊等小反刍动物的急性、高度接触性传染病。反向遗传学是在获得生物基因信息的基础上,对基因进行突变、缺失等操作,进而研究基因变化对表型的影响。本文综述了包括PPRV在内的单股负链RNA病毒反向遗传学的最新研究进展,以期为PPRV及同科属病毒的反向遗传操作系统的建立提供新的思路。     

小反刍兽疫研究进展

小反刍兽疫(PPR)是由小反刍兽疫病毒(PPRV)引起的急性或亚急性传染病,为世界动物卫生组织(OIE)法定报告的动物疫病,易感动物以山羊、绵羊等小反刍动物为主。目前,小反刍兽疫主要流行于西非、中非、中东、阿拉伯半岛及南亚等地区。敏感特异的检测方法和高效的预防性疫苗将为该病的防控奠定良好的基础。论文对小反刍兽疫全球流行现状、诊断技术及疫苗研究进展进行了综述。     

小反刍兽疫免疫荧光诊断技术研究

为了建立小反刍兽疫(PPR)荧光抗体诊断方法,研究选用小反刍兽疫病毒(PPRV)Nigeria75/1减毒疫苗株制备抗原,免疫试验山羊,制备小反刍兽疫高免血清,用硫酸铵盐析法粗提免疫球蛋白(IgG),再应用提取的IgG制备异硫氰酸荧光素标记抗体。结果表明:所制备的荧光抗体对试验用Vero细胞组织抗原和犬瘟热病毒(CDV)抗原无反应性,对小反刍兽疫病毒感染细胞的检出敏感性为1×106稀释度。