Infection of Melissococcus plutonius clonal complex 12 strain in European honeybee larvae is essentially confined to the digestive tract

Melissococcus plutonius is an important pathogen that causesEuropean foulbrood (EFB) in honeybee larvae. Recently, we discovered a group of M.plutonius strains that are phenotypically and genetically distinct from otherstrains. These strains belong to clonal complex (CC) 12, as determined by multilocussequence typing analysis, and show atypical cultural and biochemical characteristicsin vitro compared with strains of other CCs tested. Although EFB isconsidered to be a purely intestinal infection according to early studies, it is unknownwhether the recently found CC12 strains cause EFB by the same pathomechanism. In thisstudy, to obtain a better understanding of EFB, we infected European honeybee(Apis mellifera) larvae per os with awell-characterized CC12 strain, DAT561, and analyzed the larvae histopathologically.Ingested DAT561 was mainly localized in the midgut lumen surrounded by the peritrophicmatrix (PM) in the larvae. In badly affected larvae, the PM and midgut epithelial cellsdegenerated, and some bacterial cells were detected outside of the midgut. However, theydid not proliferate in the deep tissues actively. By immunohistochemical analysis, the PMwas stained with anti-M. plutonius serum in most of the DAT561-infectedlarvae. In some larvae, luminal surfaces of the PM were more strongly stained than theinside. These results suggest that infection of CC12 strain in honeybee larvae isessentially confined to the intestine. Moreover, our results imply the presence ofM. plutonius-derived substances diffusing into the larval tissues inthe course of infection.     

鸡毒支原体与鸡滑液囊支原体双重PCR检测方法的建立

为建立能同时检测鸡毒支原体(Mycoplasma gallisepticum, MG)和鸡滑液囊支原体(Mycoplasma synoviae,MS)的双重PCR诊断方法,该研究根据GenBank中登录的MG gapA基因序列和MS heat shock ATP-dependent protease基因序列,设计2对特异性引物,通过对PCR扩增条件的优化,建立了能够同时检测MG和MS的双重PCR诊断方法。特异性检测结果显示,该方法能够扩增出729 bp的MG和309 bp的MS特异性片段,对禽巴氏杆菌、大肠杆菌、鸡白痢沙门菌、副鸡禽杆菌核酸扩增均为阴性;敏感性检测结果显示,对MG和MS DNA的最低检出量均为5×10^-2 ng/μL;临床样品的检测结果显示,所建立的双重PCR方法可同时有效地检测出MG、MS混合感染和单独感染。该研究建立的鸡毒支原体与鸡滑液囊支原体双重PCR方法具有良好的特异性、敏感性、重复性,为快速、高效检测MG和MS提供了技术支持。     

贝类单孢子虫和折光马尔太虫二重PCR检测方法的建立

根据基因库中单孢子虫和折光马尔太虫的基因序列,分别设计了2对特异性引物,通过对二重PCR扩增条件的优化,研究建立了可同时检测鉴别这2种原虫的二重PCR。对同一样品中的单孢子虫和折光马尔太虫模板DNA进行扩增,得到2条大小与试验设计相符的244 bp(单孢子虫)和478 bp(折光马尔太虫)的特异性扩增带,而对派琴虫、嗜水气单胞菌、荧光假单胞菌、副溶血弧菌、溶藻弧菌、河弧菌和拟态弧菌等病原体的检测,结果均为阴性。敏感性试验表明,该技术最低能检测到10 pg的单孢子虫和折光马尔太虫DNA。     

鸡细小病毒与禽呼肠病毒二重PCR检测方法的建立

建立可同时检测鸡细小病毒(Chicken parvovirus,ChPV)与禽呼肠病毒(Avian reovirus,ARV)的二重PCR方法,为防控ChPV与ARV提供技术支撑。根据鸡细小病毒NS1基因和禽呼肠病毒σC基因的保守序列,设计合成两对引物用于检测ChPV和ARV,通过优化二重PCR的反应体系,特异性、敏感性试验评价建立的ChPV与ARV二重PCR。优化后的二重PCR反应体系为:2×PCR Mix 12.5μL,其中ChPV与ARV的上、下游引物各1.0μL,混合模板2.0μL,ddH2O补足25μL;最佳的反应程序为:95℃5min;95℃1min,56.1℃1min,72℃1min,35个循环;最后72℃延伸10min。结果显示,建立的二重PCR能够同时扩增出204bp ChPV和405bp ARV片段;该方法对ChPV与ARV的检测敏感性分别达到58fg和53fg,但对鸡新城疫病毒、H9亚型禽流感病毒、马立克病病毒、鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒、鸡传染性支气管炎病毒等病原体均无特异性扩增,对ChPV与ARV混合感染的临床阳性病料的检测结果与各病毒单项PCR检测结果符合率为94%以上。建立的二重PCR可用于ChPV与ARV感染的快速鉴别诊断。     

锦鲤疱疹病毒双重PCR检测方法的研究

为了快速确诊锦鲤疱疹病毒(koi herpesvirus,KHV),本试验建立了KHV双重PCR检测方法。根据锦鲤疱疹病毒的SphⅠ-5基因和胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷激酶(thymidine kinase,TK)基因设计特异性引物,优化反应条件,建立了KHV双重PCR检测方法。结果表明,建立的方法简单、灵敏、准确,一个反应体系可同时扩增292 bp和410 bp两个基因片段,可有效用于KHV的检测。     

A Real-Time PCR for Detection and Quantification of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae

A real-time PCR for detection and quantification of M. ovipneumoniae was developed using 9 recently sequenced M. ovipneumoniae genomes and primers targeting a putative adhesin gene p113. The assay proved to be specific and sensitive (with a detection limit of 22 genomic DNA) and could quantify M. ovipneumoniae DNA over a wide linear range, from 2.2 × 10² to 2.2 × 10⁷ genomes.     

丝状支原体簇和多杀性巴氏杆菌双重PCR方法的建立及应用

本研究旨在建立丝状支原体簇和多杀性巴氏杆菌的双重PCR检测方法,从而为临床上同时检测这2类病原的感染提供一种更方便、快捷、准确的工具。本研究采用2对特异性检测丝状支原体簇和多杀性巴氏杆菌的引物,对PCR反应体系和反应条件进行了优化,并对双重PCR的特异性及敏感性进行了评价,随后采用该方法对52份临床样本进行了检测。结果显示,所建立的双重PCR方法能同时扩增丝状支原体簇成员和多杀性巴氏杆菌的DNA,而对来源于其他常见病原的DNA均无扩增;对丝状支原体簇和多杀性巴氏杆菌的最低检测限分别为24.8和28.9 pg;能成功地从临床样本中检测丝状支原体簇成员和多杀性巴氏杆菌。结果表明,本研究所建立的双重PCR方法具有很好的特异性和敏感性,为临床丝状支原体簇和多杀性巴氏杆菌感染的快速诊断、病原鉴定及流行病学调查提供了有效的方法。     

A novel multiplex PCR assay to detect and distinguish between different types of Paenibacillus larvae and Melissococcus plutonius,and a survey of foulbrood pathogen contamination in Japanese honey

Paenibacillus larvae and Melissococcus plutonius are the causative agents of American and European foulbroods of honey bees, respectively. Since their virulence and resistance to disinfectants differ depending on the genotypes/phenotypes of the strains, the discrimination of strain types is important for the effective control of these diseases. Methods to detect and differentiate pathogens in honey are useful for surveying the contamination status of beehives/apiaries. In the present study, we selected a sequence (GenBank accession no. {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"FI763267","term_id":"224923825"}}FI763267) as the specific target for enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) II-type P. larvae strains for the first time and developed a novel multiplex PCR assay that precisely distinguishes between the major types of foulbrood pathogens (ERIC I and II P. larvae and typical and atypical M. plutonius) in one reaction. In addition, we found that commercially available kits designed for DNA extraction from Mycobacterium in feces efficiently extracted DNA from foulbrood pathogens in honey. Using the multiplex PCR assay and DNA extraction kits, all the targeted types of P. larvae and M. plutonius were detected in honey spiked with the pathogens at a concentration of 100 bacterial cells/strain/ml. Moreover, 94% of the Japanese honey samples examined in the present study were contaminated with one or more types of the foulbrood pathogens. These results indicate that the newly developed methods are useful for detecting foulbrood pathogens in honey. The epidemiological information obtained by these methods will contribute to the effective control of foulbroods in apiaries.     

Development of a Duplex PCR Assay for Detection of Avian Influenza Virus and Chicken Parvovirus

In order to establish a method to simultaneously detect avian influenza virus (AIV) and chicken parvovirus (ChPV),two pairs of specific primers were designed according to the sequences of AIV M gene and ChPV NS gene in GenBank. The duplex PCR assay was established by optimizing the reaction conditions.The tests showed that this method had high specificity, could simultaneously detect AIV and ChPV and no specific band was amplified for other subtypes avian pathogenic virus. The sensitivity result showed that the lower detection limit of this method was 100 fg. The results of 159 clinical samples were consistent with the sequencing results of PCR positive product. The double PCR methods for detection of AIV and ChPV established in this study had the characteristics of good specificity and high sensitivity, which was of great significance to the prevention control of AIV and ChPV.     

禽流感病毒与鸡细小病毒二重PCR检测方法的建立

为建立一种能同时鉴别诊断禽流感病毒（avian influenza virus,AIV）和鸡细小病毒（chicken parvovirus,ChPV）的检测方法,本研究根据GenBank中AIV的M基因和ChPV的NS基因保守序列,分别设计并筛选出两对特异性引物,用于AIV和ChPV的检测。通过优化反应条件,建立了AIV和ChPV二重PCR检测方法。试验结果表明,该方法特异好,能同时检测AIV和ChPV,对其他常见的禽病病原体均未反应;该法对AIV和ChPV的检测下限均为100 fg;对159份临床样品检测结果与PCR阳性产物测序结果一致。本研究建立的AIV和ChPV二重PCR检测方法具有特异性好、灵敏度高的特点,对AIV和ChPV的防制具有重要意义。     

新城疫病毒和鸭瘟病毒二重PCR检测方法的建立及初步应用

根据基因库中新城疫病毒(Newcastle diseases virus,NDV)和鸭瘟病毒(duck plague virus,DPV)的基因序列,分别设计了2对针对NDV和DPV保守基因序列的引物。用这2对引物对同一样品中的NDV和DPV模板进行二重PCR扩增,结果同时得到了2条特异性的、大小与试验设计相符的419(NDV)和602 bp(DPV)的扩增条带,而对其他禽病病原的PCR扩增结果均为阴性。敏感性测定结果表明,该二重PCR技术能同时检出0.4 pg的NDV模板和126 pg的DPV模板。     

鸭副黏病毒和鸭圆环病毒二重荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

根据鸭副黏病毒(DPMV)和鸭圆环病毒(DuCV)保守基因序列,设计了2对针对鸭副黏病毒和鸭圆环病毒的特异性引物和2条不同荧光基团标记的TaqMan探针,建立了鸭副黏病毒和鸭圆环病毒的二重荧光定量PCR检测方法。该方法敏感性好,对鸭副黏病毒和鸭圆环病毒的检测敏感性分别达到160和140个拷贝数;该方法特异性强,对鸭肝炎病毒、番鸭细小病毒、鸭瘟病毒和H9型禽流感病毒等病原体的检测全为阴性;应用该方法对118份临床病料进行检测,结果检出鸭副黏病毒和鸭圆环病毒阳性感染率分别为0.85%和8.47%,无混合感染。本试验建立的二重荧光定量PCR具有快速、特异、敏感和重复性好等优点,适用于鸭副黏病毒和鸭圆环病毒的快速诊断和监测。     

Development and Application of a Duplex PCR Assay for Detecting Mycoplasma ovipneumiae and Mycoplasma arginini

In order to establish a duplex PCR method for simultaneous detection of Mycoplasma ovipneumiae and Mycoplasma arginini, specific primers of Mycoplasma ovipneumiae and Mycoplasma arginini were designed, and evaluated its sensitivity and specificity after optimizing the reaction conditions of PCR.Then, a total of 40 nasal swabs were tested by duplex PCR.The assay could specifically amplify PCR fragments of 545 and 806 bp from Mycoplasma ovipneumiae and Mycoplasma arginini, respectively.While no PCR products were detected for other pathogens.The detection limits of the assay were determined to be 100 pg/μL for Mycoplasma ovipneumiae and 10 pg/μL for Mycoplasma arginini.The duplex PCR could detect Mycoplasma ovipneumiae and Mycoplasma arginini, and the coincidence rate could reach as high as 92.5% with enrichment culture about the 40 nasal swabs.The results suggested that the duplex PCR could be useful for clinical detection of Mycoplasma ovipneumiae and Mycoplasma arginini.     

绵羊肺炎支原体和精氨酸支原体双重PCR检测方法的建立及应用

为建立绵羊肺炎支原体和精氨酸支原体的双重PCR检测方法,本试验分别设计了绵羊肺炎支原体和精氨酸支原体的特异性引物,优化反应条件后对其特异性和敏感性进行评价,并对40份鼻拭子进行了检测。结果显示,该方法能同时扩增出绵羊肺炎支原体545 bp和精氨酸支原体806 bp的特异性片段,而对其他病原的DNA扩增均为阴性。该双重PCR方法对绵羊肺炎支原体和精氨酸支原体的最低检测限分别为100和10 pg/μL。40份鼻拭子检测结果显示,双重PCR检测方法与分离培养法符合率高达92.5%,均能鉴定出绵羊肺炎支原体和精氨酸支原体。结果表明,本研究建立的双重PCR方法可用于绵羊肺炎支原体和精氨酸支原体的临床快速诊断。     

猪圆环病毒2型和猪细小病毒双重PCR检测方法的建立及应用

根椐Gen Bank中登录的猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)和猪细小病毒(PPV)核苷酸序列,分别设计2对引物,在建立各病毒单项PCR技术的基础上,优化双重PCR反应条件,建立了2种病毒的双重PCR检测方法,用这2对引物对同一样品中的PCV2和PPV核酸模板进行双重PCR扩增,结果可同时扩增PCV2的245 bp、PPV的475 bp的特异性片段,而对其他4种病原的PCR扩增结果均为阴性。敏感性测定结果表明,该双重PCR技术能检出1 pg的PCV2和1 pg的PPV模板。用105份临床病料对本研究双重PCR技术和单项PCR技术进行对比验证,结果显示,两者的总符合率为100%。表明建立的双重PCR检测方法具有特异、快速、准确的特点,可用于对这两种病毒的同时检测和鉴别诊断。     

猪链球菌种与9型猪链球菌二重PCR检测方法的建立及应用

为了建立猪链球菌(Streptococcus suis,SS)种与9型猪链球菌(SS9)的快速诊断方法,本研究根据GenBank已登录的SS种特异性基因gdh和SS9型特异性基因CPS9H设计引物,以标准SS9株基因组DNA为模板,建立了SS种和SS9的二重PCR检测方法,并进行了特异性、敏感性和重复性试验;利用所建立的方法对检测疑似猪链球菌感染猪临床样品,并与常规细菌分离鉴定方法进行了比对。结果表明成功建立SS种和SS9型猪链球菌二重PCR检测方法,该方法的检测灵敏度可达100个CFU,特异性和重复性好;利用该方法对34份临床分离自疑似猪链球菌感染样品的细菌培养物进行了应用检测试验,其中有11份样品为gdh阳性,11份gdh阳性样品中有3份样品同时为SS9阳性。本研究成功建立了SS种与SS9型猪链球菌二重PCR检测方法,可用于猪链球菌种和SS9型猪链球菌的快速诊断。     

贝类派琴虫和折光马尔太虫二重PCR方法的建立

根据基因库中派琴虫和折光马尔太虫的基因序列,分别设计了二对特异性引物,通过对二重PCR扩增条件的优化,研究建立了可同时检测鉴别这二种原虫的多重PCR。该技术对同一样品中的派琴虫和折光马尔太虫模板进行扩增,结果均同时得到2条大小与实验设计相符的596bp（派琴虫）和478bp（折光马尔太虫）的特异性扩增带,而对单孢子虫、嗜水气单胞菌、荧光假单胞菌、副溶血弧菌、溶藻弧菌、河弧菌和拟态弧菌等病原体的扩增,结果全为阴性。敏感性试验结果表明,该技术最低能检测到10Pg的派琴虫和折光马尔太虫DNA。用该二重PCR对广西沿海的119份牡蛎样品进行检测,结果派琴虫和折光马尔太虫的阳性率分别为9．24％和1．68％,提示了中国南方沿海的养殖贝类中存在派琴虫和折光马尔太虫的感染。     

鉴别猪伪狂犬病病毒gE基因缺失疫苗和野毒感染的二重PCR诊断方法的建立和应用

为建立猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)gE基因缺失疫苗和野毒感染的快速鉴别诊断方法,本研究根据猪伪狂犬病野毒具有gD表面抗原基因和gE毒力基因,而基因缺失疫苗只有gD基因无gE基因的特性,针对gD/gE基因的5'端核苷酸序列自行设计引物,建立鉴别PRV gE基因缺失疫苗和野毒感染的二重PCR诊断方法,并进行了特异性、敏感性和重复性试验;利用所建立的检测方法对临床疑似样品进行了检测.结果表明,成功建立了鉴别PRV gE基因缺失疫苗和野毒感染的二重PCR诊断方法,该方法灵敏度高,最低检出限为100拷贝/μL;重复性好;特异性强,可特异性地扩增出PRV细胞毒中的gD和gE基因及gE基因缺失疫苗毒中的gD基因,但对PK-15细胞和猪流行性腹泻病毒等其他8种病原扩增不出任何条带;自835份临床疑似PRV感染病料中共检测出PRV gD和gE基因双阳性样品即野毒感染阳性样品267份,PRV gD基因单阳性样品28份,选取该方法检测出的26份PRV野毒感染阳性样品用于病原分离培养,两种方法的符合率为96.1%.说明本试验建立的二重PCR鉴别诊断方法快速、灵敏、特异,对于临床上疫苗毒和野毒感染的快速鉴别诊断具有重要意义.     

犬瘟热—犬冠状病毒双重PCR诊断方法的建立及初步应用

Two pairs of PCR primers were designed according to sequence of canine distemper virus （CDV） and canine coronavirus （CCV） from GenBank, respectively, which could amplify 550 bp fragment for CDV and 225 bp fragment for CCV. The products of PCR were cloned to pMD18-T for sequencing, which proved to be specific. Positive plasma were developed for standard DNA, and the sensitivity result of duplex PCR showed that the method could amplify 0.1 ng/μL nucleic acid for both of viruses. The result of rudimentary application showed that the method was specific, sensitive, efficient, and was a new detecting method for the mixed infection of CDV and CCV.