安阳市发展秸秆养畜的思路与对策

通过对安阳市秸秆资源利用情况分析,我们认为利用秸秆养畜产业链条最长,经济效益、社会效益、生态效益最好,是开发利用农作物秸秆的主渠道,同时分析了目前秸秆养畜存在的问题和发展秸秆养畜的优势,提出了利用农作物秸秆养畜的思路与对策。     

促进秸秆养畜的举措

中宁县是宁夏引黄灌区的粮食主产区之一．年产农作物秸秆134．6万吨。目前．中宁县利用农作物秸秆养畜．实现过腹还田还处在发展初始阶段。要推动这项工作快速发展．必须坚持“以秸秆禁烧促进秸秆青贮氨化．以秸秆青贮氨化促进牛羊发展”为指导思想，以发展牛、羊规模化养殖小区为载体，并采取行政推动、政策调动、科技促动、利益驱动等措施．进一步加快中宁县秸秆资源开发．使秸秆养畜工作实现突破性进展．     

复合贮草发酵技术

秸秆养畜，可解决畜牧业与人争粮的局面。最近几年我国连续召开了六次全国农业区发展畜牧业会议，就“秸秆养畜过腹还田”工作专门进行总结、部署、推广。因此利用农业区丰富的农作物秸秆资源发展养牛、羊等反刍家畜，建立“节粮型”的畜牧业结构，是使我国的畜牧业能持久...     

促进秸杆养畜的举措

中宁县是宁夏引黄灌区的粮食主产区之一,年产农作物秸秆134.6万吨.目前,中宁县利用农作物秸秆养畜,实现过腹还田还处在发展初始阶段.     

发展秸秆养畜的思路与对策

农作物秸秆是草食家畜主要的饲草饲料资源.发展秸秆养畜可减少饲粮消耗,降低饲养成本,增加经济收入,有效解决人畜争粮的矛盾;同时,利用农作物秸秆养畜发展畜牧业,实现秸秆过腹还田,能大量减少农田化肥的使用量,提高土壤有机质的含量,促进农牧业生产良性循环,实现农业增效,农民增收.     

内蒙古秸秆资源产量及其饲料化利用潜力

为进一步提高秸秆饲料化利用率，降低养殖成本，提升重要畜产品供给保障水平，以内蒙古为研究区域，综合运用草谷比、可收集系数估算主要农作物秸秆资源产量及其饲料化利用潜力。结果表明：2000-2020年，内蒙古主要农作物秸秆理论资源量、可收集利用量分别增加了3 523.66万和3 098.69万t，年均增长率为5.72%和5.96%，其中玉米秸秆贡献最大；2020年内蒙古秸秆资源分布总体呈现出“东多西少”的特征，蒙东地区占秸秆可收集资源总量的69.33%；内蒙古秸秆养畜潜力高丰度地区主要分布在通辽市、兴安盟、呼伦贝尔市、赤峰市等蒙东地区，锡林郭勒盟、阿拉善盟和乌海市为秸秆养畜潜力低丰度地区，其余盟(市)为秸秆养畜潜力一般地区。内蒙古秸秆资源丰富，具有较强的饲料化利用潜力，但区域分布不均衡，蒙东地区是秸秆资源富集和秸秆养畜潜力高丰度地区，应以蒙东地区为重点，提高秸秆饲料化利用率，持续推动农牧业绿色高质量发展。     

中宁县发展秸秆养畜的思路与对策

农作物秸秆是草食家畜主要的饲草饲料资源。发展秸秆养畜可减少饲粮消耗,降低饲养成本,增加经济收入,有效解决人畜争粮的矛盾;同时,利用农作物秸秆养畜发展畜牧业,实现秸杆过腹还田,能大量减少农田化肥的使用量,提高土壤有机质的含量,促进农牧业生产良性循环,实现农业增效,农民增收。     

大力推广秸秆饲料的加工利用

农作物秸秆是农作物生产的副产品,占光合作用地上部分的1／2,是一项巨大的饲料资源,利用农作物秸秆养畜,是发展节粮型畜牧业的一项重要措施,对于人均耕地面积越来越少,粮食自给较低的青海来说,开发利用各类农作物秸秆资源,对促进农牧业发展,加快农村经济繁荣,具有现实意义。     

秸秆青贮失败的原因与对策

东海县是"全国商品粮生产基地县",秸秆资源非常丰富,年产可利用农作物秸秆达70多万吨.多年来,绝大部分秸秆都在农作物收获后未被利用,造成生物能的浪费.对此,东海县畜牧主管部门大力推广秸秆养畜技术,2004～2010年多次承担了省级、国家级秸秆养畜(牛)示范项目,以项目为载体推广农作物秸秆青贮技术,促进了全县草食家畜的发展.通过饲养草食家畜这个特异的"秸秆转化器",把不能直接利用的秸秆转变成营养丰富的肉、乳等食品.这项事业的开展,不仅解决人、畜争粮的矛盾,还解决了大量的人员就业问题.在取得显著经济效益的同时,还产生了令人瞩目的社会效益和生态效益.     

加快秸秆养畜 推进畜牧业发展

为更好地推动辽宁乃至全国秸秆养畜工作全面发展，本刊特策划“加快秸秆养畜，推动畜牧业发展”专题，邀请辽宁、山东、河北、河南四省专家介绍当地秸秆养畜的先进经验，以期为辽宁乃至全国的秸秆养畜工作提供借鉴意义；同时，介绍秸秆加工、利用等相关配套技术，为提升秸秆养畜科技含量、提高秸秆养畜效率提供帮助。     

西藏地区不同作物秸秆体外发酵特性研究

本试验旨在利用体外产气法评定西藏地区不同作物秸秆的营养价值。选取西藏地区5种常见作物秸秆(豌豆秸秆、玉米秸秆、青稞秸秆、小麦秸秆、油菜秸秆),通过单因素试验设计,利用体外产气法评定5种作物秸秆体外发酵48 h的产气量、理论最大产气量(Vf)、甲烷(CH4)产量、逻辑斯谛-指数(LE)模型产气参数、发酵液p H和氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度、主要挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)产量、体外干物质降解率(IVDMD)和体外中性洗涤纤维降解率(IVNDFD)等指标。结果显示:5种作物秸秆体外发酵48 h的产气量按玉米秸秆、青稞秸秆、豌豆秸秆、小麦秸秆、油菜秸秆的顺序依次降低。体外发酵48 h后,玉米秸秆的Vf、IVDMD、IVNDFD、CH4产量(豌豆秸秆除外)、丙酸和总VFA产量均显著高于其他4种作物秸秆(P0.05),其体外发酵液p H则显著低于其他秸秆(P0.05)。结果表明,玉米秸秆体外发酵效果最佳,与其他试验作物秸秆相比更容易被瘤胃微生物降解利用。     

内蒙古兴安盟农作物秸秆资源综合利用现状

兴安盟是内蒙古自治区粮食主产区之一,农作物秸秆是该地区重要的可再生生物资源,全年总产量约630万t。结合内蒙古东部区域农作物秸秆资源储量及资源配置特点,分析了兴安盟农作物秸秆资源利用现状,并根据半农半牧区对于农作物秸秆利用方面存在的问题,提出了建立农作物秸秆综合利用循环经济示范点和因地制宜利用农作物秸秆的建议,旨在为兴安盟草原畜牧业可持续发展提供有力支撑。     

农作物秸秆的生物发酵研究进展

我国农作物秸秆资源丰富.采用正确有效的处理方法,可有效提高农作物秸秆的营养价值.生物处理法可提高低质量纤维作物残留物的饲料价值,是调制农作物秸秆的最优选择.利用不同生物菌对农作物秸秆进行生物发酵可破坏木质纤维素复合物,释放游离纤维素,提高饲用价值.文章综述农作物秸秆的生物发酵机理、发酵方式,营养物质、有效降解率、消化率...     

西藏主要栽培牧草、作物秸秆营养价值评价

通过对西藏4种栽培牧草和6种作物秸秆的6种营养成分的测定,应用随意采食量、净能估测模型计算了栽培牧草和作物秸秆的分级指数,对其进行了综合评价。结果表明:品质较好的栽培牧草为隆孜紫花苜蓿Medicagosativa、黄花苜蓿M.falcata和江孜紫花苜蓿。作物秸秆品质较好的为土豆Solanumtu-berosum、玉米Zea mays和燕麦Avena sativa。同时运用灰色关联度分析法对其营养价值进行了综合评价,结果表明:栽培牧草营养价值高的为紫花苜蓿和隆孜黄花苜蓿;作物秸秆营养价值较高的有土豆和玉米。运用粗饲料分级指数和灰色关联度分析法对栽培牧草、作物秸秆营养价值的评定结果较为一致。     

Effects of Straw Volume and Equex-STM® on Boar Sperm Quality after Cryopreservation

The present experiments were designed to study the effect of adding the detergent Equex-STM^® to freezing extender, and of straw volume (0.25 ml vs 0.5 ml), on boar sperm quality after cryopreservation. Three ejaculates from each of four purebred boars (three Landrace and one Yorkshire) were collected and frozen with a lactose-egg yolk extender containing glycerol with or without 1.5% Equex-STM^®. The extended semen was loaded into either 0.25- or 0.5-ml straws. The straws were placed in liquid nitrogen (LN₂) vapour approximately 3 cm above the level of LN₂ for 20 min and then were plunged into LN₂. Thawing was achieved in warm water at 50°C for 12 s and then was incubated in a 38°C water-bath for 30 min before evaluating sperm quality. Results showed that the individual motility, viability and acrosomal normal apical ridge (NAR) were improved (p < 0.001) when Equex-STM^® was added to the freezing extender. There was no difference (p   =   0.48) in sperm motility between 0.25- and 0.5-ml straws when Equex-STM^® was added. The percentages of viable and of NAR sperm in 0.5-ml straws were higher than those in 0.25-ml straws (p   =   0.02, p   =   0.0003 respectively). The percentages of membrane intact sperm evaluated using the short hypo-osmotic swelling test were not affected by straw volume or the adding of Equex-STM^® (p   >   0.05). The results of these investigations suggested that Equex-STM^® exerts a beneficial effect on the quality of cryopreserved boar semen and this cryopreservation protocol was favourable for a 0.5-ml straw.     

奶牛常用饲料蛋白质在瘤胃的降解参数

用三头安装瘤胃瘘管的成年牛,采用半体内法(in．situ)研究奶牛日粮中常用的饲料在瘤胃不同时间点的降解率和动态降解率,试验得出32种饲料粗蛋白质2h、6h、12h、24h、36h、48h、72h瘤胃降解率和相关参数,为奶牛日粮配制提供依据。     

瓜州县农作物秸秆饲料化利用现状与推进措施

瓜州县可耕地面积大,农作物种植种类多,秸秆资源丰厚,然而种植面积较大的棉花、花卉、葵花等秸秆价格比较低迷,无人收购、收储,致使大部分废弃或焚烧,不仅污染环境,还导致火灾隐患。近些年县上虽然通过项目扶持、以奖代补等方式,建成饲草加工厂4处,由于政府后续支持和扶持断档,无关配套补助政策,饲草加工厂收购资金紧缺,养殖户认识不足、购买能力不强,造成投资规模较大、加工能力较强的饲草加工企业闲置,不能充分发挥效益。笔者通过对全县农作物秸秆细致调研,结合实际提出了提高农作物秸秆饲料化利用的对策,供同行参考。     

Chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and gas production of straws from different varieties and accessions of chickpea

Chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and gas production of straw from four different varieties of Kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum) were studied. Kinetics of fermentation of straws from 19 different accessions of chickpea was also evaluated using gas production technique. Significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed in the yield of straw [from 1041 to 1174 kg dry matter (DM)/ha] from different varieties. The proportion of seed/straw from different varieties varied from 0.61 to 0.93. Crude protein, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre content of straw ranged from 28.1 to 35.8, 598.6 to 645.4 and 459.2 to 473.4 g/kg DM respectively. Organic matter digestibility was different (p < 0.05) among varieties and varied from 471.4 to 535.5 g/kg DM. Potential gas production (A), the rate constants (c and d) and lag times of straws from different chickpea varieties were not different (p > 0.05). However, the rate constants (c and d) and lag times were different (p < 0.05) among accessions. Potential gas production (A) differed (p < 0.05) approximately twofold among different accessions. The results emphasized that in any evaluation of chickpea varieties or accessions, where straw of this legume seed is used as an animal feed, not only seed yield but also yield and quality of straw should be taken into consideration.     

Energy Supply to Livestock from Tropical Rangeland during the Dry Season

Nine key forage species (grasses and legumes), together with two types of crop residues, usually fed by farmers to their livestock, were collected from a rainfed area in western Sudan during the dry season (May–April). The grasses investigated were Leptadena pyrotechnia, Cenchrus setigrus, Arista pallida, Eragrotis tremula, Schoenefeldia gracilis, Chloris vergata and Cenchrus biflorus. The crop residues investigated were the grasses, sorghum straw (Sorghum bichlor) and millet straw (Pennisetum typhodium) and the legumes Stylosanthes flavicans and Cajanus cajana. Estimates of organic matter (OM) degradability were done using the nylon bag technique, which was fitted into the model Y = a + b (1 – e^–ct), in which the asymptote (a + b) represented the total potential degradability. Organic cell wall constituents and hence both metabolizable energy and total digestible energy or nutrients (TDN) were determined. S. flavicans showed the best organic matter degradability, and sorghum straw was better degraded than millet straw. The rest of the grasses showed poor OM degradability. Acid detergent insoluble nitrogen was inversely related to TDN, the latter falling within a narrow range for the different forages. Fermentable metabolizable energy differed only slightly, while the legume S. flavicans had the highest effective rumen digestible protein. Undegraded proteins were high for the straws and the grasses L. pyrotechnia and C. setigerus. Metabolizable protein and microbial protein were highest in the sorghum straw, C. setigerus and S. flavicans.