Effects of extracerebral dopamine on salsolinol‐ or thyrotropin‐releasing hormone‐induced prolactin (PRL) secretion in goats

The aim of the present study was to clarify the effect of extracerebral dopamine (DA) on salsolinol (SAL)‐induced prolactin (PRL) secretion in goats. An intravenous injection of SAL or thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) was given to female goats before and after treatment with an extracerebral DA receptor antagonist, domperidone (DOM), and the PRL‐releasing response to SAL was compared with that to TRH. DOM alone increased plasma PRL concentrations and the PRL‐releasing response to DOM alone was greater than that to either SAL alone or TRH alone. The PRL‐releasing response to DOM plus SAL was similar to that to DOM alone, and no additive effect of DOM and SAL on the secretion of PRL was observed. In contrast, the PRL‐releasing response to DOM plus TRH was greater than that to either TRH alone or DOM alone and DOM synergistically increased TRH‐induced PRL secretion. The present results demonstrate that the mechanism involved in PRL secretion by SAL differs from that by TRH, and suggest that the extracerebral DA might be associated in part with the modulation of SAL‐induced PRL secretion in goats.     

东方巴贝斯虫的18S rRNA基因的扩增及系统发育研究

利用真核生物18S rRNA基因的PCR通用引物对寄生于中国水牛的巴贝斯虫（已命名为东方巴贝斯虫-BnbPsia orientalis）基因组DNA进行扩增，得到其18S rRNA全基因片段，测序后blast分析表明该虫种属巴贝斯虫无疑。将该基因1700bp长片段序列与GenBank中15种已知巴贝斯虫的相应序列进行比较分析，建立系统发育树。结果表明，东方巴贝斯虫与南非未定种的巴贝斯虫亲缘关系最近，与羊巴贝斯虫亲缘关系较近，与牛巴贝斯虫、双芽巴贝斯虫的亲缘关系较远。这一结果说明水牛东方巴贝斯虫是一独立种。     

口蹄疫病毒VP1基因密码子偏好性分析

VP1蛋白是口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)的主要结构蛋白,可诱导机体产生中和抗体以及激发保护性免疫应答。为探究VP1基因密码子偏好性,筛选出其最佳体外表达系统,使用Visual Gene Developer、CodonW、GraphPad Prism等软件,对VP1基因进行密码子偏好性分析,同时将VP1基因密码子使用频率与大肠杆菌、毕赤酵母、昆虫杆状病毒和哺乳动物细胞表达系统作了比较。结果显示,VP1基因的CAI为0.21,ENC为55.43,GC3S为65.26%,表明该基因密码子使用偏好较弱并且密码子偏好以G/C碱基结尾。结合VP1基因与各表达系统密码子使用频率比值,发现其与昆虫杆状病毒表达系统频率比值差异最小且CAI最大,因此推断昆虫杆状病毒表达系统是FMDV VP1基因最适体外表达系统。本研究为FMDV亚单位疫苗研制等提供了技术基础。     

布莱凯特黑牛CB1基因克隆测序及表达分析

本试验旨在研究布莱凯特黑牛CB1基因CDS区序列和表达情况,探讨CB1基因与脂肪沉积的关系.运用RT-PCR技术克隆CB1基因CDS区序列,并进行生物学分析;运用qRT-PCR技术检测不同组织的mRNA相对表达量;以及运用免疫组化技术对蛋白进行定位分析,运用Western blot技术检测CB1蛋白在不同组织的表达量....     

河南省陆地植被净第一性生产力估算及其时空分布

基于地理信息系统和卫星遥感技术,利用地面气象数据和MODIS数据,同时考虑河南省自身实际地理和植被覆盖情况,在对最大光利用率和水分胁迫系数的获取进行改进的基础上,利用CASA模型对河南省植被净第一性生产力（NPP）进行了估算,并分析了其时空分布。结果表明,2008年河南省NPP生产量为34.87 Mt C,NPP空间分布和植被类型有密切关系,森林植被最大,然后依次是灌丛、草地、农田等。12、1和2月NPP最小,植物基本停止生长,植被的NPP只占全年的1.38％;5、7和8月的NPP最大,占全年总量的56.84％。与Miami、Montreal、Chinkugo模型相比,本研究结果和Miami模型结果最为接近,植被类型NPP均值排序和Chinkugo模型相似;与实测数据对比结果显示,模拟值接近于实测值,说明模型适用于河南省NPP的模拟。     

Cloning of PLIN2 Gene of Yak and Its Expression in Ovary during Different Estrus Periods

The purpose of this study was to research the sequence characteristics and the expression of PLIN2 gene, and to analyze the relationship between the expression and the ovaries in different estrus periods. According to the gene sequence of bovine in GenBank, the primer was designed. The PLIN2 gene of yak was cloned by RT-PCR, and the expression quantity of the PLIN2 gene in different tissues of yak was detected by the semiquantitative RT-PCR. Meanwhile,the differential expression of the PLIN2 gene in different ovarian estrus periods of yak was detected by quantitative Real-time PCR. The results showed that the length of the PLIN2 gene was 1 353 bp in CDS, encoding 450 amino acids. The PLIN2 protein was predicted to be non-seretory and lacking cross-membrane domain. It was 99.4% homology identity to that of corresponding cDNA from bovine, which showed that the PLIN2 gene was quite conservative in the process of evolution. The expession profile of PLIN2 was wide in yak tissues, but there were some differences in different tissues. The expression quality was higher in kidney, breast and ovary, while it was almost nothing in lung. The result of quantitative Real-time PCR indicated that yak PLIN2 gene was expressed in different ovarian estrus periods, and the highest expression during the luteal phase, which indicated the PLIN2 gene played an essential role in yak estrous cycles.     

文昌鸡促卵泡激素β基因内含子1的SNP分析及其与早期产蛋性能的相关性研究

以109只海南文昌鸡为试验动物,利用PCR-SSCP技术检测了促卵泡激素(follicle-stimulating hormone β,FSHβ)基因的多态性,在其内含子1区域内发现了1个SNP,在群体中检测出2种基因型:AA、AB。将不同基因型个体与产蛋数、畸形蛋数、体重和开产日龄等进行了关联分析。结果表明,AA基因型鸡个体的产蛋数比AB基因型个体多9.54枚,畸形蛋数比AB基因型个体少1.54枚,开产日龄比AB基因型个体早2.97 d,且差异均不显著(P＞0.05)。22~26、27~30和31~34周龄的AA基因型鸡的产蛋量显著高于AB基因型(P＜0.05),而18~21和35~39周龄的AA基因型鸡的产蛋量也明显高于AB基因型,但差异不显著(P＞0.05)。AA基因型鸡6、8、14、20周龄的体重高于AB基因型个体,AA基因型个体18周龄的体重却低于AB基因型个体,差异均不显著(P＞0.05)。总体而言,FSHβ基因位点的A等位基因对产蛋数、畸形蛋数、体重和开产日龄的影响均未达到差异显著水平。     

Effect of postmortem treatments on the tenderness of meat from Hereford, Brahman and Brahman-cross beef cattle

The effect of postmortem aging (7, 14, 21 or 28 d), high-voltage electrical stimulation (stimulated or not stimulated) and blade tenderization (none or once; crossbreds only) on the sensory and cooking properties of meat from four beef breeds or breed-types (purebred Hereford, purebred Brahman, Hereford x Brahman and Brahman x Hereford) was determined. The meat from purebred Brahman cattle that was not electrically stimulated was less tender and more variable in tenderness than that from other breed-types but electrical stimulation reduced these differences in tenderness. The Brahman crossbred steers produced meat that was not different in tenderness or variability in tenderness from that of purebred Hereford steers, although all were only judged "slightly tender." Electrical stimulation reduced the length of postmortem aging needed to reach a given level of tenderness regardless of breed or breed-type. Meat from crossbred animals that was blade-tendernized was not different in tenderness from meat that was electrically stimulated. The results of this investigation indicate that purebred Brahman muscle was inherently less tender, but postmortem tenderization procedures produced meat that was similar tenderness to that of the other breed-types used in this study.     

The detection of transmissible gastroenteritis viral antigens by immunodiffusion.

Parathyroid (PT) glands from 20-day-old embryonic chicks cultured in a chemically defined medium secreted a stimulator of in vitro bone resorption. This stimulator was presumed to be parathyroid hormone (PTH) because: 1) the in vitro dose response curve was parallel to that obtained with bovine PTH; 2) the activity was eluted on Sephadex G-1--chromatography at a postition similar to that for PTH; and 3) the material produced hypercalcemia in vivo in chicks. The amount of PTH-activity secreted was inversely proportional to the calcium concentration of the medium over the range of 0.75-2.25 mM. The chick PT glands also secreted an inhibitor of PTH-stimulated bone resorption in vitro. This inhibitor was presumed to be calcitonin (CT) because: 1) the in vitro dose-response curve was parallel to that obtained with synthetic salmon CT; 2) the activity was eluted on Sephadex G-50 chromatography at a position similar to that for salmon CT; and 3) the material produced hypocalcemia in vivo in rats. In contrast to what would be expected for CT secretion, the CT-activity was secreted by the PT glands in response to a low, not high calcium concentration. The data suggest that the secretion of avian PTH is similar to that of the mammalian hormone, and that the ultimobranchialectomized chick with an intact parathyroid gland may not be deficient in CT.     

猪流行性腹泻IgA、IgG抗体与PEDV抗原相关性研究

为了研究仔猪所吮乳汁中IgA抗体水平与乳汁中PEDV感染情况,探讨母猪免疫猪流行性腹泻疫苗后乳汁与血清中IgA、IgG抗体水平的相关性,临床采集多家规模化猪场母猪群乳汁、血清样品以及发病仔猪所吮母猪乳汁样品。采用实验室已经建立的IgA、IgG抗体ELISA方法,检测临床上猪流行性腹泻疫苗免疫后IgA抗体与IgG抗体的相关性,同时采用RT-PCR方法检测发病仔猪所吮乳汁中PEDV感染情况。结果表明,免疫猪流行性腹泻活疫苗后母猪乳汁中IgA抗体水平与血清中IgA、IgG抗体水平呈现很好的正相关性;当发病仔猪所吮母猪乳汁IgA抗体检测结果为阴性时,其PEDV抗原检测结果为阳性;乳汁IgA抗体检测结果趋于阳性样品临界值时,其PEDV抗原检测结果亦为阳性。结论:乳汁中低水平的IgA抗体很难有效地保护仔猪抵御PEDV感染;乳汁中IgA抗体与血清IgA、IgG抗体呈现很好的相关性,且乳汁中IgA抗体水平远远高于血清;通过IgG抗体水平可以间接反映乳汁中的IgA抗体水平,在初乳样品采集难度较大的情况下,可用于间接评估猪流行性腹泻免疫保护水平。     

猪TF联合抗生素等药物治疗犬细小病毒病的临床效果观察

将人工感染发病的25只未免疫犬和自然发病的48只（大型犬和小型犬各24头）免疫犬分别随机分成3组，进行不同药物组合的治疗比较试验，在治疗试验第7d比较体征、病程，以判定治疗效果。结果表明：猪TF联合抗生素等药物的治疗人工感染犬细小病毒发病犬，其治愈率为55．6％，有效率为77．8％，明显高于血清治疗组（治愈率为25．0%，有效率为62．5％）和药物治疗组（治愈率0，有效率为37．5％）；猪TF联合抗生素等药物治疗自然发病（犬细小病毒病）犬，治愈率为56．3％，有效率为81．3％，明显高于血清治疗组（治愈率为37．5％，有效率为68．8％）和药物治疗组（治愈率12．5％，有效率为56．3％），猪TF联合抗生素等药物治疗平均治愈时间也较短。     

不同料水比的湿拌料对育成期银狐采食量、营养物质消化率、氮代谢及体重的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同料水比的湿拌料对育成期银狐采食量、营养物质消化率、氮代谢及体重的影响。试验选用平均体重为(3.44±0.19)kg的12周龄左右的健康银狐30只,随机分为3个组,每组10只,公母各占1/2。3组银狐分别饲喂料水比为1.0∶2.5(Ⅰ组)、1.0∶3.5(Ⅱ组)和1.0∶4.5(Ⅲ组)的湿拌料,试验期48 d。结果表明:1)随着湿拌料添加水分比例的升高,各周龄银狐的干物质平均日采食量均有不同程度的增加,其中Ⅲ组银狐干物质平均日采食量在14、15、17、18、19周龄时极显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P0.01),在16周龄时显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05);Ⅲ组干物质总采食量极显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P0.01),且Ⅱ组也有高于Ⅰ组的趋势,但差异不显著(P0.05)。2)Ⅰ组干物质消化率显著高于Ⅲ组(P0.05);蛋白质消化率各组间差异不显著(P0.05),但Ⅰ组较Ⅱ组升高4.62%,Ⅱ组较Ⅲ组升高5.42%;脂肪消化率各组间差异不显著(P0.05),但Ⅰ组较Ⅲ组升高4.03%,Ⅱ组较Ⅲ组升高4.46%。3)食入氮表现为Ⅲ组极显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P0.01),Ⅱ组也有高于Ⅰ组的趋势,但差异不显著(P0.05);尿液量随着湿拌料添加水分比例的升高显著或极显著升高(P0.05或P0.01);氮沉积各组间差异不显著(P0.05);粪氮排出量表现为Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P0.05),Ⅱ组高于Ⅰ组,但差异不显著(P0.05);随着湿拌料添加水分比例的升高,尿氮排出量有升高的趋势,而净蛋白质利用率有降低的趋势,但各组间差异不显著(P0.05);Ⅰ组蛋白质生物学价值显著高于Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组(P0.05)。4)不同料水比的湿拌料对银狐不同周龄平均体重、各阶段平均日增重、总增重均无显著影响(P0.05);对于料重比,Ⅱ组较Ⅲ组降低4.30%,Ⅰ组较Ⅱ组降低1.21%,但各组间差异不显著(P0.05)。综合各项指标,从降低环境污染和饲料成本以及保证银狐体增重的角度出发,育成期银狐湿拌料中料水比以1.0∶2.5为宜。     

3种定量检测绵羊肺炎支原体方法的比较

本研究采用改良Thiaucourt's培养基培养绵羊肺炎支原体(Mycoplasma ovipleuneniae, MO)临床分离株SC01,收集不同时间的培养物,分别用颜色变化单位(CCU)法、浊度法及实时荧光定量PCR(Real-time PCR)法进行定量,并绘制MO生长动态曲线。CCU检测结果显示,接种后0～4 h为SC01的迟缓期,4～16 h为对数生长期,lg CCU/mL 最高达到10.7000±0.4700,16～20 h为稳定期,20 h以后进入衰亡期;浊度法定量检测结果显示,SC01培养物经过5倍浓缩后的D_{420 nm}随着培养时间延长逐渐上升,2 h时为0.0028±0.0002,4～12 h D_{420 nm}增加较缓慢,而12～24 h增加最快,24 h最高达到0.8609±0.0045,以后则趋于稳定;Real-time PCR法检测结果显示,SC01的拷贝数随着培养时间延长平稳上升,2 h时lg 拷贝/mL为4.5889±0.0048,在30 h时lg 拷贝/mL达到7.6165±0.1089。相关性分析结果表明,在迟缓期和对数生长期,CCU法与Real-time PCR法、CCU法与浊度法、Real-time PCR法与浊度法对MO的定量检测结果高度相关,相关系数分别为0.967、0.720和0.849,而Real-time PCR法和浊度法对MO的定量检测结果则在2～30 h内均高度相关,相关系数为0.912。经对检测所需时间及精确度等方面综合比较,本研究认为Real-time PCR法具有快速、准确及易标准化等特点,可以取代CCU法和浊度法用于MO的定量。     

西安市售乳制品中抗菌药的残留检测

为了解西安市售消毒乳制品中抗菌药残留情况,以农业部2001年发布的无公害食品行业标准中牛乳不得检出抗菌药为判定标准,随机采购32份消毒牛奶,进行抗菌药残留检测。TTC法检测显示,抗菌药物残留阳性数为5份,阳性率为15.63%;ELISA法检测显示,磺胺二甲基嘧啶未检出,四环素类残留阳性数为3份,阳性率为9.38%,链霉素残留阳性数为7份,阳性率为21.88%。市售不同包装消毒牛奶中除新鲜屋包装外,其余均有抗菌药残留。进口消毒奶粉未检出抗菌药,检测国产消毒牛奶32份与国产奶粉20份,共检出阳性10份与11份,阳性率分别为31.25%和55%。通过检测可看出,奶粉中抗菌药残留阳性率显著比消毒牛奶高;包装精良的高档牛奶中抗菌药残留阳性率比普通包装牛奶低;进口消毒奶粉未检出抗菌药。检测结果显示抗菌药残留情况仍不容乐观。     

牦牛PLIN2基因的克隆及其在卵巢不同发情阶段的表达

试验旨在研究牦牛PLIN2基因的序列特征和表达特性,并分析其表达与不同发情时期的卵巢的相关性。根据GenBank中已知的普通牛序列,设计克隆引物,经RT-PCR扩增得到牦牛PLIN2基因序列。RT-PCR检测PLIN2基因在各个组织中的表达量,实时荧光定量PCR分析卵巢不同发情时期的表达量。结果表明,牦牛PLIN2基因的编码区长为1 353 bp,共编码450个氨基酸,为无跨膜结构的非分泌蛋白。与GenBank中已知的普通牛序列同源性达到99.4%,表明PLIN2基因在进化过程中相当保守。在牦牛的各个组织中PLIN2分布广泛,但不同组织中的表达有差异,卵巢、乳腺、胃和肾脏中相对较多,而肺脏中几乎没有表达。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,在卵巢的不同发情时期PLIN2都有表达,且在黄体期的表达量最高,表明PLIN2基因在牦牛发情周期中起着不可忽视的作用。     

玛曲高寒沙化草地不同灌木根际微量元素含量特征

选取玛曲县高寒沙化草地3种不同灌木山生柳(Salix oritrepha)、紫穗槐(Amorpha fruticosa)和沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides),研究其根际与非根际土壤微量元素（Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn）含量特征及土壤pH值的变化。结果表明,1)3种灌木的根际pH值均低于非根际,表现出不同程度的酸化作用。2)3种灌木根际全量铁、铜均高于非根际,紫穗槐和沙棘富集明显,而全量铜只有紫穗槐富集明显;除山生柳外,其余2种灌木根际全量锰含量均低于非根际;沙棘根际全量锌含量高于非根际,其余2种灌木均为根际低于非根际。3)紫穗槐的根际有效铁高于非根际,其他2种均低于非根际,紫穗槐的富集率最高,为 29.81%;除山生柳外,其他2种灌木根际有效锰含量均高于非根际;有效锌的富集趋势与有效铜相似,依次为沙棘>山生柳>紫穗槐。4)根际及非根际土壤各养分性状之间,存在一定的相关性。在根际土壤中,铜的全量和其有效量呈显著正相关性;全量铁和铜全量、有效量之间表现出了极显著正相关关系;铁和锰的有效量之间呈极显著正相关关系。在非根际土壤中,铜和铁的全量之间呈极显著正相关关系。     

三峡库区石漠化地区牛粪中钾元素在土壤-甜高粱体系中的分布与利用

为了研究在施用不同量牛粪后土壤-甜高粱体系中钾元素的利用和分布情况,试验分析了牛粪、甜高粱及土壤试验前后速效钾、全钾含量和甜高粱产量。结果表明:试验前在最浅层(0～≤5 cm)土壤中速效钾含量极显著低于>5～≤10 cm、>10～≤15 cm、>15～≤20 cm土层(P<0.01),4个土层土壤钾含量分别为27.73,43.27,42.97,40.40 mg/kg;试验后各土壤层全钾、速效钾含量与试验前相比均有增加;不同施肥处理对甜高粱速效钾含量的影响不显著(P>0.05);施化肥组甜高粱总产量极显著高于其他各组(P<0.01);钾元素在植株茎叶及根系中的富集作用表现为茎叶>根系。说明单施有机肥不是最佳施肥方式,需要有机肥、无机肥混合施入。     

牛瑟氏泰勒虫吉林株18S rRNA基因的扩增及系统发育研究

本研究根据GenBank上发表的牛瑟氏泰勒虫18S rRNA基因的核苷酸序列设计并合成1对特异性引物,对寄生于牛体内的瑟氏泰勒虫基因组DNA进行扩增,得到1 356 bp的18S rRNA基因片段,测序后blast分析表明该虫种属牛瑟氏泰勒虫。将该基因片段序列与GenBank中8种已知泰勒虫的相应序列进行比较分析,建立系统发育树。结果表明,牛瑟氏泰勒虫吉林分离株与水牛泰勒虫亲缘关系最近,与小泰勒虫亲缘关系较远。这一结果说明宿主因素对泰勒虫的基因型影响较大。     

Cloning and tissue expression of the equine transferrin receptor

Background: Characterization of anemia in horses presents a challenge, as they do not release reticulocytes into peripheral blood. Transferrin receptor (TfR) expression is highest on erythroid cells in people and rats, and measurement of a soluble serum form (sTfR) is used to quantify erythropoiesis in these species. We hypothesized that equine TfR (eTfR) expression is similar in quantity and distribution to that in these other species and thus has potential for characterization of the regenerative response in anemic horses. Objective: This study was conducted to clone and sequence the eTfR gene and measure expression levels using quantitative real‐time PCR and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Methods: Total RNA from equine bone marrow was used to produce cDNA. The eTfR gene was amplified using pooled gene‐specific primers, and PCR products were sequenced. Rapid amplification of cDNA ends was used to obtain the first 22 nucleotides of the coding sequence. Quantitative PCR was performed using eTfR gene‐specific primers, and IHC staining was used to localize TfR protein expression. Results: The deduced amino acid (aa) sequence (767 aa) of the eTfR was 75–83% identical with sequences of the receptor in several other mammals. As in people and rats, eTfR mRNA expression was highest in the bone marrow, and distribution in other tissues was also similar. Conclusion: The eTfR gene is similar to that of other mammals in structure and expression levels. We hypothesize that it is also similar in function and that, following development of an immunoassay, determining sTfR concentrations will be useful for identifying the regenerative response in anemic horses.     

张骞与汉代苜蓿引入考述

汉代输入苜蓿是确定无疑的,但是不是由张骞引入的在认识上还有分歧。本文在前人研究的基础上,采用考证归纳方法,从张骞通西域的背景、动机目的,乃至经历与影响,以及张骞带归苜蓿种子形象的产生等方面出发,对张骞与苜蓿引入的关系进行了考释梳理。到目前为止,对张骞引入苜蓿种子的看法主要有4种观点:(1)张骞引入苜蓿种子说;(2)张骞未引苜蓿种子说;(3)张骞传递苜蓿信息说;(4)张骞通西域纪念说。尽管目前还没有直接的史料可证明张骞就是取回苜蓿种子的汉使,但是有一点是可以肯定的,这就是苜蓿进入我国与张骞通西域密不可分。张骞从西域带回了大宛国盛产苜蓿的信息,为后来的“汉使取其实来,于是天子始种苜蓿”奠定了基础。或许在苜蓿进入我国的过程中,由于张骞带回来的信息,使汉朝知道了大宛国盛产苜蓿,并且是汗血宝马最爱吃的饲草,也正是有了这些信息作支撑,汉使才取回苜蓿种子。因此,不论张骞是否带回苜蓿种子,他在苜蓿传入我国的过程中功不可没。