苹果中蔗糖,葡萄糖,果糖,苹果酸的非破坏检测

探讨了用近红外光谱法非破坏检测苹果中糖、酸等四种组分的可行性，采用二阶导数来处理光学数据，分别筛选出９１４ｎｍ、９５０ｎｍ、８９７ｎｍ、９１２ｎｍ代表苹果中蔗糖，葡萄糖，果糖，苹果酸的第一特征波长。经多元线性回归分析，与高效液相色谱法相比，其复相关系数分别为０．９９７、０．９９２、０．９９２、０．９９６。对３２个预测样品的检验误差为０．０８５、０．０５７、０．１７８和０．０２１。结果表明近红外光谱     

非破坏评价黄瓜的营养成分

用近红外光谱法非破坏分析黄瓜中的维生素Ｃ、还原糖、干物重三种成分，与国际法相比，其相关系数分别为０．９９３２、０．９９３０、０．９８１６，标准误差为０．３６８ｍｇ／１００ｇ、０．０６８％和０．０８５％，说明两种方法有着相似的准确性和精密度，而近红外光谱法分析效率可提高上百倍，且不需要任何前处理，也不用化学试剂，分析后的黄瓜样品仍可食用或作商品出售。既适用于大批量样品的分析测定，又为品质育种和种质资     

检测草莓果中多组分的新方法——近红外光谱法

用近红外光谱法（ＮＩＲｓ）分析草莓中的蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、柠檬酸、苹果酸和维生素Ｃ等６种成分，与高效液相色谱法（ＨＰＬＣ）有测值相比较，其相关系数分别为０．９９２０、０．９９１４、０．９８８８．０．９９５４．０。９９４９和０．９９８０，标准误差为０．０２１、０．０３５、０．０６５、０．０４４、０．０２９．０。７２７。说明ＮＩＲｓ法与ＨＰＬＣ法的准确度相似。由于此法具有快速、非破坏、样品不需要预处理     

用反相高压液相色谱法对不同品种胡萝卜中β—胡萝卜素含量的测定

应用反相高压液相色谱法（ＲＰ－ＨＰＬＣ），经Ｎｏｖａ－ＰａｋＣ１８柱进行梯度洗脱，在４５４ｎｍ处检测，测定２９个不品种胡萝卜中β－胡萝卜素含量，其部平均值为３．５６ｍｇ．１００ｇ＾－１。英国品种Ｎａｎｔｕｒａ含量最高６．９２ｍｇ．１００ｇ＾１；４个品种中有２个品种β－胡罗卜含量超过６．０ｍｇ．１００ｇ＾－１，接近总平均值的２倍。中国和法国的品种β－胡罗卜素的含量相对较低，中国４个品种的总平均仅为测     

豆天蛾核型多角体病毒病的研究

从豆天蛾的幼虫中分离到一株核型多体病毒，其多角体的平面图象多为六边形和近圆形，直径０．６－２．０μｍ，病毒粒子杆状，两端圆滑，大小约５０ｎｍ×３２０ｎｍ．室内和田间试验表明，该株病毒对豆天蛾幼虫有比较强的致病力，对三龄幼虫的致死中浓度（ＬＣ５０）为１．４×１０＾４．８个多角体／ｍｌ，ｙ＝３．２４＋０．５４ｘ。田间防效效果可达７０％左右，与苏云金杆菌制剂或其他害虫病毒制剂混用，防治效果达９０×以上，     

不同产地和类型香料烟的化学成分研究

对中国干旱区、半干旱区、半湿润区和湿润区的香料烟，进行还原糖、总氮、烟碱、蛋白质等化学成分分析结果表明，干旱区（以新疆为代表）烟叶含糖量在１７．３４％－２６．５６％，总氮在０．９５％－１．４３％，烟碱在０．３４％－１．７９％，蛋白质含量在５．１１％－８．２９％之间，醚提物含量在２．３９％－７．９９％。湿润区（以湖南为代表）烟叶含糖量在４．４８％－８．６５％，总氮含量在１．２６％－１．６６％，烟碱含量在０．２１％－０．７４％，醚提物含量在５．９８％－７．２８％。半湿润区（以河南汝阳为代表）香料烟含糖量在９．４１％－２４．９２％，总氮含量为１．２７％－１．９９％，烟碱含量在０．６０％－１．６９％，醚提物含量为２．９２－８．０９％。半干旱区（以陕西宜川县为代表）香料烟含糖量在１０．２０％－１７．７８％，烟碱含量在０．５２％－０．８１％，总氮含量在１．３０％－１．５０％，蛋白质含量在７．５６％－９．０％。同一地区砂砾质黄粘土（肥力低）生产的香料烟糖含量和醚提物含量高，总氮和烟碱含量低。同一地区芳香型香料烟的含糖量较吃味型高，而总氮和烟碱含量较吃味型低。     

苹果梨树适宜负载量及树体参数的研究

苹果梨树株行距２ｍ×５ｍ，树体适宜负载量：初果期１５～２０ｋｇ，好果率占８０％以上，盛果期３５～４０ｋｇ，好果率８０％以上；枝组负载量的计算公式为ｙ＝１．９０５３ｘ－１．０３２５；花序适宜结果量１～２个；适宜负载量的树体参数为树高３．５～４．０ｍ，冠径２．０～２．５ｍ，枝类比：初果期长枝占总枝的３４％、中枝占３０％、短枝占２９％；盛果期长枝占总枝的２０％、中枝占２０％、短枝占６０％。叶果比：初果期２０～３０∶１，盛果期３０～３５∶１。     

用近红外光谱法测定大白菜的营养成分

选用来自我国主要产地的大白菜不同品种及不同成熟期等材料２４２份，进行常规成分的定标和检验。结果表明：粗蛋白、中性纤维、还原糖及维生素Ｃ的近红外（ＮＩＲ）法测值与化学法测值的复相关系数（ＭＲ）分别为０．９９５８、０．９８５２、０．９８２１和０．９８１４，定标的标准误差（ＳＥＣ）分别为０．３９８％、０．１３４％．０．０９８％和０．５１ｍｇ／１００ｇ。用一定数量的检验样品以４种成分化学法与近红外法进行比     

几种果品气调库贮藏的气调指标

红富士苹果贮藏温度－１～０℃，O２２％～４％，CO２１．２％～１．５％。相对湿度９５％左右。库内压力＜９８．１Pa。采收期多数地区为１０月中下旬。日入库量为库容量的１５％～２０％。５～７天装满库。贮藏５个月果实出库时，果肉硬度≥１３Ib／cm２。长把梨贮藏温度－０     

铁氰化钾分光光度法测定单宁的适用性

分析了ＦｅＣｌ３—Ｋ３Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）６分光光度法测定植物单宁的适用性。结果表明，在ｐＨ＜２．２时的酸性介质中单宁－ＫＦｅ［Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）６］最大吸收峰在６８０～７２０ｎｍ之间，绝大多数情况下吸收峰在６９５ｎｍ处，比色液单宁浓度在０～８０μｇ·ｍｌ－１时未形成沉淀前，遵守朗伯—比耳定律。时间变异系数每分钟±０．０５％，回收率９４．７％～１０５．２％，相对误差１．２％～５．３％。该方法受在酸性条件下能将Ｆｅ３＋还原为Ｆｅ２＋的物质和形成沉淀的物质干扰。测定结果与靛红—高锰酸钾滴淀法相接近。     

Relationship between sensory and NIR spectroscopy in consumer preference of table grape (cv Italia)

A combination of near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) instrumental measurements and sensory analysis was investigated to predict solids soluble content (SSC, assessed as Brix) and to classify preference in table grape cv Italia. SSC was monitored in each berry of whole bunches in order to evaluate intra-bunch distribution and variability. NIR spectra were recorded in the spectral region 12,000–4000 cm⁻¹ (833–2500 nm) using a set of 682 berries. The Partial Least Square (PLS) model based on cross-validation provided acceptable value for the main statistical parameters (coefficient of determination of cross-validation, r²: 0.85; standard error of cross-validation, SECV: 1.08; residual predictive deviation, RPD: 2.6) and was confirmed by external validation performed with 115 independent berries (coefficient of determination of prediction, r_p²: 0.82; standard error of prediction, SEP: 0.83). For consumer testing, the selected PLS model was used to predict the Brix value in 400 berries and Discriminant Analysis (DA) was then carried out to classify berries in terms of preference by relating NIR data to consumer judgment. The three defined preference clusters of berries were fully classified obtaining 100% membership. In cross-validation the value decreased especially for class 1 (78.5%) and 3 (75%) whereas class 2 obtained comparable values (98.7%). According to our results, NIR technology appears to be a promising technique for predicting SSC and obtaining information with regard to consumer preference in ‘Italia’ table grape for application of efficient and low cost on-line instruments in the fruit industry.     

Using visible and near infrared diffuse transmittance technique to predict soluble solids content of watermelon in an on-line detection system

Sugar content is one of the most important factors determining the eating quality of watermelon fruit. In order to detect the fruit soluble solids content (SSC) on-line, this work develops a nondestructive on-line detection prototype system using visible and near-infrared (Vis/NIR) technology. For the acquisition of the diffuse transmittance spectrum of watermelon, the conveyor was set at a speed of 0.3 m/s and ten 150 W tungsten halogen lamps were used as the light source. The crucial model for SSC value prediction was optimized by chemometrics. Partial least squares regression (PLSR), stepwise multiple linear regressions (SMLR), Monte-Carlo uninformative variable elimination (MC-UVE) and genetic algorithms (GA) were applied to the spectra in the range of 687–920 nm. The data pre-processing methods were optimized to transmittance spectra with baseline offset correction (BOC), and the BOC-MC-UVE-SMLR calibration model was the best with a correlation coefficient (r_pre) of 0.70, root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.33 °Brix for the prediction set. In on-line testing of 30 samples, the r_pre was 0.66 and RMSEP was 0.39 °Brix. The results showed that a nondestructive on-line SSC value determination prototype based on Vis/NIR technology was feasible.     

近红外快速测定干辣椒中辣度的研究

以干辣椒为对象,采用近红外快速测定方法检测其辣度。首先,使用高效液相色谱法对8种干辣椒中辣椒碱类物质含量进行准确测定,确定了定量指标辣度。然后,采集干辣椒粉样品的近红外光谱数据,利用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立检测模型,并对检测波长范围及模型主因子数进行了筛选。结果表明,使用PLS进行模型的建立,校正集方程相关系数0.987 1,验证集方程相关系数0.870 4;校正均方根误差2 870,交叉验证均方根误差9 476,主因子数为8。最终得到的检测模型能够满足对干辣椒中辣度的快速检测要求,且具有较好的准确度。     

基于主基因+多基因混合模型的甜高粱茎秆含糖量基因遗传分析

此文以茎秆含糖量（锤度）较低的粒用高粱品系LR625（P1）和茎秆含糖量（锤度）较高的甜高粱品系Rio（P2）及其杂交后代F1、F2群体为研究对象,运用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对茎秆含糖量的遗传进行了联合分离分析。结果表明：茎秆含糖量性状受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因和加性-显性多基因共同控制。2对主基因的加性效应分别为-4.004和-2.116,显性效应分别为0.084和-0.462,主基因遗传力为83.27%,多基因遗传力为7.38%。这说明锤度性状主要受2对主基因的作用,而且2对主基因均以加性效应为主。这一研究结果为茎杆含糖量性状的基因定位和育种选择提供了理论依据。     

Postharvest quality of apple predicted by NIR-spectroscopy: Study of the effect of biological variability on spectra and model performance

The effect of cultivar, season, shelf-life and origin on the accuracy of near infrared (NIR) calibration models for the soluble solids content (SSC) and firmness of apple was studied based on a large spectral data set based on approximately 6000 apple fruit from different cultivars, origins, shelf-life exposure time and seasons. To interpret the variance in the spectra with respect to biological variability, functional analysis of variance (FANOVA) was used. From the FANOVA analysis it was concluded that the effects of cultivar, origin and shelf-life exposure time on the NIR spectra were all significant. The largest differences in the spectra were found around the water absorption peaks (970, 1170 and 1450 nm). External validations using independent data sets showed that the accuracy of the models increased considerably when more variability was included in the calibration data set. In general the RMSEP for predictions of the SSC were in the range 0.6–0.8 °Brix, while for Magness Taylor firmness it was 5.9–8.8 N, depending on the cultivar. It was shown that atypical data can lead to large validation errors. It is, therefore, important to collect a calibration data set which is sufficiently representative for future samples to be analyzed with the developed calibration models and to develop simple procedures for model adaptation during practical use.     

Investigating the effects of simulated transport vibration on tomato tissue damage based on vis/NIR spectroscopy

Visible and near infrared (vis/NIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics were investigated to evaluate the effects of simulated transport vibration levels on damage of tomato fruit. A total of 280 tomato samples were randomly divided into 5 groups; each group was subjected to vibration at different acceleration levels. A total of 230 samples (46 from each group) were selected as a calibration set; whereas 50 samples (10 from each group) were selected as a prediction set. Raw spectra, differentiation (the first derivative) spectra, extended multiplicative scatter correction (EMSC) processed spectra and standard normal variant combined with detrending (SNV–DT) processed spectra were used for calibration models. SNV–DT processed spectra had the best performance using for partial least squares (PLS) analysis. The PLS analysis was implemented to calibrate models with different wavelength bands including visible, short-wave near infrared (SWNIR) and long-wave near infrared (LWNIR) regions. The best PLS model was obtained in the vis/NIR (600–1600 nm) region. Using a grid search technique and radial basis function (RBF) kernel, four least squares support vector machine (LS–SVM) models with different latent variables (7, 8, 9, and 10 LVs) were compared. The optimal model was obtained with 9 LVs and the correlation coefficient (r), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and bias for the best prediction by LS–SVM were 0.984, 0.137 and 0.003, respectively. The results showed that vis/NIR spectroscopy could be applied as a reliable and rapid method for predicting the effect of vibration levels on tissue damage of tomato fruit.     

Quantitative assessment of intact green asparagus quality by near infrared spectroscopy

NIR spectroscopy was used to assess textural parameters (maximum shear force and cutting energy) in intact green asparagus. At the same time, two commercially available spectrophotometers, which differ primarily in terms of measurement principles, were evaluated: a scanning monochromator (SM) of 400–2500 nm and a combination of diode array and scanning monochromator (DASM) of 350–2500 nm. A total of 468 green asparagus spears cv. ‘UC-157’ were used to obtain calibration models based on reference data and NIR spectral data. Both instruments provided good precision for maximum shear force, with r² values between 0.55 and 0.67 and standard error of cross-validation (SECV) ranging from 7.81 to 8.43 N, and also for cutting energy (r² = 0.60–0.74; SECV = 0.06–0.07 J). The results obtained suggest that NIR spectroscopy is a promising technology for predicting intact green asparagus quality in terms of texture. They also show that the two spectrophotometers tested provided a similar degree of accuracy for texture measurements in intact green asparagus.     

Identification of QTL for stalk sugar-related traits in a population of recombinant inbred lines of maize

Increasing sugar content in silage maize stalk improves its forage quality and palatability. The genetic mapping and characterization of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) is considered a valuable tool for trait enhancement, yet little information on QTL for stalk sugar content in maize has been reported. To this end, we investigated QTLs associated with stalk sugar traits including Brix, plant height (PHT), three ear leaves area (TELA), and days to silking (DTS) in two environments using a population of 202 recombinant inbred lines from a cross between YXD053, which has a high stalk sugar content, and Y6-1, which has a low stalk sugar content. A genetic map with 180 SSR and 10 AFLP markers was constructed, which spanned 1,648.6 cM of the maize genome with an average marker distance of 8.68 cM, and QTLs were detected using composite interval mapping. Seven QTLs controlling Brix were mapped on chromosomes 1, 2, 6 and 9 in the combined environments. These QTLs could explain 2.69–13.08 % of the phenotypic variance. One major QTL for Brix on chromosome 2 located between the markers bnlg1909 and umc1635 explained 13.08 % of the phenotypic variance. Y6-1 also contributed QTL allele for increased Brix on chromosome 6. One major QTLs controlling PHT on chromosome 1 and TELA on chromosome 4 were also identified and accounted for 13.68 and 12.49 % of the phenotypic variance, respectively. QTL alleles for increased DTS were located on chromosomes 1 and 5 of YXD053. Significant epistatic effects were identified in four traits, but no significant QTL × environment interactions were observed. The information presented here may be valuable for stalk sugar content improvement via marker-assisted selection in silage maize breeding programs.     

Effect of fruit moving speed on predicting soluble solids content of ‘Cuiguan’ pears (Pomaceae pyrifolia Nakai cv. Cuiguan) using PLS and LS-SVM regression

Visible (Vis)/near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is an excellent technique for non-destructive fruit quality assessment. This research was focused on evaluating the use of Vis/NIR spectroscopy for measuring soluble solids content (SSC) of intact ‘Cuiguan’ pears (Pomaceae pyrifolia Nakai cv. Cuiguan) on-line. Also, the effect of fruit moving speed on SSC measurements was investigated. Diffuse transmission spectra were collected using a fiber spectrometer equipped with a 3648-element linear silicon CCD array detector in the wavelength range of 345–1040 nm, and all sample spectra were collected three times at different fruit moving speeds of 0.3 m s^?1, 0.5 m s^?1 and 0.7 m s^?1. Spectral pre-processing such as derivative, standard normal variate transformation (SNV) and multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) was used before calibration. Partial least squares (PLS) and least squares support vector machines (LS-SVM) were used to develop calibration models for SSC. The results show that fruit moving speed has few effects on spectra and model performance at a fruit moving speed of 0.3–0.7 m s^?1. At 0.5 m s^?1, the best model for SSC was PLS regression coupled with original spectra, its coefficient of determination (R²) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) being 0.916% and 0.530%, respectively.     

Nondestructive detection of internal insect infestation in jujubes using visible and near-infrared spectroscopy

This paper reports on a study comparing three spectroscopic measurements (interactance, reflectance, and transmittance) in the Vis/NIR range for the detection of internal insect infestation with different damaged levels in jujubes (Hovenia acerba Lindl.). Stepwise discriminant analysis was used to derive the discriminant functions based on the effective wavelengths that had maximum discriminatory potential for the different internal conditions. The results show that both interactance in the long-wave NIR (LWNIR) and transmission in the visible and short-wave near-infrared (VSWNIR) wavelength ranges have an obvious advantage over reflectance for every range in completely distinguishing infested from intact jujubes. However, interactance and reflectance in the VSWNIR wavelength range exhibited higher classification accuracies in sorting severely damaged jujubes from slightly infested and intact samples. Furthermore, transmission had clear advantages over both interactance and reflectance for distinguishing slightly infested jujubes from intact jujubes in the VSWNIR range.