济宁青山羊松果体细胞超微结构的季节性变化

本试验旨在探讨松果体细胞与季节性繁殖的关系,为进一步揭示山羊季节性繁殖的内分泌机理提供参考。通过透射电镜观察济宁青山羊松果体细胞超微结构的季节性变化。结果表明:①松果体细胞可分为明细胞和暗细胞,在明细胞内滑面内质网(SER)的含量较粗面内质网(RER)丰富,而暗细胞内RER含量较丰富。另外明细胞内高尔基复合体和线粒体都较暗细胞内的复杂,但暗细胞内有较多的糖元颗粒。②夏季松果体细胞以暗细胞为主,明细胞较少,而春季明、暗细胞都较多。济宁青山羊松果体细胞的功能活动呈现季节性变化。     

冬春季莱芜黑山羊松果体功能状态的免疫组织化学比较

应用5-HT免疫组织化学染色法，对冬春两季的莱芜黑山羊松果体进行了观察比较，以探讨松果体与下丘脑垂体-性腺轴的关系。结果显示，莱芜黑山羊松果体内存在大量5-HT阳性的松果体细胞及5-HT纤维；冬季松果体阳性细胞面积及阳性面积比都明显大于春季（P〈0．01），平均光密度在冬、春季间无明显差异（P〉0．05）。表明莱芜黑山羊松果体的功能活动呈现季节性变化，与羊的繁殖活动关系密切。     

幼年牦牛松果体的光镜和电镜观察

利用光镜和电镜技术对幼年牦牛松果体的组织形态结构特征进行了研究。结果表明，光镜下，幼年牦牛松果体由松果体细胞、少量的神经胶质细胞、毛细血管和神经等组成。电镜下，松果体细胞的电子致密度低，细胞质内含有丰富的线粒体、粗面内质网、滑面内质网、高尔基复合体、微管、微丝和核糖体，典型异质细胞器突触带呈球形，多位于质膜附近。神经胶质细胞内的线粒体丰富，胞体突起呈球形膨大伸入到松果体细胞之间。松果体细胞以及神经胶质细胞间均存在突触和连接复合体。牦牛松果体内的毛细血管为连续型，远腹侧血管周围可见色素细胞。     

成年母鸡松果腺组织结构的研究

用透射与扫描电镜和荧光显微镜对25只成年母鸡的松果腺进行了系统观察。松果腺主要由松果体细胞组成,其间夹杂有少量胶质细胞。松果体细胞的核呈圆形或椭圆形,而胶质细胞的核多呈不规则形。松果体细胞具有突起,线粒体丰富,高尔基复合体发达,胞质中散布有核糖体,并见有粗面和滑面内质网、微管、溶酶体、脂滴以及少量致密核芯小体和板层小体。胶质细胞的结构特征为胞质中含有微丝。毛细血管内皮不含窗孔。本研究结果表明,鸡松果体细胞具有内分泌细胞的结构特征,因而认为鸡的松果腺是一个内分泌腺。     

莱芜黑山羊松果体内含5—羟色胺细胞及纤维的免疫组化观察

采用免疫组化SABC法,对冬季莱芜黑山羊松果体中含5羟色胺细胞及纤维进行研究。结果显示:①松果体内存在大量5羟色胺阳性的松果体细胞,细胞轮廓较清晰。②松果体的蒂部、被膜及内部含有丰富的5羟色胺纤维,且呈现出不同的形态和免疫反应强度。     

莱芜黑山羊松果体内含5-羟色胺细胞及纤维的免疫组化观察

采用免疫组化SABC法,对冬季莱芜黑山羊松果体中含5-羟色胺细胞及纤维进行研究。结果显示：①松果体内存在大量5-羟色胺阳性的松果体细胞,细胞轮廓较清晰。②松果体的蒂部、被膜及内部含有丰富的5-羟色胺纤维,且呈现出不同的形态和免疫反应强度。     

非洲雏鸵鸟甲状腺的显微和超微结构研究

应用光镜和透射电镜技术,研究2月龄非洲雏鸵鸟甲状腺的显微和超微结构。结果表明,非洲雏鸵鸟甲状腺实质由甲状腺滤泡和滤泡旁细胞组成;甲状腺滤泡大小不一,直径20.0～280.0μm,平均69.9μm;滤泡主要由单层立方上皮细胞围成,上皮细胞高5.0～15.0μm,平均9.4μm。电镜下,滤泡上皮细胞分为A、B两型,A型细胞呈立方形或低柱状,胞核较大,常染色质丰富;胞质内RER、线粒体、高尔基复合体和溶酶体等细胞器丰富;B型细胞呈扁平或低立方形,胞核扁椭圆形,异染色质较多;胞质内各种细胞器不发达。滤泡旁细胞卵圆形或多边形,数量较少,胞体较大,位于滤泡间或滤泡上皮细胞之间;胞质内RER、线粒体、高尔基复合体和分泌颗粒较多。研究结果提示2月龄非洲雏鸵鸟的甲状腺功能比较活跃,能够合成、分泌较多的甲状腺激素和一定量的降钙素。     

褪黑激素的ELISA测定方法

褪黑激素是由动物脑部的松果体细胞在暗环境所分泌的吲哚类激素，它的前体是5-羟色胺(5-HT)。早在20世纪20年代，McCord和Allen观察到牛的松果体的提取物能使某种小蝌蚪皮肤黑色素发生凝聚反应而褪色变白，因而得名褪黑激素(Melatonin简MEL，MLT，MT)。直到1959年Lemer等才鉴定了它的化学结构：N-乙酰-5-甲氧基色胺。 之后随着对它研究的深入渐渐阐明了其化学特点，褪黑激素为色氨酸衍生的小分子，浅白色固体结晶，无电性激素。     

济宁青山羊不同季节血浆内褪黑素分泌规律的研究

为了探讨济宁青山羊季节性发情的内分泌机理,本试验分别用放射性免疫法和免疫组织化学方法研究了济宁青山羊在春分、夏至、秋分和冬至时血浆内褪黑素的变化规律以及松果体细胞内5-羟色胺（5-HT）的含量变化。结果显示,血浆内褪黑素含量在午夜达到最大值,而在白天日中附近降到最小值,在夜间显著高于白天（P〈0．01）。褪黑素含量也存在明显的季节性变化,夏至时夜间的平均含量极显著高于其它3个季节（P〈0．01）,春分和秋分时差异不明显（P〉0．05）,但它们显著高于冬至时的夜间平均水平（P〈0．05）。白天血浆褪黑素含量在各个季节差异不显著（P〉0．05）。夏季5-羟色胺阳性细胞面积和占总面积比值都显著小于其它3个季节,冬季最大,春季和秋季差异不显著（P〉0．05）。     

微生态制剂对幼兔生长及HPA轴5-HT能细胞的影响

本文旨在研究微生态制剂对幼兔生长和下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(HPA)轴5-羟色胺(5-HT)免疫反应细胞的影响.选用108只雄性幼兔随机分为4组:对照组饲喂基础日粮,益生素组在日粮中添加 0.1%蜡样芽孢杆菌PAS38制剂,益生元组在日粮中添加0.2%甘露聚糖制剂,合生元组在日粮中添加0.1%蜡样芽孢杆菌PAS38制剂和0.2%甘露聚糖制剂.其中48只兔(每组12只,每4只为1个重复)用于全程观察生长性能,其余60只家兔饲喂至60、75和90日龄时每组宰杀5只,采用免疫组化法检测HPA轴5-HT阳性细胞数量和表达.结果表明,益生素组和合生元组日增重极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),益生元组显著高于对照组(P<0.05).益生素、益生元、合生元组的料重比分别比对照组下降了13.8%、10.9%、14.9%(P>0.05).微生态制剂对HPA轴5-HT阳性细胞数量变化不显著(P>0.05);75日龄和90 日龄时,益生素和合生元组HPA轴5-HT阳性细胞的表达显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)高于对照组,益生元组90日龄时HPA轴5.HT阳性细胞的表达显著高于对照组(P<0.05).结果提示,微生态制剂能促进幼兔生长,增强HPA轴中5-HT阳性细胞的表达.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.