Wood science in a changing world – Where are we headed?

Summary The 1999 IAWS Academy Lecture examined the field of wood science – past, present, and future. Although the history of wood science has been less than a century in the making, the history of innovation in wood products design and use extends over a much longer time frame. It is a bit humbling to realize that some of the products that are discussed in technical and scientific meetings today had their origin hundreds or even thousands of years ago. Wood science research efforts began as early as the late 1800s, but formal establishment of research and academic institutions did not occur until after the beginning of the 20th century. In the half century that followed 1910, wood science gradually became recognized as a separate and distinct field of science, technological development, and professional pursuit. The wood science and technology profession is currently at a defining moment in history. Despite considerable scientific advancement and new product innovation relative to wood science in recent decades, wood science and technology as a profession and field of academic study is undergoing decline in the United States and several other regions of the world. Professional societies, institutions, and agencies that focus on the science and technology of wood as an industrial material, including the International Academy of Wood Science, will likely need to change to be effective in the future. Received 15 October 1999     

木材科学与技术研究新进展

木材作为世界四大基础材料中(钢铁、水泥、塑料、木材)唯一的可再生资源,广泛应用于家具、建筑、能源、新材料等领域,与人们的生活息息相关,已成为国民经济重要支柱产业.从木材微观分子生物学到宏观木结构,再到新型木质纳米材料进行全面阐释,对于木材科学与技术领域的基础理论研究和重大核心技术突破具有重要指导意义.木材科学与技术已发...     

中国人工林展望:林木培育、木材质量及其合理利用(英文)

随着天然林保护工程的实施 ,我国木材资源结构正在进行由主要利用天然林木材到利用人工林木材的转变 .由于人工林木材所含幼龄材比例相当高 ,木材资源结构的变化反过来必将对我国的木材加工工业及林产品工业带来一系列影响 .该文综述了我国木材资源的现状 ,比较了人工林幼龄材与天然林成熟材的木材基本特性 ,探讨了人工林木材性质特征与营林培育的关系 ,阐述了木材质量与不同最终用途之间的关系 ,并对加强开展人工林木材性质的研究提出了几点建议     

国内外室内木质环境的研究现状及发展趋势

随着木质材料在建筑行业应用比例的不断增加,对由木质材料构成的室内环境研究也越来越受到人们的重视,对室内木质环境的研究内容主要包括:木质材料对环境物理条件的影响（包括温度、湿度、声、光、色、空气质量等）;木质材料对人体感觉器官的刺激效应（如触觉、视觉、听觉和嗅觉）;木质材料构成的室内环境对人类居住性的综合效应（如木造住宅与人类寿命、疾病、儿童成长等关系）.室内环境受着诸多因素的影响,今后的研究趋势是将基础科学与医学、生物学、心理学等结合起来综合评价室内木质环境,并将其与传统建筑材料构成的室内环境相比较,以此为开拓木质材料在建筑行业中的应用领域提供充分的实践和理论依据,促使人造板工业得到跨行业的发展。     

浙江省细木工板产品的质量现状分析与建议

结合近5年来浙江省细木工板产品的质量抽查结果,介绍浙江省细木工板产品的现状,从宏观、微观层面分析产品质量,并对其发展提出了建议.     

A preliminary investigation on microstructural characteristics of interfacial zone between cement and exploded wood fiber strand by using SEM-EDS

The hydration behavior and strength performance of cement mixed with exploded wood fiber strand (WFS) obtained by the water-vapor explosion process have been studied previously. In the current study, the microstructural characteristics of cement–exploded WFS interfacial zone were examined using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The Ca/Si ratios at the interfacial zones and the elemental compositions of hydration products deposited in the tracheid lumen were investigated. In addition, the morphological differences and compositional variations of hydration products that developed on the wood surfaces were examined. The results revealed that the Ca/Si ratios at the interfacial zones were strongly influenced by the mixture compositions, and that the elemental compositions of the hydration products that filled the tracheid lumen were significantly different from those of the cement paste in the mixtures. Differences in morphology and composition of hydration products at the wood surfaces were also observed to correspond to the different mixture compositions. These characteristics are considered to be directly related to the bond property, and thus, to the mechanical performance of WCM.Part of this report was presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Fukuoka, March 2003     

Properties of wheat straw particleboards bonded with different types of resin

Wheat straw particleboard bonded with a urea–formaldehyde (UF) resin, usually employed in the manufacture of wood-based particleboards, or with a resin based on epoxidised oil was manufactured using a compression molding machine. The effects of resin type on internal bond strength, flexural modulus, and thickness swelling were examined. The properties of boards using UF resins were poor. Internal bond strength and thickness swelling, linked to adhesion quality, were especially low. The high compatibility between straw particles and oil-based resin was explained in terms of straw surface free energy. In straw, this parameter exhibits a much lower polar component than wood species and leads to higher compatibility with resins based on oil than with water-soluble systems like UF.     

开发木质纤维原料的潜能

本文讨论了木质纤维自身胶合的问题，湿法纤维板是实现自身胶粘的典型例子，提出利用木质纤维原料生成实现自身胶合，以及木质纤维原料表面活化是实现良好先决条件，对木质纤维原料自身胶粘的研究寄予厚望。     

Epichlorohydrin coupling reactions with wood

Summary Properties of wood can be improved by reacting chemicals with hydroxyl groups of wood cell wall polymers. To achieve this improvement in wood properties, bioactive compounds containing hydroxyl groups, such as pentachlorophenol, 3,5-dimethyl phenol, and 2-naphthol, can be reacted with epichlorohydrin to give corresponding glycidyl ethers. The new epoxide formed during this reaction can be used to bond bioactive compounds to wood. This bonding may result in improved wood properties. The objective of this study was to develop a simple procedure for synthesizing glycidyl ethers. The alcohol was reacted with epichlorohydrin and a catalyst and monitored by thin-layer chromatography. Shortwave ultraviolet light was used to detect spots. Resulting products were analyzed for carbon, hydrogen, and in one case, chlorine. Reaction of pentachlorophenol with epichlorohydrin formed only one enantiomeric glycidyl ether, whereas reaction of 3,5-dimethyl phenol with epichlorohydrin led to two enantiomeric glycidyl ethers in a 1 to 3 ratio. Reaction of 2-naphthol with epichlorohydrin also led to two enantoimeric glycidyl ethers in equal amounts. In future research, these glycidyl ethers will be reacted with wood, and their toxicity to wood-destroying fungi in bonded form will be determined.     

壳聚糖及其金属配位聚合物在木材工业中的应用现状与展望

壳聚糖(chitosan)是从虾、蟹等甲壳动物中提取的一种天然碱性高分子多糖,壳聚糖易与过渡金属及稀土金属配位形成壳聚糖金属配位聚合物[chitosan metal complexes(CMC)],壳聚糖及壳聚糖金属配位聚合物是目前研究广泛的一类新型高分子生物材料,近年来的研究表明壳聚糖及壳聚糖金属配位聚合物在木材工业中有着广泛的应用前景,例如作为环保型木材防腐剂,促进木材防腐工业的持续发展。笔者介绍了其基本应用,重点报道其在木材染色、木材保护及用于木质材料胶合方面的应用及研究进展。     

新世纪我国木材科学与技术展望

在新世纪到来之际，为了适应全球经济一体化，科技经济一体化以及国家经济体制改革和科技体制改革的发展要求，我国将加强木材科学与技术的知识创新和技术创新，对学科发展进行重大调整，知识创新将以人工林木材为主的植物材料的材质材性与生物形成和加工利用的关系方向有重大进展；技术创新将以企业为主，在以木材为主的植物资源加工利用技术，产品增值加工技术，木质材料性能，产品应用技术和环保技术方面有较大的突破，木材科学与技术学科的发展特点将更显交叉性和边缘性，向植物材料学，木基复合材料学，木质重组材料学，木质环境材料学，木结构环境工程学和木材化学和加工学等方面6发展。     

纳米木粉在木材工业的应用前景展望

纳米技术作为一个新突破点,在木材工业上也将产生新的技术革命.本文就纳米技术在木材工业上的发展及应用前景进行展望,预测未来纳米技术可能对木材工业产生的影响.木材变成纳米尺寸后,木材的材料特异性质、尺寸效应及其变化机理都可能发生变化.当木粉变成纳米的粒度以后,原来木材理化指标都将发生改变.在细粉状态下进行木材液化可以改变木材液化的方式和成本,使木材液化真正工业化.在复杂木雕制品的加工中,采用RPM技术利用CAD直接将纳米木粉形成各种复杂木雕制品,可能开创一种新的木材加工方法.利用纳米木基复合材料和高分子材料细胞结构重组将开创人造板科学研究的新领域.纳米木粉生产的无污染胶粘剂可代替含甲醛的有毒胶,胶粘剂的绿色革命可能从木材的纳米技术开始.木磁材料和木绝磁材料的研究将使磁材料和绝磁材料生产的成本下降,在纳米材料中,纳米木粉的成本可能是最低的.     

Tannery row – The story of some natural and synthetic wood adhesives

Tannin adhesives are a relatively old but limited speciality which has become again topical with the very marked environment-friendly outlook of wood science at the beginning of the new century. Although the lecture will start by intermingling the technical experience of the author in this field mainly with some humorous stories on the early and not so early beginnings of this speciality, this will only be a brief introduction to more recent scientific/technical developments on mainly synthetic thermosetting adhesives, although natural adhesives will not be forgotten. The lecture will also relate in a very brief form, and without being limiting, some of the author's developments in synthetic (and some natural) resins wood adhesives, and in other fields of wood science and wood technology which might have or have had an impact on the advancement of this field. Received 20 June 2000     

对我国木材干燥技术创新与发展问题的几点思考

概述了我国木材干燥工业发展的现状.指出了目前木材干燥工业发展中存在的主要问题,如总体水平较低,干燥技术发展不均衡,木材干燥学科在行业内的地位和影响力有所下降.提出了应加强理论创新;针对我国木材资源特点重视木材干燥新技术的研究与技术的集成创新;倡导"节能减排"的绿色干燥;充分发挥学会、协会的引领作用等推动木材干燥工业健康发展的思路.     

近红外光谱技术及其在木材科学中的应用

近红外光谱技术是一项新的木材无损评价方法,能够迅速、准确地对生长锥、固体木材或木粉等试样的性质进行全面无损评价,目前已广泛应用于木材性质预测、木材加工利用等方面的研究中,并为林木的定向培育、木材的遗传改良和高效利用提供技术支持。本文介绍了近红外光谱技术的基本原理及其主要应用,重点介绍了木材的近红外光谱技术及其在木材化学组成、物理力学性质、木材加工利用和木质复合材料等方面的研究成果及应用。     

人造板用异氰酸酯胶粘剂的性质与应用

介绍了用荧光显微技术和ＤＳＣ分析方法研究人造板用异氰酸酯胶粘剂的胶接特性，以及近年来异氰酸酯在人造板中的应用。国内外研究结果表明，以异氰酸酯作为人造板胶粘剂可获得较ＰＦ、ＵＦ胶粘剂更牢固的化学胶接，尤其用于农作物秸杆（麦草、稻草）的胶接可得到符合我国木质Ａ类优等品标准的刨花板。     

Straw-wood composites bonded with various adhesive systems

In order to study the feasibility of utilizing wheat straw as an alternative raw material for panels, experimental one-layer particleboards were produced by mixing straw with industrial wood particles in various proportions (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100). Three different adhesive systems were used for blending the raw materials: a UF resin (E₂ grade), a PMDI resin and various UF:PMDI combinations (10:0, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5). The evaluation of the mechanical and hygroscopic properties of panels showed the following results: Partial replacement of wood particles from straw in panels bonded with pure UF resin resulted in deterioration of all properties except linear swelling. Partial or whole substitution of wood by straw in PMDI bonded panels, improved the bending strength and all hygroscopic properties of the panels but reduced the internal bond (dry and wet) and screw holding strength, although to a much smaller degree compared to UF bonded panels. The properties of panels bonded with various UF:PMDI combinations and comprising 50% wood and 50% straw were considerably improved by increasing the PMDI content. In terms of the properties, pure straw panels or panels made of certain wood/straw mixtures, if bonded with PMDI resin or the appropriate UF:PMDI combination, can be used for specific applications where high quality panels are required according to the specifications of the related standards. Received 11 February 1998     

中国泡桐属木材科学研究现状及展望

泡桐(Pauitio:t)是我国的一类优良的速生优质用材树种,也是平原绿化、营建农田防护林、四旁植树和林粮间作的重要树种。     

A critical discussion of the physics of wood–water interactions

This paper reviews recent findings on wood–water interaction and puts them into context of established knowledge in the field. Several new findings challenge prevalent theories and are critically discussed in an attempt to advance current knowledge and highlight gaps. The focus of this review is put on water in the broadest concept of wood products, that is, the living tree is not considered. Moreover, the review covers the basic wood–water relation, states and transitions. Secondary effects such as the ability of water to alter physical properties of wood are only discussed in cases where there is an influence on state and/or transition.     

Tensile strength of softwood butt end joints. Part 1: Effect of grain angle on adhesive bond strength

To study the effect of grain angle on the adhesive bond strength in wood, three-part Norway spruce wood specimens were bonded and tested in tension. The two axially orientated outer parts of the specimens were joined with the middle part by means of three adhesives typically used for load-bearing constructions, i.e. one-component polyurethane (PUR), melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) and phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde (PRF). The grain angle of the middle part was varied from 0° (end grain to end grain) to 90° (flat grain to end grain) in incremental steps of 10°. In general, PRF- and MUF-bonded samples exhibited highest tensile strength at end grain to end grain orientation of the three parts, while specimens bonded with PUR showed only 25% of the strength measured for PRF and MUF, respectively. At high grain angles (90°) all specimens showed similar strength values in the range of 30% of maximum strength of MUF- and PRF-bonded specimens. To explain the changing strength levels at different grain angle a composite failure criterion was applied.