水稻生育不同时期应用惠满丰效果

惠满丰是高效有机肥，施用惠满丰是发展持续农业，绿色农业的有效措施，经多年使用表明，水稻应用惠满丰，增产效果显著，平均增产12.1%，增效1246.9元/hm^2，并能促早熟2-3d，改善产品品质。     

马铃薯专用肥用量试验

通过在我省东北部马铃薯种植区,设置该地区研制的宣农牌马铃薯专用复混肥不同施用量对合作88品种增产效应的对比试验,为同类型地区马铃薯丰产栽培科学施肥研究及大面积示范推广提供依据。本试验中,以每667m2施用80kg专用肥作底肥为最佳施肥方案,平均单产达到了4216 7kg/667m2,比对照增产鲜薯2383 4kg/667m2,增幅达到了130%。同时,该处理中的平均单株产量、商品薯率和肥料效应等也为最高。     

桐城市粳稻大田施用配方肥效果初探

[目的]探索施用配方肥对粳稻经济性状及土壤化肥使用减量的影响。[方法]在大关镇畈村开展了粳稻施用配方肥生产示范试验。[结果]粳稻施用配方肥A,可减施化肥(折纯)64.5 kg/hm^2,增产694.5 kg/hm^2;施用配方肥B可减施化肥(折纯)42.0 kg/hm^2,增产633.0 kg/hm^2。[结论]水稻生产可大面积推广使用配方肥,对粳稻而言,配方肥A效果最佳。     

有机无机复混肥料在西瓜上应用效果

在砂红壤西瓜上施用壮禾牌有机无机复混肥料,每公顷施肥1050kg作基肥与等量的25%复混肥料肥效相当,比20%的单质化肥具有极显著增产效果.     

玉米专用肥肥效及施用技术研究

含有机物质的玉米专用复混肥在辽宁东北部地区有良好的增产效果,以施用600～750 kg/hm2为好,一次性基施好于基施加追肥.     

优质甘薯新品种龙薯1号示范种植表现与高产栽培技术

龙薯1号是福建省龙岩市农业科学研究所育成的甘薯新品种，具有早熟、优质、高产、稳产、抗逆性强、适应性广等特点，在两年的福建省甘薯新品种区域试验中，产量分别为42814.5kg/hm^2和40962.0kg/hm^2，比对照金山57增产7.43%和20.70%。龙薯1号应适时早插，保证生育期120-130d。密度52500-60000株/hm^2，分生育阶段进行田间管理。     

甘薯新品种在闽东南丘陵旱地试种试验简报

2001年引进9个甘薯新品种(系)，以金山57为对照，进行品种生产试种试验。在参试的9个品种(系)中，鲜薯产量以龙薯9号产量最高，达37875kg／hm^2，比对照金山57增产41．4％。其次为宁薯303，鲜薯产量31249．5kg／hm^2，比对照金山57增产16．8％，增产显著。薯干产量以金山291最高，达8200．5kg／hm^2，比对照金山57增产24．7％，其次是龙薯9号，薯干产量为7875．0kg／hm^2，比对照金山57增产19．8％，达显著水平。金山291淀粉率最高，达18．7％，晒干率最高，达30．8％，食味最好。     

甘蔗施用鱼粉有机-无机复混肥的产量及品质效应

本试验在大田生产条件下研究了春植蔗施用鱼粉有机-无机复混肥的产量及品质效应。结果表明：甘蔗施用鱼粉有机-无机复混肥的增产增糖效应显著，蔗茎产量比对照增产25．76％（二次施肥法）和15．94％（三次施肥法），差异达极显著或显著水平；二次施肥法的每hm^2蔗糖含量比对照增产16．42％，三次施肥法则与对照相若。     

大豆施用硅钙复混肥及硅钙肥效果研究

将电力工业的副产品粉煤灰，采用立式旋风炉高温增钙处理产生的水淬渣经磨细后生产硅钙肥，又根据不同作物掺混一定量的化肥而成硅钙复混肥，它不仅含有氮、磷、钾等大量营养元素，还含有钙、硅、镁、铁、锌、铜、锰等中微量元素，通过试验网的田间试验看出硅钙复混肥及硅钙肥可改善大豆的生育性状及经济性状并有一定的增产效果。在大豆上施用硅钙复混肥以375kg/hm^2为宜。     

“丰农”有机、无机复混肥在水稻上施用效果初报

有机、无机复混肥与普通复合肥相比，其配比更有利于土壤的培肥和提高作物的产量。水稻施用“丰农”有机、无机复混肥后，长势、长相及产量均有明显提高，平均每666.67 m2产量达484.5 kg，比普通复混肥增产31.1 kg，增幅6.9%，每666.67 m2增加产值46.7元，投入产出比达1：1.19。具有较好的经济效益。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.     

Role of Benzoxazinones in Cereals

Summary

Heterocyclic 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones and related benzox-azolinones are important natural products of the cereal crops maize, wheat and rye. Much research has focused on the role of these compounds as defensive agents against plant diseases and pests. Studies of a wide variety of biological effects on herbivores and nematodes, plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria are reviewed in this article. Phytotoxic activity of the compounds is also considered with respect to allelopathic interaction with higher plants. Recent investigations of molecular aspects of interactions of cyclic hydroxamic acids and related benzoxazo-linones with acceptor organisms have demonstrated different effective detoxification strategies and tolerance mechanisms. This research has greatly advanced our knowledge about the multiple roles that these allelochemicals play in ecological systems.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part I: Influence of ultra-fine grinding

Wheat bran is an undervalued by-product of white flour and has great nutritional potential due to its high content in fibres and bioactive compounds. Micronized bran could be used as a food ingredient to improve the nutritional potential of cereal products, or be used as a starting material for other processes (bioactive compound extraction or bran fractionation). The aim of this work was to find a way to efficiently decrease the particle size of bran. The influence of the grinding temperature (ambient or cryogenic grinding) on the granulometric distribution of particles, their composition, and their microstructure was studied, at lab-scale and pilot-scale. It showed that the intrinsic characteristics of bran (glass transition within intermediate layers at −46 °C) had more influence on its grinding behaviour than the type of grinding device used: the particles size distributions obtained after grinding at lab-scale and pilot-scale were very similar. At both scales, the granulometric curves were narrow for cryogenic grinding, while for ambient grinding they were spread over the whole particle size range. Ultrafine particles were obtained in both ambient and cryogenic conditions. Negative temperatures, by increasing the material’s brittleness, favoured a fast fragmentation of bran: one step of cryogenic grinding allowed a median particle size of nearly 50 μm to be reached, whereas three successive steps of ambient grinding were needed for the same result. On the other hand, ambient temperature favoured the dissociation of the different constituent layers of wheat bran, and produced less composite particles than cryogenic grinding.     

Multiple use of plants: Studies on selenium incorporation in some agricultural species for the production of organic selenium compounds

The technique of spraying plants with inorganic forms of selenium can be employed for phytochemical production of organic selenium compounds. Fractionation of the plant material makes it possible to produce a highly concentrated and well defined selenium supplement with potential use in animal and human nutrition. The fractionation also gives opportunities to combine production of organic selenium compounds with other products, for example plant fibres. Multiple use of plants can contribute to a more efficient utilization of land area (in comparison to monocultures solely adapted to food production). It also gives the opportunity to develop systems suitable for long term fixation of carbon, as long as the plant material is not reoxidised to carbon dioxide. Plant fibres could provide raw material for the production of paper or building materials in combination with the production of organic selenium compounds preferentially accumulated in another fraction of the processed plant.     

Biological factors influencing the transmission of potato leafroll virus by different aphid species

Summary Macrosiphum euphorbiae, collected in the field from potato plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV), transmitted the virus to fewer potato plants in a field trial than did laboratory-rearedMyzus persicae. In the laboratory,M. persicae was the only efficient vector of PLRV fromPhysalis floridana seedlings, potato sprouts or excised leaves toP. floridana. Two clones ofM. euphorbiae and one clone ofAulacorthum solani transmitted PLRV from infected potato plants toNicotiana clevelandii as effeciently asM. persicae but a clone ofAphis gossypii was an inefficient PLRV vector. An isolate of PLRV, whichM. persicae transmitted inefficiently from potato toN. clevelandii, was also transmitted inefficiently byM. euphorbiae andA. solani.