6个栓皮栎种源种子形态及其幼苗生长的比较

[Objective]To compare the differences of seed morphological characters among provinces of Quercus variabilis Bl.,and explore the adaptive growth status of seedlings growing in the central distribution area. [Method]The seeds of 6 Q. variabilis provenances from six provinceswerecollected, and the seedlings were cultivated and transplanted to experimental field in the centre of natural distribution range (Wuhan Jiufeng National Forest Park), then the seed morphology and one-year seedling growth traitswere surveyed. [Result](1)There were significantor extremely significantdifferences among provenances in seed length, seed width, seed length/width ratio and 100-seed mass, the order of seed length among provenances was Beijing Provenance (22.28 mm),Hubei Provenance (22.10 mm), He'nan Provenance (20.80 mm), Shaanxi Provenance (19.57 mm), Yunnan Provenance (18.93 mm)and Liaoning Provenance (18.81 mm), the seed width of Beijing Provenance (19.71 mm) and Hubei Provenance (19.16 mm) was higher than that of the others, the seed length/width ratio of He'nan Provenance (1.38) was extremely significantly higher than that of the others; (2)There were significant or extremely significant differences among provenances in seedling height, ground diameter, leaf number, branching number and seedling height/ground diameter, the Beijing Provenance and Hubei Provenance were better in seedling height and leaf number, which were respectively 19.54 cm and 20.26 cm, 8.32 leaves and 9.50 leaves; (3)A decreasing trend with time for seedling growth traits among provenances was found; (4)There was a positive relationship between seed morphological characters and seedling growth traits except seed length/width ratio; the leaf number was significantly related to ground diameter and branching number and the seedling height and leaf number were closely related to the seed morphological characters; (5)It showed a decreasing trend with the growth time in the relationship between seedling growth traits and 100-seed mass. [Conclusion]The seedlings of Beijing Provenance and Hubei Provenance grew better in the experimental field which might be related to their larger seed mass, and the Yunnan Provenance in the south margin and the Liaoning Provenance in the north margin of distribution area of Q. variabilis grew weaker than the provenances in the centre of distribution area.With the effect of climate change, provenances in the margin of distribution area may lose in the community competition in the seedling stage if it cannot take advantage of its dispersal and settlement and affected by the disadvantage of growth and competition, so that the distribution and population renewal would surely be affected.     

淹水胁迫对两种栎树生长的影响

对纳塔栎、南方红栎的2 a生苗在深度淹水约20 cm、浅度淹水(完全水饱和)、对照3种水平下持续76 d的生长进行研究,其中又以抗涝性极强的落羽杉作为参照.主要测定了各树种的生物量和株高,并对外部形态特征及叶片内部解剖结构的变化进行了观察.结果表明:浅淹没有造成苗木死亡,深度淹水第49天南方红栎开始出现枯死植株,第76天纳塔栎出现轻微受害症状,落羽杉没有出现受害症状.与各自对照相比,浅淹水平对落羽杉、纳塔栎的高生长及生物量的累积均具有促进作用,且对落羽杉影响较显著,而对南方红栎影响不显著;深淹水平对落羽杉、纳塔栎的'高生长及生物量的累积影响不显著,但对南方红栎具有显著的抑制作用.同时,发现淹水对落羽杉、纳塔栎的叶片解剖性状影响不显著,而深淹水平下,数据显示南方红栎的叶片内部细胞间隙明显增大.综合表明两种栎树都具有较强的耐水性,而纳塔栎更优于南方红栎,仅次于落羽杉.     

Survival and growth of rattan intercropped with coffee and cacao in the agroforests of Indonesia

This study investigated the intercropping of rattan, an important non-timber forest product, in coffee and cacao agroforests in Sulawesi, Indonesia. The viability of producing seedlings from seeds and vegetative cuttings with the large-diameter rattan, Calamus zollingeri Beccari, and initial seedling survival, growth and response to light and soil drainage were investigated in village nurseries and perennial farms. Over 96% of seeds and 61% of vegetative cuttings were raised to transplanting size (25 cm with two to three leaves) over 20 months. One hundred C. zollingeri seedlings produced from cuttings were transplanted into each of three coffee or cacao farms and one primary forest site and exhibited an overall survival rate of 96%, 12.7 cm of height growth and the production of 0.8 new leaves per plant after eight months. No significant differences were observed between the four sites with respect to seedling survival, growth, or leaf production and no significant differences were found between seedling survival, growth or leaf production and light intensity (based on multiple PAR measurements). However, poorly drained sites exhibited significantly reduced C. zollingeri seedling survival and growth. The cultivation of C. zollingeri rattan in coffee and cacao agroforests represents a potential means of intensifying and diversifying perennial cash crop farming systems.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

西南桦与光皮桦幼苗叶片表型特征研究

西南桦和光皮桦幼苗外形特征十分相似,在种源不明确的情况下,苗木调运时很难在现场快速鉴别与区分。由于两个树种各自适宜栽培的海拔和气候条件不尽相同,为避免混淆造成不良影响,对两个树种的幼苗叶片表型特征进行调查对比研究。结果表明,光皮桦与西南桦幼苗的叶柄区别显著,前者明显长于后者;光皮桦与西南桦幼苗叶片长宽比区别显著,前者长宽比小,叶形团圆,后者长宽比大,叶形细长;西南桦与光皮桦幼苗叶片基尖比无明显差别。幼苗叶片表型特征的差异性可作为现场快速鉴别区分西南桦与光皮桦幼苗的依据。     

Impacts of burial and insect infection on germination and seedling growth of acorns of Quercus variabilis

Rodents usually exert important role, through their scatter seed hoarding behavior, on plant regeneration in the field. To investigate the effects of burial and insects infection on germination and seedling growth of acorns of Quercus variabilis, perfect and infected acorns were buried in the soil among four depths, 0 cm, 4 cm, 8 cm and 12 cm, to simulate the seed hoarding behavior by rodents in the field. The results showed that (1) the germination rate were both high, under 4 cm burial depth, for perfect and infected acorns (92% and 53% separately), and decreased significantly with increased burial depth; (2) perfect acorns germinated better in 4 cm burial depth group by autumn of first year; (3) there 32% (perfect) and 26% (infected) acorns with 0 cm burial depth, on the soil surface, germinated successfully; for infected acorns, the 4 cm depth group had the best germination or seedling recruitment in both the first year and the second year; (4) acorns of Q. variabilis exhibited dormancy period ca 7 months; (5) burial, infection, and the interaction between these two factors influenced several aspects including stem height, leaf weight, Tannic acid, and biomass within seedling growth; (6) the results from this study suggest that proper burial would be helpful for the germination and seedling growth, and seedlings of shallow buried acorns had an advantage in their early development; and (7) infection by insects will not inevitably influence seedling early development.     

Characteristics of water relations in seedling of Machilus yunnanensis and Cinnamomum camphora under soil drought condition

Introduction Soil drought not only influences agriculture and forestry production, but also brings much trouble for cultivating plants of gardening in the urban. Although the mean annual precipitation of Kunming City, China is 1079 mm, its distribution is…     

杉木对低磷胁迫的响应和生理适应机制

[目的]研究低磷胁迫对杉木幼苗各种抗氧化酶等生理指标的变化影响,探讨抗氧化酶活性与杉木耐低磷能力的关系,揭示低磷胁迫下杉木养分吸收的适应机制,阐明杉木体内生物大分子对低磷胁迫的响应。[方法]通过设置不同磷浓度(0、0.25、0.50、1.00 mmol·L~(-1))Hoagland营养液,模拟低磷胁迫试验,测定低磷胁迫对杉木幼苗的生理指标的影响,研究低磷胁迫对杉木幼苗养分吸收的影响机制以及测定杉木幼苗不同部位的光谱特性。[结果]随着缺磷程度的增加,杉木幼苗中SOD活性、CAT活性以及叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量均先升后降,根系中POD活性呈现出升高的趋势、MDA含量先降再升后降,叶片中POD活性和MDA含量先降后升。低磷胁迫对杉木幼苗根系和叶片吸收利用营养元素有显著影响。杉木苗根系所含的Mn随着缺磷程度的增加呈上升趋势,而Al和Cu先降后升,Fe和K则有所下降,Ca先升后降。此外,杉木叶片中Fe和Mn的积累量呈降低的趋势,Cu和K先升后降。低磷胁迫对杉木幼苗根系和叶片组织在3 367、2 924、1 736、1 630、1 380、1 150 1 000 cm~(-1)处特征峰吸光值影响不同。[结论]低磷胁迫下,杉木幼苗的根系和叶片会通过改变保护酶(SOD、CAT和POD)活性抑制MDA形成,降低膜脂过氧化对细胞膜系统的破坏,通过增加对其他养分元素的吸收来规避损伤以及通过改变不同部位糖类、氨基酸和蛋白质等物质含量来适应低磷环境。     

Effects of shading and removal of plant parts on growth of Trema micrantha seedlings

Effects of artificial shading and removal of plant parts on growth of Trema micrantha (L.) Blume (Ulmaceae) seedlings were studied. Seedlings were grown in pots in a greenhouse in 45, 30, 10.6, 4.8 and 1.8% of full sunlight. Shading for 60 days had no effect on survival, but it influenced all growth parameters measured. Total biomass decreased with decreasing irradiance, reflecting reductions in dry mass of leaves, stems and roots. In response to shading, allocation of biomass to leaves increased, while allocation of biomass to roots decreased. Specific leaf area, leaf area ratio and leaf mass ratio increased with decreasing irradiance. Decreases in relative growth rate were caused by reductions in net assimilation rate rather than leaf area ratio. Photosynthetic efficiency, as determined by the Fv/Fm ratio (Fv = variable fluorescence, Fm = maximal fluorescence), was unaffected by the shading treatments. Partial removal of leaves, stem or roots did not affect seedling survival. Seedlings responded to removal of plant parts by compensatory growth. Topophysis was observed when the apex was removed: the lateral buds developed only as new plagiotropic lateral shoots; consequently, the decapitated plant ceased height growth and was unable to compete with its neighbors for light.     

路易斯安娜鸢尾组培和苗期生长规律初步研究

以路易斯安娜鸢尾顶芽为外植体,利用不同激素配比诱导不定芽,定期测量组培苗株高、蓬径、主茎长和叶片数,观察组培苗的染色体数、叶片结构和开花性状等。结果表明:路易斯安娜鸢尾顶芽诱导率最高的培养基为MS+6-BA 2.0 mg.L-1+NAA 0.5 mg.L-1,产生有效生产苗最多的培养基为MS+6-BA 0.5 mg.L-1+NAA 0.2 mg.L-1,最佳生根培养基为1/2MS+NAA 0.5 mg.L-1+活性碳0.5 g.L-1。2年生组培苗平均株高达到71.6 cm,平均蓬径达到60.9 cm,叶片维持在6~12片,冬季仍有绿叶。组培苗染色体个数、叶片通气组织、开花性状等均与母株一致,表明路易斯安娜鸢尾组培苗可保持其母株的观赏性状和水生习性,可通过组培快速繁殖大规模生产优质种苗。     

基于反射光谱指数的锐齿栎叶片色素含量估算

[目的]探讨锐齿栎叶片色素含量和光谱反射率之间的关系,确定无损、快速估算锐齿栎叶片色素含量的敏感反射光谱波段和光谱指数。[方法]在2个样地进行了2年的野外观测试验,于生长季内同步测定了锐齿栎叶片的光谱反射率和不同光合色素含量,分析了350 2 500 nm范围内光谱反射率和敏感光谱指数与叶片色素含量及比率之间的定量关系。[结果]锐齿栎叶片的光谱反射率随叶片色素含量呈明显的规律性变化,与Chl a、Chl b、Chl和Car的含量在可见光的绿光黄光及红边区域表现为显著或极显著的负相关性,与Car/Chl表现为极显著的正相关性;在近红外和短波红外区域,光谱反射率与色素的相关性不及可见光区。本文构建的色素敏感光谱指数ND(705,350)、ND(800,705)、m ND(800,705)和m PRI可以准确地估算锐齿栎叶片的Chl a、Chl b、Chl含量和Car/Chl比率。独立的试验数据检验表明估算值和实测值的拟合关系较好。[结论]ND(705,350)、ND(800,705)、mND(800,705)和mPRI可有效地估算锐齿栎叶片的色素含量及比率。     

Effects of Cutting Density on Growth, Yield and Quality of Poplar Clone Seedlings

In order to identify the optimum cutting density for producing the highest number of plantable seedlings of poplar clones, a split-plot randomized block design was used to establish four cutting densities in plots. Based on data on the survival, leaf area, seedling height, caliper, and biomass of 1-year-old seedlings of clones Nanlin-95, Nanlin-895, Nanlin-1388 and NL-80351, the growth characteristics and seedling quality under four cutting densities were analyzed. Results indicated that the leaf area, stem and leaf biomass, and caliper of seedlings of all four poplar clones increased with the decrease in cutting density. Leaf area index reached its highest level at the spacing of 40 cm×40 cm, while the aboveground biomass of the seedling on an area basis increased as the cutting density increased. Seedling quality at low cutting density was higher than that at closer cutting density. The quantity of first-grade seedlings (grade I) for clones Nanlin-95 and Nanlin-895 was achieved at the spacing of 40 cm×50 cm; for NL-1388 and NL-80351, it was 50 cm×50 cm. According to the seedling quality and the number of plantable seedlings produced, the suggested cutting density for these four poplar clones was 50,000 stems/hm².     

黄皮树种源苗木性状遗传参数及其相关选择效率研究

对湖南省黄皮树１１个种源１年生苗木４个性状组２０个性状的遗传参数及其相关选择效率作了测定和分析。其结果表明：（１）４个性状组中,１７个性状在种源间存在显著差异,其中,生产力性状组的性状表型及遗传变异系数较大,而幼苗、复叶和地上生长性状组的表型及遗传变异较小;（２）地上生长性状间、生产力性状间及其相互间具有显著的表型相关和遗传相关,这为黄皮树地上与地下、生长与生产力性状间的相关选择提供了理论依据;（     

Response of five tree species to salinity and waterlogging: shoot and root biomass and relationships with leaf and root ion concentrations

Unproductive saline and waterlogged (WT) wastelands could be beneficially transformed into agroforestry systems using trees tolerant to these stresses. We studied the salinity and waterlogging tolerance of five Australian tree species (Acacia salicina, Casuarina glauca, Casuarina obesa, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus occidentalis) during seedling stage and their relationships with root and leaf ion concentrations. 8-month old plants were exposed for 5 months to five irrigation water salinity treatments (EC values between 2 and 22 dS m^?1) and two waterlogging treatments (drained or WT). The salinity tolerance of the five species was high, although decreased in WT conditions. Irrespective of salinity, the two Casuarina species were more tolerant and the other three species were less tolerant to WT than drained conditions. In all species, salinity and waterlogging increased leaf Cl^? and Na⁺ and decreased leaf Ca²⁺, but not leaf K⁺. Root Cl^? and Na⁺ increased with salinity but not with waterlogging. Salinity tolerance was negatively correlated with Cl^? and Na⁺ leaf accumulation rates per unit increase in salinity. Waterlogging reduced the ability of the seedlings to exclude Cl^? and Na⁺ from the leaves. The two most salt tolerant Casuarina species under both drained and WT conditions showed the highest leaf Cl^? and Na⁺ exclusion and the highest root Cl^? and Na⁺ accumulation, suggesting that sequestration of these toxic ions in their roots was a significant salt-tolerant mechanism. Revegetation of saline and WT wastelands with these tolerant Casuarina species could be profitably used for biomass, biofuel and renewable energy production.     

Adaptive responses of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Acer ginnala,Pyrus ussuriensis and Prunus davidiana</Emphasis> seedlings to soil moisture stress

One-year-old seedlings of Amur maple (Acer ginnala Maxim), Ussurian pear (Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim) and David peach (Prunus davidiana Carr) were planted in pots in greenhouse and treated with four different soil moisture contents (75.0%,61.1%, 46.4% and 35.4%). The results showed that net photosynthesis rate (NPR), transpiration rate (TR) and stomatal conductance (Sc) of seedlings of the three species decreased with the decease of soil moisture content, and Amur maple seedlings had the greatest change in those physiological indices, followed by Ussurian pear, David peach. Amur maple and Ussurian pear seedlings also presented a decrease tendency in water use efficiency (WUE) under lower soil moisture content, whereas this was reversed for David peach. Under water stress the biomass allocation to seedling root had a significant increase for all the experimental species. As to root/shoot ratio, Amur maple seedlings had the biggest increase, while David peach had the smaliest increase. The leaf plasticity of Amur maple seedlings was greater, the leaf size and total leaf area decreased significantly as the stress was intensified. No significant change of leaf size and total leaf area was found in seedlings of Ussurian pear and David peach. It was concluded that Amur maple was more tolerant to soil moisture stress in comparison with David peach and Ussurian pear.     

Survival and growth of drought hardened <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus pilularis</Emphasis> Sm. seedlings and vegetative cuttings

Forestry requires low mortality of transplanted seedlings. Mortality shortly after planting is often associated with inadequate hydration of transplants. Seedlings can be hardened to the drought conditions they may experience after transplanting by exposing them to controlled drought conditions in the nursery. Eucalyptus pilularis Sm. seedlings were drought hardened by providing nil (severe treatment) or half (mild treatment) the daily irrigation routinely received (control treatment) for up to two non-consecutive days per week during the last 4 weeks of growth in the nursery. Drought hardening reduced stem diameter, seedling leaf area, leaf area per root biomass and seedling quality measured by the Dickson quality index, but increased root:shoot ratio. Hardened seedlings had lower stomatal conductance and leaf water potential on the days they received less irrigation that the control treatment. Hardened seedlings had greater stomatal conductance and were less water stressed than seedlings experiencing drought for the first time indicating hardened seedlings had adjusted physiologically to drought. Survival after transplanting in the controlled drought environment in a glasshouse was enhanced by the hardening treatments. Non hardened seedlings that had had their upper leaves manually removed immediately prior to transplanting to reduce leaf area (top-clipped) had similar survival to hardened seedlings. Stomatal conductance and leaf water potential after transplanting were higher in hardened and top-clipped seedlings than unhardened control seedlings or vegetative cuttings. Survival in the field trial was over 95% for all treatments, possibly as rain fell within 4 days of planting and follow-up rain occurred in the subsequent weeks. Neither the hardened or top-clipped seedlings planted in the field trial had reduced growth, increased propensity to form double leaders or worse stem form than control seedlings when measured at age 3 years.     

不同土壤水分含量下落羽杉根、茎、叶营养水平的差异

应用温室盆栽试验方法,采用完全随机试验设计,研究了土壤水分含量对1年生落羽杉实生苗的营养吸收及分配的影响。试验共有5种处理,即W1(淹水,水深为土壤表面以上5cm)、W2(渍水,水面与土面保持水平)、W3、W4、W5(土壤含水量分别为土壤田间持水量的75%、50%和25%),处理时间为130d。研究结果表明:(1)随着土壤水分含量的减少,落羽杉根、茎和叶中全N质量浓度均逐渐升高,根、茎、叶中全P质量浓度则又先升高后下降的趋势,以W3水分处理最高,根、茎和叶中全Ca、全K、全Na、全Mg、全Fe质量浓度则有不同的变化趋势;(2)所有处理根、茎、叶中全Fe、全N、全P、全Mg、全Na、全Ca、全K质量浓度大小的顺序为叶>根>茎;(3)随着土壤水分含量的减少,落羽杉对各种营养元素的吸收累积量减少,分配到根和茎中的比例增加,分配到叶中的比例逐渐减少。     

Evaluation of phytotoxic effects ofGliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp prunings on maize and cowpea seedlings

Phytotoxic effects ofGliricidia prunings were tested on maize seedlings in the laboratory and on maize and cowpea seedlings in the field. In the laboratory test, growth of maize seedlings was significantly depressed by addition of leachate ofGliricidia prunings. In the field, leaf, chlorosis of maize and cowpea seedlings occurred when mulched withGliricidia prunings; number of affected leaves increased with increasing mulch rate. Maize was more susceptible than cowpea. This phytotoxic effect, however, did not reduce growth of maize and cowpea seedlings in the field. ApplyingGliricidia mulch one week before planting eliminated the phytotoxic effects on maize.     

Nitrate reductase activity and its diurnal variation rhythm for Camptotheca acuminata seedlings

Nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in different plant organs and leaves in different positions of Camptotheca acuminata seedlings was determined by an In vivo assay, the diurnal variation rhythm of NRA in leaves of different positions was observed,and the correlations between leaf NRA, leaf area and lamina mass per unit area (LMA) were also examined. The results showed that NRA in the leaf was significantly highest, compared with that in other organs such as roots, stems and leaves. In this experiment, the 10 leaves were selected from the apex to the base of the seedlings in order. The different NRA occurred obviously in leaves of different positions of C. acuminata seedlings from the apex to the base, and NRA was higher in the 4th-6th leaves.The diurnal change rhythm of leaf NRA showed a one peak curve, and maximum NRA value appeared at about midday (at 12:30 or so). No obvious correlations between NRA and leaf area or lamina mass per unit area were observed. This study offered scientific foundation for the further research on nitrogen metabolism of C. acuminata.     

模拟干旱环境下伐桩注水对毛竹生理特性的影响

[目的]探究模拟干旱环境下注水伐桩对1、2和3年生毛竹生理特性的影响,为气候变化背景下毛竹的适应性经营管理及毛竹林节水灌溉措施的制定提供理论参考。[方法]在毛竹林中选取面积相同(10 m×20 m)的样地9块,以1、2和3年生毛竹为试验材料,采用覆盖薄膜模拟干旱环境,对各样地四周进行挖沟切鞭处理,以阻断周边土壤水分的运输,试验设置CK(0个伐桩注水)、T1(12个伐桩注水)和T2(18个伐桩注水)3个灌水量处理,每个处理均进行3次重复,研究不同数量注水伐桩下3个年龄毛竹的生理响应。[结果]试验表明,在模拟干旱环境下,随着注水伐桩数量的减少,3个年龄毛竹的净光合速率与蒸腾速率显著下降,1、2和3年生毛竹的净光合速率与蒸腾速率最大降幅分别达到74.35%和73.08%、59.14%和36.62%及60.47%和61.54%;毛竹叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量显著下降,1年生和3年生毛竹叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜含量差异均达到显著水平(P0.05),2年生毛竹叶片叶绿素a含量差异显著(P0.05),但叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量差异不显著(P0.05),3个年龄毛竹叶片叶绿素a/b差异均不显著(P0.05);毛竹叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著上升,且均达到差异显著水平(P0.05)。同时发现3个年龄毛竹的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和叶片光合色素含量与注水伐桩数量正相关,而叶片MDA含量及SOD、CAT和POD活性与注水伐桩数量负相关。[结论]模拟干旱环境下,增加注水伐桩可以使1、2和3年生毛竹光合蒸腾能力提高,光合产物积累增加,叶片光合色素含量升高,叶片MDA含量及SOD、CAT和POD活性降低。     

浙江不同河口滩涂秋茄树幼苗生长适应性试验

2019年5-6月,采用浙江龙港种质和福建泉州种质的1年生秋茄树Kandelia obovata容器苗和胚轴在浙江省沿海的宁波钱塘江河口、台州椒江河口和温州瓯江河口滩涂进行种植试验,2020年4月,调查了幼苗生长及土壤化学性质,对比分析秋茄树幼苗生长指标、叶片参数和生物积累量的差异.结果表明,瓯江河口土壤含盐量、有机质...