Venus lower atmospheric composition: analysis by gas chromatography

The first gas chromatographic analysis of the lower atmosphere of Venus is reported. Three atmospheric samples were analyzed. The third of these samples showed carbon dioxide (96.4 percent), molecular nitrogen (3.41 percent), water vapor (0.135 percent), molecular oxygen [69.3 parts per million (ppm)], argon (18.6 ppm), neon (4.31 ppm), and sulfuir dioxide (186 ppm). The amounts of water vapor and sulfur dioxide detected are roughly compatible with the requirements of greenhouse models of the high surface temperature of Venus. The large positive gradient of sulfur dioxide, molecular oxygen, and water vapor from the clould tops to their bottoms, as implied by Earth-based observations and these resuilts, gives added support for the presence of major quantities of aqueous sulfuric acid in the clouds. A comparison of the inventory of inert gases found in the atmospheres of Venus, Earth, and Mars suggests that these components are due to outgassing from the planetary interiors.     

天然气长输管道泄漏爆炸后果评价

由于腐蚀、自然破坏、人为破坏及本身缺陷等因素,输气管道易发生泄漏事故,其中蒸气云爆炸造成的失效后果最严重。为了评估天然气长输管道泄漏爆炸造成的物料损失、人员伤亡及财产损失,结合工程实例,对3种定量失效后果评价方法进行对比分析,确定了它们的应用条件和适用范围。分析认为:API 581失效后果评价方法评估步骤清晰简明,考虑因素全,应用范围广,评估结果优于ASME B31.8S-2001失效后果评价方法和爆炸超压-冲量法。该结论可为管道风险评价和完整性管理提供参考依据。     

长输天然气管道泄漏事故后果评价方法与应用

基于层次分析法和模糊综合评价法,提出了一种长输天然气管道泄漏事故后果影响的评估方法。将长输天然气管道的泄漏后果划分为安全后果、经济后果和环境后果3大层次11个影响因素,建立后果评价指标体系,在PHAST等后果模拟计算的基础上使用层次分析法求取权值,建立等级评价矩阵,确定事故后果的主要影响因素,采用模糊分析法确定最终事故后果严重度,从而完整评估泄漏事故的后果。经实例验证,此方法有重要的工程应用价值。     

凡纳滨对虾气泡病的组织病理学观察

为研究土塘养殖自然发病凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei(体长6.3 cm±1.5 cm)的气泡病,采用现场镜检、细菌分离培养、PCR检测及石蜡组织切片等方法,研究了患气泡病凡纳滨对虾在组织病理方面的变化。结果表明:患气泡病的凡纳滨对虾体色泛红,腹部肌肉体节间发白,镜检可在附肢、鳃、触角、头胸甲肌肉等部位观察到气柱、气泡;凡纳滨对虾组织病变特征中,其肌肉、眼、鳃、肝胰腺、触角、心等组织器官均可见气泡印迹,肌肉组织中气泡印迹集中于中、后段肌肉,背腹血管、鳃轴血管内亦可见气泡印迹;临床可见体内有气泡的凡纳滨对虾比未见气泡的虾气泡印迹严重;取样池塘水体溶解氧范围为4.15～15.06 mg/L,溶解氧饱和度为56%～293%,随着溶解氧浓度的升高,凡纳滨对虾鳃组织气泡有增多、变大的趋势;眼组织均可见空泡化,溶解氧较低时,常一侧眼组织病变稍重,随着溶解氧浓度的升高,空泡化渐趋严重,高溶解氧时两侧眼组织空泡化均较严重。研究表明,当凡纳滨对虾出现上述临床现象或病变特征时可确诊其发生了气泡病。     

Rippling instability of a collapsing bubble

When a bubble of air rises to the top of a highly viscous liquid, it forms a dome-shaped protuberance on the free surface. Unlike a soap bubble, it bursts so slowly as to collapse under its own weight simultaneously, and folds into a wavy structure. This rippling effect occurs for both elastic and viscous sheets, and a theory for its onset is formulated. The growth of the corrugation is governed by the competition between gravitational and bending (shearing) forces and is exhibited for a range of densities, stiffnesses (viscosities), and sizes-a result that arises less from dynamics than from geometry, suggesting a wide validity. A quantitative expression for the number of ripples is presented, together with experimental results that support the theoretical predictions.     

大气二氧化碳含量升高对稻麦产量影响的整合分析

收集整理国内外130篇原始论文的试验数据资料,应用整合分析(meta-analysis)方法定量评估大气CO2含量升高对水稻和小麦产量形成及相关生理学指标的影响。结果表明:与本底大气CO2含量相比,大气CO2含量升高导致水稻和小麦产量平均分别增加了19.31%(95%置信区间CI:16.87%～21.76%)和17.27%(CI:14.94%～19.60%),主要通过增加穗数和每穗粒数实现,其中水稻单位面积穗数和每穗粒数分别增加11.9%和13.4%,小麦单位面积穗数和每穗粒数分别增加12.8%和10.5%,而对稻麦千粒质量的影响不显著。水稻和小麦总生物量分别增加22.11%和15.86%,其中地下部分生物量的增加高于地上部分。当大气CO2含量为600～680μmol.mol-1时,稻麦产量及生物量的增加量最大。作物叶片生理学指标对大气CO2含量升高的响应敏感,如水稻光饱和光合速率、叶面积指数分别增加8.15%和19.39%,小麦光饱和光合速率和叶面积指数分别增加10.49%和9.40%。大气CO2含量升高对稻麦的施肥效应在气室模拟研究中最为明显,高于开顶气室(OTC)和自由大气CO2富集(FACE)平台研究。大气O3升高、高温、干旱、低N等胁迫因子可削弱大气CO2含量升高对稻麦的施肥效应。     

Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide: tree ring evidence for growth enhancement in natural vegetation

A response of plant growth to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide, which has been anticipated from laboratory data, may now have been detected in the annual rings of subalpine conifers growing in the western United States. Experimental evidence shows that carbon dioxide can be an important limiting factor in the growth of plants in this high-altitude environment. The greatly increased tree growth rates observed since the mid-l9th century exceed those expected from climatic trends but are consistent in magnitude with global trends in carbon dioxide, especially in recent decades. If correctly interpreted, these findings have important implications for climate studies involving tree ring observations and for models of the global carbon dioxide budget.     

大豆生长发育对大气CO2增加的响应

本文概述了CO2浓度增加生态条件下,大豆在结构形态发育、根系固氮、光合生理、碳氮代谢、干物质积累与分配、产量及构成因素、品质及其组分等方面做出相应的应答与响应等。     

Jupiters great red spot: a free atmospheric vortex?

A simple hydrodynamic model yields steady-state solutions with many of the properties of the Great Red Spot and the neighboring belts and zones of Jupiter. No special forcing mechanism is necessary to maintain the circulation of the Spot. This is consistent with observations which indicate that the Great Red Spot and the zones have similar dynamic properties.     

大气降尘污染对典型农作物生长发育及重金属含量的影响

为揭示大气降尘对作物生长和农产品品质的影响,采用不同来源和不同程度的降尘,模拟开展降尘-农作物盆栽试验,分析青菜和水稻幼苗光合及呼吸速率、叶绿素含量、地上部干物质质量以及重金属含量的变化。结果表明,大气降尘显著抑制了2种农作物的光合速率,降低了叶片中叶绿素含量,同时提高了呼吸速率,导致青菜和水稻幼苗地上部干物质质量分别下降了11.8%~51.3%和12.7%~35.5%。大气降尘使青菜和水稻幼苗植株中部分重金属元素含量显著增加,农作物安全品质降低。     

Natural vegetation as a source or sink for atmospheric ammonia: a case study

Measurements of gaseous ammonia above a montane-subalpine forest in the Colorado mountains show that the role of the forest as a source or sink depends on the atmospheric concentrations. The canopy appeared to be an ammonia source when exposed to air containing low concentrations, but a sink when exposed to air enriched by nearby agricultural sources. The forest-averaged compensation point was 0.8 part per billion by volume at 20 degrees C. The net burden of ammonia and other nitrogen species of anthropogenic origin at this site was much less than at forest sites in the eastern United States and Europe and may provide a valuable resource for this nitrogen-limited ecosystem.     

大口黑鲈慢性气泡病的组织病理观察以及水体分层对发病的影响

在池塘环境下,对自然发生鱼气泡病时水体的溶氧过饱和度进行了调查,结果发现,在池塘水平均溶氧值相差不大的条件下,水体分层不明显的池塘比水体分层严重的池塘更易发生慢性气泡病。在实验室中模拟出各种与调查池塘溶氧过饱和度相似的环境,将鱼体质量均为50 g的100尾大口黑鲈Micropterus salmoides随机分为4组,在不同溶氧饱和度条件下(50%¹00%、100%100%、100%¹50%、150%150%、150%²00%、200%200%、200%²50%)饲养20 d,对自然发病和人工条件下发病的大口黑鲈进行临床检查和组织病理观察。结果表明:自然发病鱼和人工条件下发病鱼的临床症状一致,均表现为眼球角膜突出、不透明,鳃丝、眼球后极和鳍条基部等处出现气泡;两者的组织病理变化一致,均表现为眼球视网膜与脉络膜脱离,视网膜色素上皮细胞肥大、增生,随后坏死消失,脉络膜丛出现大量气泡,角膜血管化;肝脏、肾小管、肠道微绒毛和鳃丝复层上皮等处细胞空泡化,未成熟血细胞增多,血细胞破裂后含铁血黄素沉着,导致炎性细胞浸润。     

Topographic mapping of the quantum hall liquid using a few-electron bubble

A scanning probe technique was used to obtain a high-resolution map of the random electrostatic potential inside the quantum Hall liquid. A sharp metal tip, scanned above a semiconductor surface, sensed charges in an embedded two-dimensional (2D) electron gas. Under quantum Hall effect conditions, applying a positive voltage to the tip locally enhanced the 2D electron density and created a "bubble" of electrons in an otherwise unoccupied Landau level. As the tip scanned along the sample surface, the bubble followed underneath. The tip sensed the motions of single electrons entering or leaving the bubble in response to changes in the local 2D electrostatic potential.     

Atmospheric carbon tetrafluoride: a nearly inert gas

An analysis of existing thermodynamic, photochemical, and kinetic data indicates that the dominant sinks for atmospheric carbon tetrafluoride (CF(4)) are in and above the mesosphere. Theoretical calculations predict an atmospheric residence time for CF(4) of over 10,000 years, about 100 times that for dichlorodifluoromethane (CF(2)Cl(2)) and monofluorotrichloromethane (CFC1(3)). It is predicted that CF(4) will be well mixed through the stratosphere and mesosphere; only one or two parts of hydrogen fluoride in 10(12) are predicted in the high stratosphere as a result of the decomposition of CF(4). Although natural sources of CF(4) cannot be ruled out, there are several likely industrial sources that may account for its present concentration. The principal environmental effect of CF(4) could be the trapping of outgoing planetary infrared energy in its intense bands near 8 micrometers.     

Changing the acceptor identity of a transfer RNA by altering nucleotides in a "variable pocket"

The specificity of tRNA(Arg) (arginine transfer RNA) for aminoacylation (its acceptor identity) were first identified by computer analysis and then examined with amber suppressor tRNAs in Escherichia coli. On replacing two nucleotides in tRNA(Phe) (phenylalanine transfer RNA) with the corresponding nucleotides from tRNA(Arg), the acceptor identity of the resulting tRNA was changed to that of tRNA(Arg). The nucleotides used in the identity transformation occupy a "variable pocket" structure on the surface of the tRNA molecule where two single-stranded loop segments interact. The middle nucleotide in the anticodon also probably contributes to the interaction, since an amber suppressor of tRNA(Arg) had an acceptor identity for lysine as well as arginine.