石羊河下游沙地退耕地植被演替与土壤水分调控研究

对区域植被演替规律的研究,特别是破坏生态系统自然修复与植被重建的过程和机理的研究,是植被管理、改造和修复的重要依据,具有重要的理论和实际意义。以石羊河流域下游不同退耕年代沙地退耕地植被为对象,利用重要值和相似性理论研究了植被演替规律以及与土壤水分变化。结果表明：沙地退耕地植被群落主要由骆驼蒿＋芦苇＋蒙山莴苣群落→骆驼蒿...     

黄土沟壑区植被恢复及其物种多样性的变化 --以吴旗县植被恢复为例

在对吴旗县自然恢复植被群落和人工植被群落调查的基础上,对其物种多样性进行分析研究,结果表明,在自然恢复初期和处于演替平衡阶段的群落,其物种生物多样性指数和均匀度指数均较高,但丰富度指数的蜂值出现在演替中间阶段;灌木群落的生物多样性要大于草本群落的多样性。超过一定年限的灌木群落,表现出一定程度的衰败,生物多样性下降;物种多样性可以间接对植被群落的保水保土功能进行评价,但必须综合考虑物种的丰富度与空间分布的均匀度。     

黄土沟壑区植被恢复及其物种多样性的变化——以吴旗县植被恢复为例

在对吴旗县自然恢复植被群落和人工植被群落调查的基础上,对其物种多样性进行分析研究,结果表明,在自然恢复初期和处于演替平衡阶段的群落,其物种生物多样性指数和均匀度指数均较高,但丰富度指数的峰值出现在演替中间阶段;灌木群落的生物多样性要大于草本群落的多样性。超过一定年限的灌木群落,表现出一定程度的衰败,生物多样性下降;物种多样性可以间接对植被群落的保水保土功能进行评价,但必须综合考虑物种的丰富度与空间分布的均匀度。     

北京山区采石场边坡植被恢复动态研究

以周口店黄院采石场为研究区域,采用空间代替时间的观测方法,研究不同时间梯度植被群落恢复过程和土壤养分异质性变化,以期为矿山废弃地植被恢复和重建提供可借鉴的理论依据。结果表明:随着植被恢复年限的增加,群落物种更替频繁,灌木和乔木物种出现后,群落整体层次性增强;随着演替的正向进行,各时间梯度恢复植被与最终演替物种组成的相似性指数提高;从极度退化生态系统向平衡生态系统演变过程中,草本层和灌木层的丰富度指数R、Simpson多样性指数D、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H和Pielou均匀度指数J表现出数值先变大后变小的规律,受矿山废弃地困难立地的影响,乔木层物种数量和个体数目增长不明显;ANOVA方差分析和LSD最小显著差异统计方法研究显示,不同演替阶段导致土壤养分(有机质、全氮、速效钾)的差异性显著(P<0.01),除有效磷外,其他养分含量均随植被正向演替而增加。     

湖水退缩后青海南岸的植被演替研究

本文对湖水退缩后青海湖南岩的植被演替特征进行了初步探讨。在演替初期，由于环境条件，尤其是土壤含水量变化极大，组成群落的物种多样性低，群落结构简单，稳定性较差，所以建议在演替初期，应以保护为主，避免过度放牧，３从而使群落向一定的顶极群落演替。     

湖水退缩后青海湖南岸的植被演替研究

本文对湖水退缩后青海湖南岸的植被演替特征进行了初步探讨。在演替初期，由于环境条件，尤其是土壤含水量变化极大，组成群落的物种多样性低，群落结构简单，稳定性较差，所以建议在演替初期，应以保护为主，避免过度放牧，从而使群落向一定的顶极群落演替。     

鄂尔多斯高原地下水浅埋区植被与地下水埋深关系

采用植被样方实地调查结合浅井揭露地下水埋深的方法,建立鄂尔多斯高原苏贝淖周边滩地植被群落总盖度、单物种盖度及物种空间演替与地下水埋深的定量关系。研究表明,群落总盖度与水位埋深在1.6m内有明显相关关系;苔草、碱蓬、芦苇、马兰和芨芨草等低湿地物种存在适生水位,分别为0.4m、0.6m、0.8m、0.8m和1.6m;物种演替与水位埋深关系表明,水位埋深小于0.6m地带,为湿生、盐生植被优势区;大于3.2m地带为旱生、沙生植被优势区。同时,1.6m为生态交错带临界水位,该区域湿生、中生、旱生和沙生等植被类型均有分布,物种数量最多,物种多样性最大。不同水位埋深下的植被分布和演替规律可为预测地下水开发后植被变化演替提供重要科学依据。     

四种插值公式在荒漠植被种群公布格局研究中的应用探讨

本文根据四种插值公式计算与野外实测数据的对比分析,利用优先关系定序法,筛选出一种较适合于荒漠植被种群分布格局研究的模式——三角形方法。它揭示了新疆莫索湾沙区荒漠植被群落结构的基本特征,具有失真小、精确性高、实用价值大等优点,为研究荒漠植被群落演替动态,提供了一个定量方法。     

晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区植被自然恢复及技术对策

本文对晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区人工恢复植被存在的主要问题、植被自然恢复的必要性及可行性进行了详细论述。通过分析认为 ,无论是退耕地 ,还是小流域 ,植被都能依据自繁殖能力进行自然演替 ,并形成群落。在没有人为干扰和自然物种侵入的退耕地上 ,植被依据植物的演替规律自然恢复 ,15～ 2 0a为草本群落阶段 ,15a之后出现灌木 ,2 0～ 2 5a后可形成灌木群落 ,30～ 5 0a后 ,形成乔木群落 ;封禁 12a的小流域 ,木本植物的种类达 41种 ,分属于16科 34属。针对人工恢复植被存在的主要问题 ,提出因地制宜、合理规划 ,仿拟自然演替规律植树种草相结合 ,封抚结合 ,实现多林种 ,多树种的技术对策。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地植被自然演替系列及其植物物种多样性特征

根据吴起县20块样地和60个样方的退耕地植被调查数据,采用时空互代的方法,探讨退耕地植被自然演替系列及其物种多样性的变化规律。结果表明:研究区退耕地植被自然恢复的过程大致可划分为迅速恢复期(1~4年)、初级更替期(5~13年)、高级更替期(13~20年)和缓慢恢复期(20年以后)4个阶段。在25年的退耕地植被自然演替过程中,调查样方内共出现草本植物39种,分属于11科31属。其中,禾本科(Gramineae)、豆科(Legu-minosae)和菊科(Compositae)的物种占属种总数的61.29%和69.23%。群落的优势物种由藜科杂草开始,依次演替为一年生草本和多年生草本,大约20年后演替为地带性多年生草本,形成了依次包括猪毛菜(Salsola collina)、猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)、达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)、铁杆蒿(Artemisa vestita)和白羊草(Bothriochloa ischae-mum)5种群落类型的演替系列。整个演替过程中,Margalef指数和Shannon-Wiener指数总体上呈波动式增大,但增长的趋势并不明显,大约20年后各项多样性指数基本趋于稳定。在每一次更高级的群落取代前期群落的过程中,Margalef指数和Shannon-Wiener指数大致表现为先增大后减小,均匀度指数(Jsw,Ea)则表现为先减小后增大。     

不同植被覆盖下子午岭土壤养分状况研究

以黄土丘陵沟壑区的子午岭次生林区为研究区域,研究了不同植被覆盖对土壤养分状况的影响。结果表明:不同植被类型覆盖下,土壤有机质含量为乔木>灌木>草本>农田>弃耕地。土壤全氮含量为乔木≥草本>灌木>农田≥弃耕地;全磷含量变化不大,其中农田土壤全磷含量最高;全钾含量为乔木>灌木>草本>农田>弃耕地;土壤碱解氮含量为乔木>灌木≈草本≥农田>弃耕地;速效磷含量为乔木≈灌木≈农田>草本>弃耕地;速效钾含量为乔木≥草本>灌木≥农田>弃耕地。由此可见,随植被演替阶段的提高,不同植被覆盖下土壤的养分含量逐渐升高。因此,在黄土高原丘陵区,坡地退耕还林,恢复植被,可以有效改善土壤养分状况。     

黄土高原土壤水分与植被生产力的关系

土壤水分生态条件的恶化愈来愈成为黄土高原植被建设和生态环境建设的限制因素，我们在对黄土高原土壤水分生态因素分析的基础上，探讨了黄土高原土壤水分的季节性变化、土壤剖面水分变化、区域水分变异规律，分析了土壤水分与植被生产力间的相互关系，并提出了改善黄土高原土壤水分生态环境、提高植被生产力的调控技术。     

植被作用下的土壤干化及其发生机制探讨

通过分析黄土高原不同类型植被下的土壤水分状况,探讨了植被作用下土壤干化的特征和机制,以正确认识其实质,并提供可调控的依据。结果表明,植被作用下的土壤干化具有相对稳定性,其数量指标可采用田间稳定湿度值衡量。在黄土高原气候及地质条件下,土壤干化是植被作用下易于发生的现象,但它并不是植被建造的必然结果。人为营造大片耗水性强的植被类型,高密度以及追求高生产量,是其发生的关键因素。通过了解人工林草物种特点的二重性、合理配置群落结构的必要性以及人工与天然起源的植被在植物竞争效应方面的差异,可对其实施有效管理。植被下土壤干化的普遍发生,不应当妨碍黄土高原进一步开展林草植被建设。     

Soil hydraulic conductivity as affected by vegetation restoration age on the Loess Plateau,China

The Loess Plateau of China has experienced extensive vegetation restoration in the past several decades,which leads to great changes in soil properties such as soil bulk,porosity,and organic matter with the vegetation restoration age.And these soil properties have great effect on the soil infiltration and soil hydraulic conductivity.However,the potential changes in soil hydraulic conductivity caused by vegetation restoration age have not been well understood.This study was conducted to investigate the changes in soil hydraulic conductivity under five grasslands with different vegetation restoration ages(3,10,18,28 and 37 years)compared to a slope farmland,and further to identify the factors responsible for these changes on the Loess Plateau of China.At each site,accumulative infiltration amount and soil hydraulic conductivity were determined using a disc permeameter with a water supply pressure of –20 mm.Soil properties were measured for analyzing their potential factors influencing soil hydraulic conductivity.The results showed that the soil bulk had no significant changes over the initial 20 years of restoration(P0.05);the total porosity,capillary porosity and field capacity decreased significantly in the grass land with 28 and 37 restoration ages compared to the slope farmland;accumulative infiltration amount and soil hydraulic conductivity were significantly enhanced after 18 years of vegetation restoration.However,accumulative infiltration amount and soil hydraulic conductivity fluctuated over the initial 10 years of restoration.The increase in soil hydraulic conductivity with vegetation restoration was closely related to the changes in soil texture and structure.Soil sand and clay contents were the most influential factors on soil hydraulic conductivity,followed by bulk density,soil porosity,root density and crust thickness.The Pearson correlation coefficients indicated that the soil hydraulic conductivity was affected by multiply factors.These results are helpful to understand the changes in hydrological and erosion processes response to vegetation succession on the Loess Plateau.     

黄土高原历史时期植被变化

研究黄土高原历史时期植被变化是认识其环境演变的基础。文章在文献研究的基础上分析了黄土高原历史时期的植被变化。得出:西周以前及西周战国时期黄土高原植被保持着天然状态;秦汉时期天然植被仍占较大比重,人类活动尚没有改变黄土高原的植被面貌;唐宋时期河谷、平原地区已无天然森林,丘陵、山地植被也遭到破坏,北部沙漠开始扩张,自然环境处在恶化之中;明清时期植被遭到毁灭性破坏。造成黄土高原历史时期植被变化的根本原因是人为开垦土地,采伐森林和过度放牧。据推算春秋战国时期黄河中游森林覆盖率为53%;秦汉时期下降为42%;唐宋时期下降至32%;明清时期下降至4%。黄土高原濯濯童山主要是近600多年来人类活动对植被破坏的结果。     

Dynamics of ecosystem carbon stocks during vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau of China

In the last few decades, the Loess Plateau had experienced an extensive vegetation restoration to reduce soil erosion and to improve the degraded ecosystems. However, the dynamics of ecosystem carbon stocks with vegetation restoration in this region are poorly understood. This study examined the changes of carbon stocks in mineral soil(0–100 cm), plant biomass and the ecosystem(plant and soil) following vegetation restoration with different models and ages. Our results indicated that cultivated land returned to native vegetation(natural restoration) or artificial forest increased ecosystem carbon sequestration. Tree plantation sequestered more carbon than natural vegetation succession over decades scale due to the rapid increase in biomass carbon pool. Restoration ages had different effects on the dynamics of biomass and soil carbon stocks. Biomass carbon stocks increased with vegetation restoration age, while the dynamics of soil carbon stocks were affected by sampling depth. Ecosystem carbon stocks consistently increased after tree plantation regardless of the soil depth; but an initial decrease and then increase trend was observed in natural restoration chronosequences with the soil sampling depth of 0–100 cm. Moreover, there was a time lag of about 15–30 years between biomass production and soil carbon sequestration in 0–100 cm, which indicated a long-term effect of vegetation restoration on deeper soil carbon sequestration.     

Land cover change and eco-environmental quality response of different geomorphic units on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Land cover in the Chinese Loess Plateau has undergone dramatic changes since the late 1980s.Revealing the trend in land cover change and eco-environmental quality response of different geomorphic units in this stage is a realistic requirement for promoting sustainable development of the Chinese Loess Plateau.Based on the data of geomorphic units and land cover in 1990,2000,2010 and 2018 of the Chinese Loess Plateau,we studied the trend of land cover change and eco-environmental quality response of different geomorphic units by using a significance index of land cover change,a proportion index of land cover change and an eco-environmental response model.The results indicated that from 1990 to 2018,the areas of forestland and construction land substantially increased,whereas those of cropland,grassland,wetland and unused land considerably decreased.Land cover change exhibited large geomorphic differences,and the main conversion of land cover was from cropland into other land types.Unstable trend of land cover change in the loess tablelands and sandy loess hills declined,whereas the unstable trends in the other geomorphic units enhanced.Eco-environmental quality varied among different geomorphic units.The expansion of construction land and degradation of forestland,grassland and wetland resulted in the deterioration of eco-environmental quality.The conversion of cropland and unused land into forestland and grassland,and the conversion of grassland into forestland were the main factors that drove the improvement of eco-environmental quality.The findings of this study may provide theoretical reference and support decision making for the optimization of land use structure and the improvement of eco-environmental quality on the Chinese Loess Plateau.     

黄土高原城郊区植被生产有机物价值的时空差异

选取受人类活动影响深刻的生态脆弱区陕北黄土高原城郊区为研究区,利用研究区太阳辐射、降水量、日照率、地面长波辐射、土地利用等数据和区域生态服务价值测算模型测算了研究区植被净生产力、生产有机物价值的时空差异.结果表明:陕北黄土高原城郊区各类植被净生产力年际间变化大;陕北黄土高原城郊区植被净生产力空间差异显著,而且同一区域不同植被类型净生产力也不相同;陕北黄土高原城郊区植被生产有机物总价值随时间变化明显,其中榆林市城郊区年际间变化最大.     

黄土高原气候变迁、植被演替与土壤干层的形成

2 .5Ma B.P.以来 ,受地球轨道要素周期性变化和青藏高原阶段性强烈隆升的影响 ,黄土高原地区气候存在着干期与湿润交替出现的现象 ,但总的趋势是向干旱化方向演化。黄土高原第四纪以来草本植物一直较为繁茂 ,木本植物仅在少数几个时期处于优势地位。现代黄土高原人工林草植被普遍存在着土壤干层问题。土壤干层的形成是气候干旱化过程中必然出现的现象 ,它是导致植被演替的直接原因之一。人工植被激发并强化了土壤干层的形成。土壤干层的形成是气候干旱化和人工植被选择不当两个方面综合作用的结果 ,但有望通过有关人工措施使其危害得到缓解     

Effects of artificially cultivated biological soil crusts on soil nutrients and biological activities in the Loess Plateau

Biological soil crusts （BSCs） play an important role in the early succession of vegetation restoration in the Loess Plateau, China. To evaluate the effects of artificially cultivated BSCs on the soil surface micro-envir- onment, we obtained natural moss crusts and moss-lichen crusts from the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi province, and subsequently inoculated and cultivated on horizontal and sloping surfaces of loess soil in a greenhouse. The chemical and biological properties of the subsoil under cultivated BSCs were determined after 10 weeks of cul- tivation. The results indicated that BSCs coverage was more than 65% after 10 weeks of cultivation. Moss crust coverage reached 40% after 5 weeks of cultivation. Compared with the control, soil organic matter and available nitrogen contents in moss crust with the horizontal treatments increased by 100.87% and 48.23%, respectively; increased by 67.56% and 52.17% with the sloping treatments, respectively; they also increased in moss-lichen crust with horizontal and sloping treatments, but there was no significant difference. Available phosphorus in cultivated BSCs was reduced, soil pH was lower and cationic exchange capacity was higher in cultivated BSCs than in the control. Alkaline phosphatase, urease and invertase activities were increased in artificially cultivated BSCs, and alkaline phosphatase activity in all cultivated BSCs was obviously higher than that in the control. Numbers of soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were increased in the formation process of cultivated BSCs. These results indicate that BSCs could be formed rapidly in short-term cultivation and improve the mi- cro-environment of soil surface, which provides a scientific reference for vegetation restoration and ecological reconstruction in the Loess Plateau. China.