氮磷钾配比对云烟100生长发育及产质量的影响

应用D-饱和最优回归设计,通过氮、磷、钾配比田间试验,建立烤烟施用氮、磷、钾对烤烟产量、产值及施肥利润的效应函数。试验结果表明:产量极大值氮、磷、钾优化施肥组合为N=-0.2858,P2O5=-0.0710,K2O=0.0906,此时的产量为3080.14 kg/hm2。产值极大值氮、磷、钾优化施肥组合为N=-0.9552,P2O5=-0.0149,K2O=0.3683,此时的产值为39513.59元/hm2。最佳施肥利润的氮、磷、钾优化施肥组合为N=-1,P2O5=-0.0248,K2O=0.2840,此时烤烟的产量为2956.48 kg/hm2,产值为38174.43元/hm2,施肥利润为36710.92元/hm2。综合分析得出最佳的施肥组合范围为N64.28 kg/hm2、P2O5144.3¹48.95 kg/hm2、K2O 235.2148.95 kg/hm2、K2O 235.2²66.4 kg/hm2,即N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶(2.2266.4 kg/hm2,即N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶(2.2².3)∶(3.62.3)∶(3.6⁴.1)。     

丹江口库区小麦和油菜氮合理用量研究

采用田间小区试验研究了丹江口库区小麦和油菜的氮合理用量。结果表明,在施用90.0kg/hm2P2O5和75.0kg/hm2K2O基础上,小麦最高产量施氮量和最佳经济施氮量分别为228.6和205.7kg/hm2;在施用90.0kg/hm2P2O5、75.0kg/hm2K2O和3.0kg/hm2持力硼基础上,油菜最高产量施氮量和最佳经济施氮量分别为254.0和215.2kg/hm2;当小麦施氮量为150.0kg/hm2时,比不施氮增产79.9%,氮产投比、农学效率和表观利用率分别为7.18、15.26kg/kg和36.3%,小麦氮吸收总量为142.7kg/hm2,养分吸收量之比为N∶P2O5∶K2O=1.00∶0.34∶0.57;当油菜施氮量为180.0kg/hm2时,比不施氮增产62.7%,氮产投比、农学效率和表观利用率分别为4.44、4.34kg/kg和21.9%,油菜氮吸收总量为90.5kg/hm2,养分吸收量之比为N∶P2O5∶K2O=1.00∶0.40∶0.84。     

水稻“3414”肥效试验研究

通过水稻"3414"肥效试验结果,获得肥料效应函数方程及有关施肥参数。由数学模型方程求得理论氮、磷、钾最佳施用量,其中三元二次方程的最佳施肥量为:N175.5kg/hm2、P2O579.2kg/hm2、K2O158.1kg/hm2,最佳产量7554.53kg/hm2;一元二次方程的最佳施氮(N)量160.0kg/hm2,最佳产量7347.93kg/hm2;最佳施磷(P2O5)量67.1kg/hm2,最佳产量4372.1kg/hm2;最佳施钾(K2O)量134.0kg/hm2,最佳产量7474.96kg/hm2。目标产量7000kg/hm2的施肥量为:N132.3kg/hm2、P2O551.8kg/hm2、K2O100.6kg/hm2。综合不同推荐施肥方法的施肥量,并结合当地农业生产,建议该地区氮、磷、钾施用量分别为:N152.5kg/hm2、P2O564.1kg/hm2,K2O128.1kg/hm2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.42∶0.84。     

金乡大蒜氮磷钾营养吸收特点与合理施肥研究

以金乡大蒜为试材,通过氮磷钾配方试验研究覆膜大蒜的养分吸收特点及最佳施肥量与施用方法。结果表明,金乡大蒜生长过程中,吸氮最多,钾次之,磷最少,吸收比例为N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.36∶0.70。氮、钾吸收高峰在鳞茎膨大期,磷吸收高峰在蒜薹伸长期。金乡大蒜施用氮磷钾均有增产效果,最佳施用量为N 436.95 kg/hm2,P2O5213.34 kg/hm2,K2O 336.74 kg/hm2。氮、钾肥施用方法均以2/3底施+1/3追施效果最好。     

氮磷钾配比对云烟100生长发育及产质量的影响

应用D-饱和最优回归设计,通过氮、磷、钾配比田间试验,建立烤烟施用氮、磷、钾对烤烟产量、产值及施肥利润的效应函数。试验结果表明:产量极大值氮、磷、钾优化施肥组合为N=-0.2858,P2O5=-0.0710,K2O=0.0906,此时的产量为3080.14 kg/hm2。产值极大值氮、磷、钾优化施肥组合为N=-0.9552,P2O5=-0.0149,K2O=0.3683,此时的产值为39513.59元/hm2。最佳施肥利润的氮、磷、钾优化施肥组合为N=-1,P2O5=-0.0248,K2O=0.2840,此时烤烟的产量为2956.48 kg/hm2,产值为38174.43元/hm2,施肥利润为36710.92元/hm2。综合分析得出最佳的施肥组合范围为N64.28 kg/hm2、P2O5144.3~148.95 kg/hm2、K2O 235.2~266.4 kg/hm2,即N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶(2.2~2.3)∶(3.6~4.1)。     

氮磷钾不同配比对小麦产量及肥料利用率的影响

应用"3414"田间试验方案研究不同氮磷钾配比对小麦产量的影响,建立丹阳地区小麦产量(Y)与氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)肥用量的肥料效应函数Y=141.84 18.16 N-2.36 N2 8.73 P-1.93P2 9.81K-0.97 K2 0.07NP 0.46NK 1.32PK,获得在丹阳地区粉沙土中等地力水平下小麦的最佳经济产量为5 152.1 kg/hm2,氮、磷、钾的最佳施用量为N 216.0 kg/hm2、P2O5 77.2 kg/hm2、K2O 122.6 kg/hm2.肥料效应方程表明,氮肥对小麦的增产增效最明显,其次是钾肥.氮、磷、钾肥料配合施用能促进小麦对氮、磷、钾的吸收.在氮肥处理中,N1水平(94.5 kg/hm2)的氮素利用率为34.5%～44.4%,高于N2水平(189.0 kg/hm2),N3水平(283.5 kg/hm2)最低,仅为29.2%;磷、钾肥利用率的变化趋势与氮肥类似.     

不同化肥施用量对冷浸田水稻产量效应的研究

于2011²012年研究了氮、磷、钾肥不同施用量对赣南冷浸田水稻生长发育和产量的影响。试验结果表明:早稻的最佳施肥量为氮144.52012年研究了氮、磷、钾肥不同施用量对赣南冷浸田水稻生长发育和产量的影响。试验结果表明:早稻的最佳施肥量为氮144.5¹61.1 kg/hm2、磷(P2O5)76.8161.1 kg/hm2、磷(P2O5)76.8⁷8.1 kg/hm2、钾(K2O)119.478.1 kg/hm2、钾(K2O)119.4¹63.1 kg/hm2;晚稻的最佳施肥量为氮167.8163.1 kg/hm2;晚稻的最佳施肥量为氮167.8¹72.6 kg/hm2、磷77.0172.6 kg/hm2、磷77.0⁹9.5 kg/hm2、钾159.599.5 kg/hm2、钾159.5¹60.7 kg/hm2;早稻的合理施肥比例为氮∶磷(P2O5)∶钾(K2O)=1∶(0.48160.7 kg/hm2;早稻的合理施肥比例为氮∶磷(P2O5)∶钾(K2O)=1∶(0.48⁰.53)∶(0.820.53)∶(0.82¹.01),晚稻为氮∶磷(P2O5)∶钾(K2O)=1∶(0.461.01),晚稻为氮∶磷(P2O5)∶钾(K2O)=1∶(0.46⁰.58)∶(0.930.58)∶(0.93⁰.94)。     

中晚熟荔枝施肥情况调查分析

调查了我国广东、广西中晚熟荔枝肥料施用种类、施肥量、施肥方法,并计算其纯N、P2O5、K2O施用量及其比例。结果表明:①我国中晚熟荔枝施肥种类包括单质肥料、复合肥、有机肥料,以复合肥为主。有机肥施用量(N+P2O5+K2O)占总施用量的比例为0～42.5%,平均为19.6%;②在施肥方式上,撒施、沟施、穴施、淋施、叶面喷施并存;③施用纯氮、磷、钾量为244.3～1 300.5 kg/hm2,平均为753.5 kg/hm2;④氮、磷、钾施用比例平均值为N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.76∶1.28,与植株吸收氮、磷、钾的比例并不匹配,普遍存在磷、钾比例过高的现象,大量施用磷酸二氢钾、氯化钾和高磷、高钾复合肥是造成磷、钾施用量过高的原因。     

和政县冬小麦最佳经济施肥量研究

为了探索和政县冬小麦的最佳经济产量和最佳施肥量,根据"3414"田间试验结果建立了和政县冬小麦肥料效应回归方程。结果表明,和政县冬小麦最佳经济产量为4 505.25~7 246.95 kg/hm2之间,平均为5 926.5 kg/hm2,氮、磷、钾最佳经济施肥量平均值依次N为159.45 kg/hm2、P2O5为99.9 kg/hm2、K2O为46.35 kg/hm2,最佳氮、磷、钾配比为N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.63∶0.29,经济效益最好的处理为N3P2K2和N2P2K2。     

氮磷钾用量及配比对小麦产量、蛋白质含量和肥料利用率的影响

选用高产小麦泰山23号,在中等土壤肥力条件下,研究了氮磷钾施用量对小麦干物质积累量、籽粒产量、籽粒蛋白质含量及氮肥和磷肥农学利用率的影响。结果表明,同一施磷钾水平条件下,施氮量(N)在0~240 kg/hm2范围内,随施氮量的增加小麦干物质积累量、产量、蛋白质含量、磷肥农学利用率提高,而氮肥农学利用率下降;同一施氮钾水平条件下,施磷量(P2O5)在0~210 kg/hm2范围内,随施磷量的增加干物质积累量、产量、氮肥农学利用率提高,而磷肥农学利用率除不施氮条件下随施磷量增加升高外,其他处理随施磷量的增加而降低;籽粒蛋白质含量先增后减。综合考虑小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质含量、肥料利用率,每公顷施用N 180 kg,P2O5105 kg,K2O 105 kg为最优氮磷钾组合,其配比为1.7∶1∶1。     

Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: anatomy, physiology, and perception

Anatomical and physiological observations in monkeys indicate that the primate visual system consists of several separate and independent subdivisions that analyze different aspects of the same retinal image: cells in cortical visual areas 1 and 2 and higher visual areas are segregated into three interdigitating subdivisions that differ in their selectivity for color, stereopsis, movement, and orientation. The pathways selective for form and color seem to be derived mainly from the parvocellular geniculate subdivisions, the depth- and movement-selective components from the magnocellular. At lower levels, in the retina and in the geniculate, cells in these two subdivisions differ in their color selectivity, contrast sensitivity, temporal properties, and spatial resolution. These major differences in the properties of cells at lower levels in each of the subdivisions led to the prediction that different visual functions, such as color, depth, movement, and form perception, should exhibit corresponding differences. Human perceptual experiments are remarkably consistent with these predictions. Moreover, perceptual experiments can be designed to ask which subdivisions of the system are responsible for particular visual abilities, such as figure/ground discrimination or perception of depth from perspective or relative movement--functions that might be difficult to deduce from single-cell response properties.     

Mineralogy, petrology, and surface features of lunar samples 10062,35, 10067,9, 10069,30, and 10085,16

The primary rocks are a sequence of titanium-rich basic volcanics, composed of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and ilmenite with minor olivine, troilite, and native iron. The soil and microbreccias are respectively loose and compacted mixtures of fragments and aggregates of similar rocks, minerals, and glassy fragments and spheres. Impact events are reflected by the presence of shock metamorphosed rock fragments, breccias, and glasses and their resulting compaction to form complex breccias, glass-spattered surfaces, and numerous glass-lined craters. Chemistry of the glasses formed by the impact events is highly variable, and the high iron and nickel content of a few moundlike features suggests that at least some of the projectiles are iron and nickel-rich meteorites.     

原花青素的性质、功能、纯化和利用

原花青素广泛分布于高等植物的多种器官和组织中,是黄烷-3-醇的游离、寡聚或多聚物,存在侧基修饰、异构性质、聚合方式、聚合度等的多样性,可采用多种色谱和质谱技术进行纯化和鉴定。原花青素对于植物具有抗紫外线、清除自由基、抗病驱虫、影响种子休眠等功能,影响作物品质等性状,对人体也具有多种生理功效,在药物、化妆品、食品等领域有良好的应用前景。     

贵州樟科、景天科等9个科药用植物资源的种类与分布

通过野外调查、标本采集、分类学研究及资料考证,基本摸清了贵州樟科、莲叶桐科、景天科、堇菜科、柳叶菜科、鹿蹄草科、柿科、山矾科、木犀科等9个科药用植物资源的种类与地理分布.结果发现贵州现有樟科药用植物49种4变种,莲叶桐科药用植物5种,景天科药用植物21种,堇菜科药用植物19种1变种,柳叶菜科药用植物20种4变种,鹿蹄草科药用植物7种1变种,柿科药用植物9种1变种,山矾科药用植物12种,木犀科药用植物30种3变种.其中,4种为贵州特有药用植物,40种5变种为贵州药用新资源.     

重金属Pb、Cr、Cd对烟草生长的影响及其分布规律

[目的]研究重金属Pb、Cr、Cd对烟草的生理作用及其在烟草中的吸收累积规律.[方法]采用盆栽试验方法,测定烟草根、茎、叶等器官中Pb、Cr、Cd含量,分析不同重金属污染程度下烟草的株高及叶片干物质重的变化.[结果]重金属处理的土壤中烟草的株高都显著低于对照,呈现抑制作用,添加外源Pb和Cr处理下,烟草叶片干重随添加浓度的升高而降低,Cd处理则呈现出先升高后降低的趋势.Pb、Cr、Cd重金属在烟草器官中的含量均为根>茎>叶,根系中Pb、Cr、Cd的浓度与添加浓度具有较好的相关性,而叶片中只有Cd含量与添加浓度具有较好的相关性.[结论]烟草植株中的重金属主要来源于土壤,烟草对重金属的传输过程具有一定的滞阻作用.     

Effect of Wheat Middlings, Microbial Phytase, and Citric Acid on Phytate- Phosphorus, Calcium, and Protein Utilization of Broilers

A corn-soybean meal diet （CSB） （or Diet 1） containing 23% crude protein （CP） was used as the positive control, and another corn-soybean meal diet containing 21% CP and 15% wheat middlings （WM） （or Diet 2） was used as the basal diet, which was treated with four different treatments. Digestibility experiment was employed to discuss the collective effect of citric acid, and intrinsic and microbial phytase. By comparing and analyzing effects of them in the low-nutrient broiler diets, the results showed five treatments had similar effects on Tibia ash （%） （mg） （P〉0.05）. Under the supplementation of bacterial phytase or citric acid, the daily body weight gain （ADG）, gain：feed （G：F） ratio, and calcium （Ca） utilization were similar to that of standard-nutrient CSB diet （Diet 1） （P 〉 0.05）. And, fecal phosphorus （P） and CP utilization were lower than （P〈0.05） that of Diet 1. But P utilization was significantly higher than （P〈0.01） that of Diet 1. However, the ADG, G：F, and CP utilization produced by supplementation of intrinsic phytase were lower than those of Diet 1, but other aspects were similar to those produced by Diet 1 （P〉0.05）. In Diet 5, citric acid, intrinsic and bacterial phytase were added to the diet, which produced a 1.4% decrease on fecal P, a 7.2% increase on Ca utilization, which was significantly higher than （P〈0.01） those of the other four Diets, a 3.9% increase on G：F, which was similar to that of Diet 1, and a 2.3% increase on CP utilization, which was higher than （P〈0.05） that of the other three diets. In summary, the results of this study indicated that citric acid, intrinsic and bacterial phytase might have some additive or synergistic effects, and low-nutrient CSB diets with 15% wheat middlings, 750 U kg^-1 phytase, and 3% citric acid might substitute completely for standard CSB in broilers.     

木薯对氮、磷、钾、镁、锌、硼的吸收特性及施肥效应

[目的]研究氮、磷、钾、镁、锌、硼肥对木薯养分吸收及生长的影响.[方法]采用田间试验,设最佳施肥处理OPT(N+P+K+Mg+Zn+B)、减氮施肥OPT-N、减磷施肥OPT-P、减钾施肥OPT-K、减镁施肥OPT-Mg、减锌施肥OPT-Zn、减硼施肥OPT-B处理和不施肥处理,测定各处理木薯产量以及块根、茎、叶养分吸收量和养分吸收强度.[结果]OPT处理木薯所吸收的N、P、K、Zn养分主要累积在茎部,Ca、Mg养分主要累积在叶片和茎部,B养分主要累积在叶片部位中.木薯对N、P、K养分的吸收强度呈抛物线状,在块根膨大期前呈逐渐提高,块根膨大后,木薯对N、P、K养分的吸收强度逐渐下降.增施N、P、K、Mg肥,木薯产量分别提高38.01%、13.09%、23.14%和8.99%;增施1 kgN、P2O5、K2O、MgO木薯产量分别增加101、54、22和49 kg; OPT处理产值最高(13217元/ha).[结论]施肥均可提高木薯的养分吸收量,但K、Za、B肥会抑制Mg的吸收.不同施肥条件对木薯产量有显著的影响.