酒泉市农业节水增收灌溉的现状及对策

通过对酒泉市水资源的现状及农业节水增效工程技术的应用分析研究，探索节水农业发展的新思路，促进农业可持续发展。     

节水灌溉是一项革命性的措施

本文从水资源开发利用状况和人口、资源、环境可持续发展的角度阐述了发展节水农业和推广节水灌溉技术的重要意义；对节水灌溉为什么是一项革命性的措施进行了分析；回顾了推广节水灌溉工作所取得的主要成效；分析了节水灌溉面临的问题；明确了节水灌溉的发展方针，目标任务和工作重点，就做好节水灌溉工作提出了建议和意见。     

对我国节水灌溉技术发展的几点思考

节水灌溉在甸推广应用已经取得显著成效。但面对新的形势,必须进一步提高不灌溉技术对我国经济可持续发展重要意义的认识,正确理解节水灌溉的内涵,因地制腚地发展节水灌溉技术,加快节水灌溉设备的产业化,积极稳妥地引进国外先进节水灌溉技术和设备,进一步加强对节水灌溉的科学研究,以例适应我国节水灌溉技术的进一步和超超世界先进水平。     

发展节水灌溉是缓解水资源供需矛盾的主要途径

漳河灌区人均水资源占有量仅为全国及全省平均水平的４５．９％与５９．８％，水资源短缺，供需矛盾紧张。在灌区用水量，农业灌溉用水占社会总供水量的８５．０％左右，且水的利用率不高浪费较严重。     

采用机械化行走式节水灌溉播种技术是发展节水农业的有效途径

水是农业的命脉,节水就是增粮。据有关资料记载：建国后,我国粮食产量增加了４倍,重要原因就是耕地灌溉面积增加了５０％。但我国的水资源并不充裕,而且空间分布极不平衡,水资源浪费相当惊人。专家指出,对于大面积坡梁旱地的雨养旱作农业,节水型农业将成为我国农业发展的方向。内蒙古察右后旗,近年来通过机械化行走式节水灌溉播种技术的试验、示范证明,采用该项技术是发展节水农业的一条有效途径。察右后旗年降雨量为３００ｍｍ左右,年平均气温在１～４℃之间,无霜期１１０ｄ左右。耕地１０－６８万ｈｍ２,其中８０％以上是旱地…     

陕西省农业节水灌溉发展状况与发展思路研究

对陕西省2016年—2019年节水灌溉面积及耕地用水情况进行了统计分析,研究了陕西省近几年节水灌溉措施的发展情况。     

节水灌溉与农业可持续发展

可持续发展是世界21世纪议程的主题,是我国现代化建设的必然选择。农业是国民经济的基础,能否做到可持续发展事关国家发展全局。我国水资源相对不足,农业可持续发展面临严重缺水危机,全面实施节水灌溉成为水资源永续利用、农业乃至整个经济可持续发展的重要途径。     

我国节水灌溉产业所面临的挑战

随着我国节水灌溉规模不断扩大 ,节水灌溉材料设备生产企业迅速增加。本文介绍了我国节水灌溉材料设备发展状况和存在的问题 ,对我国加入WTO后 ,国外先进技术与设备进入国内市场 ,我国节水灌溉产业面临的挑战和发展机遇以及相应对策进行了初步分析和阐述。     

节水灌溉发展模式分析及有关问题的思考

在对我国不同类型灌区农业用水进行分析的基础上 ,提出了不同类型灌区节水灌溉发展模式 ,介绍了典型经验 ,进而提出了节水灌溉发展原则与值得探讨的一些问题。     

节水灌溉项目环境影响评价

针对节水灌溉项目的复杂性及带来的负面环境影响，在广泛调研与咨询的基础上，结合节水灌溉技术的发展动态，论述了节水灌溉项目环境影响评价的内容，提出了节水灌溉项目环境影响因子识别及预测评价方法，建立了定量评价指标体系和模型，对节水灌溉工程设计施工有一定指导意义。     

浅谈节水灌溉水费价格的支撑体系

水费价格是节水灌溉的核心,合理的水价是发展节水灌溉的动力,也是实现水和这机构良性循环的关键。支撑节水灌溉水费价格的因素很多,作者就其水费成本,水旨同价格标准,农民的负担能力,物价上涨指数,水费政策和管理运行机制等因素进行阐述,以期促进节水灌溉的进一步发展。     

作物节水灌溉需水规律研究

基于节水灌溉条件下作物需水量试验资料,分析了控制灌溉和覆膜旱作节水灌溉的水稻需水规律以及节水高效灌溉模式下冬小麦、夏玉米和棉花作物的需水规律。结果表明,节水灌溉模式通过对水稻、冬小麦、夏玉米和棉花等作物产生的生长调控作用与补偿生长效应,使植株蒸腾量和棵间蒸发量较大幅度减少,各阶段需水量、需水强度和需水模系数均发生显著变化,形成了节水灌溉模式的主要农作物新的需水规律。可为节水灌溉制度的制定、节水型灌区动态配水及灌溉预报等提供科学依据。     

Measuring conveyance efficiencies to improve irrigation water management

This paper presents a study of conveyance efficiencies of Canal de Salvaterra, in the Sorraia Irrigation Project, Portugal. The Canal and the Project are briefly described and the water measurement techniques and structures utilized are analysed. Results comprise the main aspects of the inflow-outflow balance with identification of water losses and conveyance efficiencies. Analysing the results showed that irrigation efficiencies are higher during work days and labour hours and lower during weekends and at night. This identified the need to improve operation and management of the irrigation system, adapting inflow to demand according travel time and response time of the conveyance (and distribution) system, of the different main sections of the system.     

武汉市东西湖区发展节水灌溉的对策探讨

本文从分析全区的水资源特点及农田灌溉现状入手，根据农作物布局、经济现状及建立设施农业、节水增效农业的发展要求，提出了该区发展节水灌溉的对策。     

CPSP模型在华北井灌区农业水管理中的应用

为研究不同农业水管理措施对区域水平衡的影响,选择北京市大兴区为华北井灌区代表性研究区,以CPsP模型为技术支持,研究了提高灌溉水利用率、采用亏缺灌溉、改善农业种植结构及利用区外水源等不同水管理措施影响下区域水平衡、区域耗水、区域取水及用水指标的变化规律.结果表明,在资源型缺水区域,提高灌溉水利用率、采用非充分灌溉及改善农业种植结构在一定程度上能缓解区域水资源紧缺的压力,特别是采用非充分灌溉及改善作物种植结构能显著减少区域取水及耗水总量,并能减少地表水及地下水的补给量中回归水所占比例,在缓解区域水资源紧缺压力的同时也降低了区域水质遭受回归水污染风险.另外,在未来情景中,因经济快速发展及人口持续增长,工业及居民生活用水量增加,区域水资源供需矛盾将会加剧,为确保区域水资源良性循环,势必采取积极有效的水资源管理模式.     

Commissioning a paddy irrigation project water management and project viability

The results of a research investigation into water management practices during the commissioning of a paddy irrigation project are described. Investigations centred on the water issues and areas irrigated by the project's Right Bank main canal during commissioning. The water use observed during this period was compared with that forecast for the project at full development. From the limited data available, feasible targets for the phasing-in of land during commissioning are suggested, for use both by planners and managers. The effect of adopting these targets on project viability is also briefly discussed.     

Performance assessment of irrigation water management of heterogeneous irrigation schemes: 2. A case study

The non-uniformity of soils, weather, fields, cropping pattern and canal systems in most surface irrigation schemes makes irrigation water management complex, but optimum performance is important particularly in irrigation schemes with limited water supply. This paper focuses on the performance of irrigation water management during the area and water allocation with a case study of an irrigation scheme in the semi-arid region of India. Often the irrigation managers or authorities of these heterogeneous irrigation schemes also need to deal with different allocation rules. The allocation plans and the corresponding water delivery schedules during the allocation process were estimated with the help of a simulation–optimisation model for different allocation rules based on cropping distributions (free and fixed), water distributions (free and fixed-area proportionate), irrigation depth (full, fixed depth and variable depth irrigation) and irrigation interval (from 14 to 35 days). The performance measures of productivity (in terms of net benefits and area irrigated), equity (in water distribution), adequacy and excess were assessed for these different allocation plans and schedules. These were further compared with the performance measures of the existing rule (fixed depth irrigation at a fixed interval). The analysis revealed that these performance measures are in some cases complimentary and in other cases conflicting with each other. Therefore, it would be appropriate for the irrigation managers to understand fully the nature of the variation in performance measures for different allocation rules prior to deciding the allocation plans for the irrigation scheme.