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1.
浅黄恩蚜小蜂雌蜂的个体发育及其寿命和产卵量的观察 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在实验室25±1℃、RH70%~75%、光照L∶D=14h∶10h、光照强度3500lx条件下,观察了以烟粉虱为寄主时,浅黄恩蚜小蜂雌蜂的个体发育及羽化雌蜂的产卵量和寿命,并描述了各发育阶段的形态特征。结果发现,根据蜕皮现象及形态特征,雌蜂羽化前的发育可分为6个阶段:卵期、一龄幼虫、二龄幼虫、三龄幼虫、预蛹期和蛹期。一龄和二龄的发育历期均为1d左右,卵和三龄的发育历期约需2d,预蛹期0.8d,蛹期5d。在每天更换寄主的情况下,雌蜂平均寿命21.9d,最长29d,最短8d;产卵量为79.1粒,最多124粒,最少51粒。 相似文献
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干旱胁迫对烤烟养分吸收分配及产量品质的影响 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
采用盆栽试验研究了干旱胁迫对烤烟(N icotiana T abacum L.)养分吸收和分配及烟叶产量品质的影响。结果表明,干旱使烟株体内N素含量升高,P、K、C a、M g、F e、M n含量降低,而对Cu、Zn、B含量影响不大。在干旱胁迫下烤烟对各种养分的吸收量都显著下降,营养元素在根和茎中的分配量增加,在叶中的分配量减少,烟叶产量降低,品质下降。干旱程度越重对烟叶产量和品质的影响越显著,而且以旺长期干旱对烟叶产量的影响较大,成熟期干旱对烟叶品质的影响较为明显。 相似文献
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Anil Shrestha Katrina M. Steinhauer Bradley D. Hanson Marie Jasieniuk Kurt J. Hembree Steven D. Wright 《国际虫害防治杂志》2016,62(4):300-307
The growth and phenological development of spring- and fall-planted Conyza canadensis and C. bonariensis were studied in Fresno, CA, USA. A glyphosate-resistant (GR) and a glyphosate-susceptible (GS) population of each species were used. Time taken by each plant to reach the rosette, bolting, appearance of first bud, appearance of first open flower, and initial seed set were converted to growing degree days (GDDs). The fall- and spring-planted C. canadensis required similar GDDs to complete their life cycles but the GR type required fewer GDDs than the GS type. In C. bonariensis, the GDDs required to complete its life cycle differed between the fall- and spring-plantings but not between the GR and GS types. The total aboveground biomass of both fall- and spring-planted Conyzas at initial seed set was similar but the spring-planted GS C. canadensis produced more biomass than the GR type, whereas the fall-planted GS C. bonariensis produced more biomass than the GR type. Plant development based on GDD models can have global implications and help in planning for timely applications of post-emergence herbicides. 相似文献
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为了探明根源ABA对春玉米干旱后复水补偿生长的调控效应,采用盆栽试验以春玉米酒单2号为材料,设CK(正常供水,保持最大持水量的75%~80%)、MS(中度干旱,保持最大持水量的50%~55%)、SS(重度干旱,保持最大持水量的35%~40%)、MS-CK(中度干旱再复水)、SS-CK(重度干旱再复水)等5个处理,研究苗期干旱及复水条件下春玉米生物量积累、光合特性、抗氧化酶活性、根源ABA含量的变化。结果表明:重度干旱胁迫具有较高的根源ABA含量,诱导叶片抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性显著提高,增幅分别为85.48%、72.67%、22.58%,并导致其叶片气孔导度(Gs)和光合速率(Pn)降低51.56%、12.16%,同时最大电子传递速率(Jmax)、最大羧化速率(VCmax)、磷酸丙糖利用率(TPU)及RuBP羧化酶的羧化效率(CE)降低,使其单株生物量较正常供水降低46.56%;复水后,较高的根源ABA含量影响其细胞膜修复和光合功能恢复的速度,使单株生物量较未复水重度干旱胁迫增加90.36%,较正常供水增加1.73%,表现出补偿效应。中度干旱胁迫具有相对较低的根源ABA含量,诱导叶片抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性提高幅度较小,增幅分别为64.72%、41.72%、11.62%,并使Gs和Pn分别降低15.01%和6.42%,同时Jmax、VCmax、TPU及CE稍有降低,其单株生物量较正常供水仅降低13.64%;复水后,相对较低的根源ABA含量最终使单株生物量较未复水的中度干旱胁迫增加30.71%,较正常供水增加12.88%,表现出超补偿效应。综上,干旱胁迫产生的根源ABA主要对旱后复水春玉米光能吸收、光合碳同化及抗氧化保护功能起积极调节作用。 相似文献
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探究不同矿化度咸淡水混合喷灌对冬小麦、夏玉米生长及产量的影响,并通过监测土壤水盐分布状况来选择适宜矿化度的咸淡水灌溉方式。在河北低平原地区开展大田灌溉试验,研究了淡水畦灌、淡水喷灌、2 g·L-1和3 g·L-1咸水与淡水混合喷灌对小麦、玉米生长及土壤水盐运移的影响。结果表明:与淡水喷灌相比,连续两年灌溉后,小麦收获时2 g·L-1和3 g·L-1矿化度咸淡混合水喷灌处理的根层(0~40 cm)土体含盐量平均分别增加了17.8%和42.7%,0~100 cm土体含盐量平均分别增加了32.9%和74.3%,玉米收获时根层土体含盐量平均分别增加了40.3%和86.9%,0~100 cm土体含盐量平均分别增加了39.0%和88.9%,且3 g·L-1矿化度咸淡混合水喷灌处理的盐分累积已超出小麦和玉米生长的盐分阈值。2 g·L-1矿化度处理的冬小麦产量较淡水喷灌处理降低了9.8%~11.4%(差异不显著),但3 g·L-1矿化度处理比淡水喷灌处理的产量显著降低了25.0%~25.9%(P<0.05);2 g·L-1矿化度处理的夏玉米单株穗粒质量和产量较淡水喷灌处理分别降低了5.1%~10.4%和6.6%~10.5%(差异不显著),3 g·L-1矿化度比淡水喷灌处理的百粒重、单株穗粒质量和产量分别降低了18.6%~22.4%、18.2%~25.9%和14.7%~15.3%(P<0.05),3 g·L-1矿化度对冬小麦和夏玉米的产量构成因素影响显著。因此,咸淡混合水矿化度不大于2 g·L-1的喷灌模式用于该地区冬小麦-夏玉米田间灌溉是可行的。 相似文献
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氮素水平对单作和间套作小麦玉米叶片叶绿素含量及品质的影响 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
以间套作小麦玉米、单作小麦和单作玉米为研究对象,通过田间试验研究了氮素水平对单作和间套作小麦玉米叶片叶绿素及品质的影响。主要结果为:在同一施氮水平下,间套作小麦旗叶叶绿素含量大于相应单作;单作和间套作小麦开花期旗叶叶绿素含量和蛋白质含量、沉淀值之间都呈显著正相关(r分别为0.960*,0.948*,0.968*,0.957*)。在相同施氮水平下,单作玉米叶绿素含量高于相应间套作玉米;单作和间套作玉米孕穗期叶绿素含量与其蛋白质含量之间也呈显著正相关(r分别为0.861*和0.870*)。 相似文献
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为探究水分和氮肥增效剂对夏玉米生长及水肥利用的综合影响,通过设置40 mm(W1)和60 mm(W2)两个灌水水平下不施氮肥(N0)、施用氮肥(U)、氮肥+硝化抑制剂(U+DCD)、氮肥+脲酶抑制剂(U+NBPT)、氮肥+双效抑制剂(U+N+D)5种氮肥施用措施,开展夏玉米田间试验。结果表明:相较于施用氮肥处理,氮肥配施增效剂可以显著提高夏玉米产量、成熟期地上生物量、净收益、水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力,增幅分别为5.92%~13.82%、5.85%~18.07%、11.12%~24.30%、12.35%~41.83%和5.93%~13.80%,其中氮肥配施双效抑制剂效果较优;氮肥配施脲酶抑制剂和双效抑制剂可以降低夏玉米农田土壤氨挥发累积量和成熟期土壤硝态氮残留量,前者效果最优。相比于W1,W2水平下氮肥配施双效抑制剂处理玉米产量、成熟期地上生物量、净收益、水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力分别提高10.54%、15.51%、19.40%、20.31%和27.36%;氮肥配施脲酶抑制剂处理农田土壤氨挥发累积量和硝态氮残留量分别降低11.33%和48.46%。综合考虑夏玉米施肥灌水方案的经济效益、环境效益、水肥利用效率和玉米植株生长,构建模糊综合评价体系,得到最优处理为灌水量60 mm下氮肥配施双效抑制剂。 相似文献
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不同水肥管理措施对春玉米产量和土壤硝态氮时空分布的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采取大田结合小区试验的方法,研究了不同水肥管理措施对春玉米产量和土壤硝态氮时空分布的影响。结果表明:水肥一体管理区春玉米产量为17 107 kg·hm-2,显著高于传统水肥管理区(13 349 kg·hm-2);从春玉米出苗期到收获期,无肥区0~90 cm各土层硝态氮含量不断降低,累积总量也从452.5 kg·hm-2降低到279.1 kg·hm-2,传统水肥管理区和水肥一体管理区0~90 cm各土层硝态氮含量和累积总量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,但水肥一体管理区分次追肥避免了传统水肥管理大喇叭口期过量追氮带来的淋溶风险;春玉米大喇叭口期和收获期随着土层深度的增加,0~180 cm土层硝态氮含量呈下降趋势;不同水肥管理措施0~180 cm土层硝态氮累积总量传统水肥管理区最高,大喇叭口期和收获期分别达到1 119.3 kg·hm-2和945.5 kg·hm-2,淋溶风险最大。因此以水肥一体化为核心的水肥管理措施可实现冀西北地区春玉米高产和环境友好。 相似文献
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扁蓿豆抗旱形态解剖结构观察与分析 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
对6个不同来源(产地)扁蓿豆(Melilotoidesruthenica(L.)Sojak)的根、茎、叶形态结构进行了观察研究。结果表明:可初步将叶片小、叶色淡绿、气孔密度大、细胞小、叶片栅栏组织排列紧密、具表皮毛作为扁蓿豆属牧草抗旱的形态解剖指标。在本实验选取的7份材料中,来源于内蒙古乌兰察布盟的两份扁蓿豆材料较其他来源的扁蓿豆抗旱性强,可作为今后抗旱育种的种质资源。 相似文献
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含三氮唑环和噻吩环希夫碱的合成及其杀菌活性 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
为了设计合成具有更高生物活性的化合物,以3-芳基-4-氨基-5-巯基-1,2,4-三唑与α-噻吩甲醛反应,通过微波法和传统方法设计合成了10个含1,2,4-三唑和噻吩环的希夫碱类化合物,其结构经IR、1H NMR、MS和元素分析确证。对两种方法的优缺点进行了比较。同时对6种病原菌进行了生物活性测试,结果发现,在50 mg/L下,化合物 IIe、IIf 对6种病菌的抑制率大于62%。所有目标化合物对苹果轮纹病菌Dochiorella gregaria和水稻纹枯病菌Rhizatonia solani的抑制率均大于85%。 相似文献
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在大田条件下,选用大穗型品种兰考矮早八号和多穗型品种豫麦49-198为试验材料,研究了不同施硫量和灌水次数对冬小麦光合性能及产量的影响.结果表明,不同施硫处理,以硫60 kg/hm2处理产量最高,并达到显著水平.兰考矮早八和豫麦49-198的增产幅度达19.32%和9.24%,此处理下的光合速率和SPAD值高于硫30 kg/hm2和硫0 kg/hm2处理.在本试验条件下,2品种在灌水处理间产量有差别,兰考矮早八以不灌水产量最高,豫麦49-198以仅拔节期灌水产量最高. 相似文献
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根结线虫拮抗放线菌菌株DA07118的筛选与鉴定及其发酵条件的优化 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
从海南东寨港红树林、尖峰岭等原始森林及黄流地区发病蕉园采集土壤样品,分离得到215株放线菌菌株。以根结线虫为靶标线虫对215株放线菌进行筛选,获得18株对根结线虫校正死亡率在80%以上的菌株。菌株DA07118抗线虫活性最强,校正死亡率达100%;经5次继代培养,仍具有稳定产生杀线虫活性物质的能力。通过形态学、生理生化反应和16S rDAN分类鉴定,将该菌株归类为链霉菌属Streptomyces。进一步的发酵条件优化试验,确定该菌株产活性物质的最佳培养基配方为(g/L):麦芽糖10g、蔗糖25g、酵母膏20g、蛋白胨20g、K2HPO4 0.5g,初始pH7.0。发酵优化后,菌株发酵液的10倍稀释液处理后24h对根结线虫的校正击倒率从优化前的75.0%提高到93.7%。 相似文献
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毒死蜱-聚乳酸微球的制备及其性能评价 总被引:7,自引:5,他引:2
以毒死蜱为芯材,以生物可降解材料聚乳酸(PLA)为载体(壁材),采用溶剂挥发法制备了毒死蜱缓释微球,考察了芯壁材质量比及聚乳酸浓度对微球质量的影响。结果表明:当聚乳酸浓度增加时,载药量和包封率、粒径均随之增加;当芯壁材质量比减小(由1∶2减小至1∶5)时,微球粒 径、载药量也逐渐减小;包封率在芯壁材质量比为1∶3和1∶4时分别为89.88%±1.67%和90.55%±1.86%;当芯壁材质量比小于1∶2时,微球呈光滑完整的球形。差示扫描量热检测分析证明,毒死蜱和聚乳酸能够有机地结合为一体。表明合适的芯壁材比例和聚乳酸浓度有利于提高制备微球的质量。 相似文献
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The synthesis of o- and p-cyclohexyphenyl phosphorodichloridates and dichloridophosphorothioates and their conversion into the corresponding dimethyl phosphates, phosphorodihydrazides, and phosphorodihydrazones, is discussed. o- and p-Cyclohexylphenyl N-phenylphosphoramidic chlorides were converted to the hydrazide and the O-methyl ester. The phosphorodichloridates were converted to the dihydrogen phosphates, but the dichloridophosphorothioates could not be hydrolysed in an analogous manner. Structure-activity relationships have been briefly discussed; the most active compound was o-cyclohexylphenyl O-methyl phosphoroisopropylidene hydrazone. 相似文献
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为探究增密种植下浅埋滴灌水氮减量对玉米根冠特性及水氮利用效率的影响,以传统畦灌常规施氮量(300 kg·hm-2)和常规灌溉量(4 000 m3·hm-2)为对照(CK),采用大田裂区试验,以传统畦灌常规灌量40%(W1)、50%(W2)和60%(W3)为主处理,以常规施氮量50%(N1)、70%(N2)和100%(N3)为副处理,研究90 000株·hm-2密度下浅埋滴灌水氮减量玉米根系分布、干物质积累转运、产量及水氮利用效率的变化特征。结果表明,不同土层根干质量均随灌溉量、施氮量的增加而增加,W2N3和W3N3处理20~40 cm、40~60 cm土层根干质量与CK的差异均不显著。吐丝前W2N3、W3N3干物质积累量与CK的差异均不显著,吐丝后W3N3显著高于CK,2018、2019年分别较CK高出9.74%和7.62%;W2N3、W3N2茎鞘、叶片转运量与CK的差异均不显著,W3N3处理2018、2019年茎鞘、叶片对籽粒贡献率则分别较CK提高了0.37%、0.43%和0.27%、0.56%。... 相似文献
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Akmoutsou P Mademtzoglou D Nakou I Onoufriadis A Papadopoulou X Kounatidis I Frantzios G Papadakis G Vasiliadis K Papadopoulos NT Mavragani-Tsipidou P 《Pest management science》2011,67(12):1534-1540
BACKGROUND: The insecticides spinosad and deltamethrin are being increasingly used in pest management programmes. In order to assess further their toxic effects to target and non‐target insect species, an evaluation was made of their insecticidal profile on Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) and Drosophila melanogaster (Meig.). Moreover, possible genotoxic effects of the two pesticides were investigated using the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in D. melanogaster. RESULTS: Both insecticides were highly effective against B. oleae, exhibiting similar LC50 values. Moreover, they were found to be more effective against Bactrocera than against Drosophila adults. However, spinosad was significantly more toxic than deltamethrin to D. melanogaster. The results showed a lack of genotoxic activity of both insecticides under the in vivo experimental procedure employed, at least at applied doses. CONCLUSION: The present study provides information for lethal and sublethal effects of spinosad and deltamethrin against a target and a non‐target species. Both insecticides can exert high toxicity to B. oleae when adults are exposed even to very low doses for long periods of time. The results contribute to the database on the genotoxic potential of spinosad and deltamethrin, suggesting a safety profile for both insecticides. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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在大田环境下,设置氮肥(0、75、150 kg·hm-2)和密度(4.5、7.5、10.5×106粒·hm-2)2因素共9个处理(N0D1、N0D2、N0D3、N1D1、N1D2、N1D3、N2D1、N2D2、N2D3)的随机区组试验,分析了不同施氮量和种植密度组合对旱地胡麻土壤含水量、贮水量、籽粒产量及产量构成因子、水分和氮素利用率的影响。结果表明,氮肥、密度各处理土壤含水量变化主要表现在苗期~青果期0~60 cm土层,以N1D1处理为优,最高达到15.52%;N2... 相似文献
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Prevalence and diversity of plant parasitic nematodes in Northern Ireland grassland and cereals,and the influence of soils and rainfall
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The prevalence and diversity of plant parasitic nematodes in Northern Ireland cereal and grassland was determined from 191 agricultural fields. A total of 18 nematode genera were detected, including economically important pests, Meloidogyne spp., Heterodera spp. and Pratylenchus spp., each of which were above economic damage thresholds in a significant proportion of the sites (92.4%, 70% and 28.6%, respectively). The detection of the root knot nematode, Meloidogyne minor (6% prevalence), was significant given its recent emergence across the turf grass sector and the prospect of M. minor becoming a common agricultural pest. Analyses of nematode prevalence and abundance highlighted significant associations with grass and cereals, soil types, soil grade (proxy for soil quality) and rainfall levels. Specifically, nematode populations varied between the two major soils (brown earths and gleys), while significant trends for increased nematode diversity and greater prevalence of both Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus with increasing rainfall were also observed. Multivariate analyses were performed to determine interactive effects and the relative importance of the factors affecting nematode populations. Notably, rainfall, in combination with either crop type or soil grade, had a significant effect on nematode abundance and diversity. The findings suggest significant changes in nematode populations have occurred over the last several decades and the possibility that these are linked to changing climate and cropping practices are discussed, as well as future concerns for plant parasitic nematode management. 相似文献