西北地区赤霞珠葡萄根际土壤中AM真菌的多样性

对西北地区5个酿酒葡萄赤霞珠（Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon）葡萄园根际土壤060 cm土层的AM真菌空间分布进行了研究。结果表明,葡萄根系可形成丛枝菌根,且侵染率较高,最高达79%; 在西北地区的5个样地中共分离出AM真菌4属22种,其中球囊霉属（Glomus）15种,无梗囊霉属（Acaulospora）4种,盾巨孢囊霉属（Scutellospora）2种,巨孢囊霉属（Gigaspora）1种。5个样地孢子密度大小顺序为: 陕西泾阳（JY）＞山西永济（YJ）＞陕西杨凌（YL）＞宁夏银川（YC）＞甘肃莫高（MG）。各样地葡萄根际土壤中AM真菌种的丰富度不同,陕西泾阳地区最高; 分布于葡萄根际的AM真菌按种类多少排序的属依次是: 球囊霉属无梗囊霉属盾巨孢囊霉属巨孢囊霉属,球囊霉属占据的比例保持着绝对优势; 根内球囊霉、摩西球囊霉、地表球囊霉在不同样地中均为优势菌株,副冠球囊霉,集球囊霉,细凹无梗囊霉是多数样地中的稀有种类。研究表明,葡萄与AM真菌具有良好的共生关系,二者协同进化产生了具有生态环境特异性的菌根真菌多样性; 葡萄根际存在较为丰富的丛枝菌根真菌资源,可供进一步开发利用。     

丛枝菌根真菌对金叶六道木镉吸收及根际真菌群落结构的影响

为明确丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对促进绿化苗木镉(Cd)吸收的影响,通过盆栽试验比较接种不同AM真菌对12种绿化苗木Cd吸收的差异,并进一步分析接种对金叶六道木根际微生物数量和AM真菌群落结构的影响。结果表明,12种绿化苗木,加Cd处理6个月后,其叶片浓度的变化范围为0.25~2.59 mg·kg^-1。接种AM真菌处理组的叶片Cd含量均高于不接菌处理组。相比未接种,接种AM2摩西球囊霉(BGCAM00164)后金叶六道木叶片中Cd含量增加147.9%,故选择金叶六道木进行后续研究。接种AM212个月后,金叶六道木的根、枝、叶Cd浓度分别为164.7、22.86和10.57 mg·kg^-1,为不接菌处理的2.64倍、2.06倍和1.76倍,全株总Cd含量达5078μg·株^-1,显著高于不接菌对照(1745μg·株-1)。相比不接菌对照,接种AM2后降低了转移系数,将其更多吸收的Cd固定在根内,从而减少对植株的损害。接种AM真菌增加了AM真菌PLFA生物量,但降低了根际土壤微生物细菌和真菌PLFA生物量。所有样本中丰度较高的AM真菌为球囊霉科(Glomus)、类球囊霉科(Paraglomus)和原囊霉科(Archaeospora)。球囊霉科占总AM真菌的55%以上,是金叶六道木根际的主要优势种群。接种AM2后球囊霉丰度显著增加,由对照的61.8%上升至77.4%,但AM真菌的整体多样性和丰富度则表现为下降。接种AM1后类球囊霉科丰度显著增加,由对照的13.1%上升至17.8%,但球囊霉丰度无显著变化。主成分分析结果表明Cd和AM真菌接种可以改变金叶六道木根际AM真菌群落结构。总体而言,接种AM真菌(摩西球囊霉)能提高金叶六道木对土壤重金属Cd污染的修复效率,其联合修复技术可扩展Cd污染土壤植物修复的应用范围。     

毛乌素沙地典型克隆植物根际AM真菌多样性研究

为阐明毛乌素沙地3种典型克隆植物沙鞭[Psammochloa villosa(Trin.)Bor.]、羊柴(Hedysarum leaveMaxim)和油蒿(Artemisia ordosica Krasch.)根际AM真菌多样性,2006年的5月、7月、10月从毛乌素沙地选取东北缘的中国科学院植物研究所鄂尔多斯沙地草地生态研究站和西南缘的陕西榆林珍稀沙生植物保护基地两个样地,按0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm、30~40 cm、40~50 cm 5个土层采集3种克隆植物根际土壤样品,研究了其根际AM真菌物种多样性和生态分布。在分离出的4属23种AM真菌中,球囊霉属(Glomus)15种,无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)5种,巨孢囊霉属(Gigaspora)2种,盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)1种。摩西球囊霉(G.mosseae)是沙鞭根际的优势种,黑球囊霉(G.melanosporum)是3种克隆植物共同的常见种;不同属种的AM真菌生态分布亦存在差异。AM真菌孢子密度、种的丰度和物种多样性指数均表现为在研究站样地的羊柴根际最高。该研究结果表明,毛乌素沙地的3种典型克隆植物与AM真菌之间形成良好的共生关系,这对开发漠境AM真菌资源和利用菌根生物技术维护沙地生态系统结构的完整性具有重要意义。     

黑土农田施加AM菌剂对大豆根际菌群结构的影响

为揭示在黑土农田条件下施加丛枝菌根(AM)菌剂对作物根际微生物群落的影响,试验以大豆为研究对象,田间播种时分别施加根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices,GI)和摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae,GM)两种AM菌剂,以单施化肥处理(F)和不施加AM菌剂及化肥处理(CK)作为对照,采用传统与现代分子生物学手段,研究大豆根际土壤中菌群结构及根系内AM真菌多样性。结果表明:GI、GM处理的大豆菌根侵染率最高达到78.3%和86.6%;GI、GM、F处理的大豆根际土壤中可培养细菌、真菌和放线菌三大菌群的数量与CK处理相比显著提高(p0.05)。分离大豆结荚期根际土壤中AM真菌孢子,共获得Acaulospora属真菌3种,Glomus属真菌7种,孢子密度均较低,G.intraradices和G.mosseae均为各自处理的优势种群。对大豆结荚期根系和根际土壤PCR-DGGE图谱条带的丰度及优势条带测序分析,结果表明根际土壤中的AM真菌菌群数明显高于根系中AM真菌的菌群数量,GI处理的大豆根际土壤中AM真菌丰度值最大,GM处理大豆根系里的AM真菌丰度值最大,F处理的根际土壤中总AM真菌的数量最少;施加AM菌剂处理的大豆根系及根际土壤中的优势菌群分别为外源施加的两种AM真菌。     

冬麦免耕覆盖栽培对土壤丛枝菌根真菌多样性的影响

为揭示冬麦免耕覆盖栽培管理措施对土壤丛枝菌根真菌多样性的影响,以农田土壤生态系统为研究对象,利用Illumina MiSeq平台通过高通量测序的方法,对连续免耕覆盖栽培及有机肥管理下冬麦土壤丛枝菌根真菌群落组成及其与土壤环境因子间的相互关系进行研究。结果表明,丛枝菌根(AM)真菌在97%相似度下共获得4 515个AM真菌的操作分类单元(OTUs),分属于1门3纲4目8科10属155种。不同处理中,类球囊霉属(Paraglomus),球囊霉属(Glomus)和近明球囊霉(Claroideoglomus)为优势属,受农业综合管理措施中有机肥施用、免耕覆盖因子的影响,近明球囊霉、有隔球囊霉属相对丰度在不同处理间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。与耕作、不覆盖相比,免耕、覆盖措施提高了AM真菌多样性指数,但降低了AM真菌属的丰富度;与无肥条件相比,有机肥施用提高了AM真菌丰富度指数,但降低了AM真菌多样性指数。多元分析结果表明,土壤全磷及速效磷含量是影响AM真菌群落组成中优势属丰度变化的主要因素。免耕覆盖、有机栽培改变了土壤AM真菌的多样性及丰富度,土壤中丰度较低的AM真菌菌属更容易受到有机肥施用的影响;有机肥与免耕、覆盖管理的交互作用对AM真菌近明球囊霉属相对丰度有显著影响(P<0.05)。AM真菌群落对耕作覆盖、有机肥施用管理活动的响应受到农业综合管理活动及其相关因素交互作用的影响。本研究结果为合理农作物免耕覆盖、有机栽培管理提供了理论依据。     

不同土壤类型下AM 真菌分布多样性及与土壤因子的关系

以禾本科植物群落为研究对象, 研究了宁夏六盘山林地、银川农耕地、暖泉农耕地、固原农耕地、盐池沙地、灵武沙地6 个采样地点5 种土壤类型(黑垆土、灌淤土、黄绵土、灰钙土、风沙土)下AM 真菌物种多样性及其与土壤因子的关系。结果表明: 5 种土壤类型采样点的植被根际土壤中共鉴定出5 属48 种AM真菌, 其中, 无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)1 种, 巨孢囊霉属(Gigaspora)3 种, 球囊霉属(Glomus)37 种, 类球囊霉属(Paraglomus)1 种, 盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)6 种, 各采样点土壤均以球囊霉属为优势属。地球囊霉(G.geosporum)和木薯球囊霉(G. manihotis)是6 个采样地点中的优势种。不同土壤类型各采样点AM 真菌各属的频度存在明显差异, 球囊霉属在各点均有出现, 频度值最高。具有较高植被多样性的暖泉样点, AM 真菌的种属数量较多。土壤环境因子对AM 真菌孢子密度的影响因所处土壤、植被类型不同而异。pH、全盐、速效钾、速效磷等土壤肥力因子, 在PCA 轴上能最大程度地解释AM 真菌孢子密度与土壤环境因子之间相互关系的大部分信息。宁夏不同土壤类型区域中AM 真菌种类及分布一定程度上与该采样点的植被类型、植物多样性和土壤肥力特征相对应。     

内蒙古盐碱土中AM真菌的多样性与分布

在内蒙古盐碱土13种主要植物分离到3属26种AM真菌,其中球囊霉属(Glomus)22种,无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)3种,原囊霉属(Archaeospora)1种。地球囊霉(Glomus geosporum)和地表球囊霉(Glomus ver-siforme)是该区域盐碱土中的优势种。13种主要植物均能被AM真菌侵染,其中玉米和马蔺的侵染率最高,达100%;根际土壤中AM真菌孢子密度范围为29~182个g-1烘干土,其中稻的孢子密度最高,达182个g-1烘干土;在不同土壤类型条件下植物的菌根侵染率具有明显的差异,其规律为草甸盐土>碱化盐土>盐化草甸土>碱化草甸土;根际土壤中孢子密度以碱化草甸土最高(101个g-1烘干土),其次为碱化盐土、草甸盐土和盐化草甸土。相关分析表明,根际土壤中AM真菌孢子密度与菌根侵染率无显著相关性。     

长期种植毛竹林土壤丛枝菌根真菌群落演变趋势

为揭示长期种植毛竹林土壤丛枝菌根（Arbuscular mycorrhizae, AM）真菌群落演变特征,通过磷脂脂肪酸（Phospholipid fatty acid, PLFA）和Illumina Miseq测序平台研究了AM真菌生物量及群落结构的演变趋势。结果表明,长期种植毛竹林土壤养分含量总体呈下降趋势,球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白（Glomalin-related soil protein, GRSP）含量及AM真菌生物量也显著降低（p<0.05）,其中易提取态球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白含量与有机质、速效钾、碱解氮显著正相关（p<0.05）,而AM真菌菌丝生物量（16:1ω5 PLFA）与碱解氮极显著正相关（p<0.01）。长期种植毛竹林显著降低了土壤2~0.25 mm大团聚体比例（p<0.05）,且与AM真菌菌丝生物量极显著正相关（p<0.01）。测序结果表明,毛竹林土壤AM真菌以球囊霉属（Glomus）为优势种群,其次是无梗囊霉属（Acaulospora）,长期种植毛竹后土壤球囊霉属相对丰度显著增加而无梗囊霉属显著降低（p<0.05）。非度量多维尺度转换排序（NMDS）分析显示,对照马尾松林与不同种植年限毛竹林土壤AM真菌群落显著区分（p=0.001）,土壤含水量（p=0.005）、有效磷（p=0.014）、碱解氮（p=0.001）对AM真菌群落结构变异具有重要贡献。长期种植毛竹显著降低了AM真菌生物量、球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白含量以及2~0.25 mm大团聚体比例,并改变了AM真菌群落结构,不利于土壤碳固存和维持生态系统稳定。     

木霉P3.9菌株对枇杷根际真菌多样性及其群落组成的影响

枇杷根际土壤用木霉P3.9菌株孢子悬浮液灌根,Illumina平台高通量测序,分析引入木霉P3.9菌株对枇杷根际真菌多样性及其群落组成的影响。结果表明,镰刀菌属Fusarium、短柄镰刀菌Fusarium brachygibbosum是枇杷根际土壤真菌优势种群。添加木霉P3.9菌株没有改变枇杷根际真菌群落多样性,而改变了根际真菌群落组成。添加木霉P3.9菌株10～30 d之间,枇杷根际真菌群落几乎未发生改变。40～90 d之间,枇杷根际真菌群落组成发生改变。添加木霉P3.9菌株90 d之内导致根际真菌数量减少2种。一方面,优势属Mortierella、Trichoderma和非优势属Cladophialophora显著增加,优势种Mortierella alpina和M. exigua也显著增加。另一方面,优势属Phoma、Aspergillus、Lectera和9个非优势属显著降低。优势种Phoma omnivirens、Podospora communis和10个非优势种也显著降低。说明枇杷根际添加木霉P3.9菌株对其根际真菌多样性无不良影响,反而可以改善有益真菌群落物种丰度,减少有害真菌群落物种丰度,对枇杷连作根际土壤有潜在修复作用及肥力提升作用。     

黄土高原柠条锦鸡儿根际AM真菌生态学研究

对陕西省延安、绥德、横山和榆林4个自然生境下柠条根际AM真菌空间分布和土壤成分进行测定分析。结果表明,AM真菌泡囊定殖率及孢子密度与样地生态条件密切相关,泡囊定殖率和孢子密度在绥德最高,丛枝定殖率在榆林最高。采样深度对孢子密度有显著影响,最大孢子密度发生在10～20cm土层,而AM真菌定殖率在0～10cm或20～30cm土层有最大值。孢子密度与泡囊定殖率呈正相关,与丛枝定殖率呈负相关。孢子密度与土壤有机质、速效磷、速效钾和Cl-含量呈负相关,泡囊定殖率与土壤pH呈正相关,而与土壤湿度、速效钾和Cl-含量呈负相关。土样中AM真菌多为球囊霉属(Glomus)种类,也有少数无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)和巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)种类。建议孢子密度和泡囊定殖率可作为检测土壤环境状况的指标。     

鄱阳湖湿地不同环境条件土壤AM真菌群落特征及其影响因素

丛枝菌根(AM)真菌可以与湿地植物共生，并在湿地生态系统的修复与维护过程中具有重要作用。然而，不同环境条件下湿地土壤AM真菌群落分布特征及其影响因素仍然有待明晰。选择鄱阳湖湿地不同水位条件(高水位和低水位)2种典型植物群落(南荻和水蓼)为研究对象，运用高通量测序技术探究水位和植被类型对鄱阳湖湿地土壤AM真菌群落结构和多样性的影响，比较不同环境条件下AM真菌群落结构和多样性差异，分析其与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明，AM真菌OTU数为21～38,水位和植被类型影响鄱阳湖湿地土壤AM真菌OTU数，高水位下AM真菌OTU数高于低水位，水蓼群落高于南荻群落。被鉴别出的菌属为Glomus、Claroideoglomus和Paraglomus,其中，Glomus是优势属，占比85%以上，其相对丰度在高水位下显著高于低水位(p<0.05),南荻群落高于水蓼群落。AM真菌多样性指数(Simpson和Shannon指数)受水位和植被类型以及二者交互影响(p<0.01),低水位下不同群落之间的AM真菌多样性指数无显著差异，而高水位下水蓼群落AM真菌多样性指数显著高于南荻群落(p<0.05...     

Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soils of yam (Dioscorea spp.) cropping systems in four agroecologies of Nigeria

The diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in soils under a yam cropping system in four agroecologies of Nigeria was investigated. Soil samples were collected from yam fields at Onne (humid forest, high rainfall area), Ibadan (derived savanna), Abuja (Guinea savanna) and Ubiaja (humid forest, medium rainfall area). Soil characteristics, AM fungi species, spore abundance, Shannon diversity index, species richness and evenness were determined. A total of 31 AM fungi species was isolated from the four agroecologies with a range of 14–20 species found in a single location. Glomus species were the most abundant among AM fungi species with G. geosporum, G. intraradices and G. mosseae occurring in large populations in all locations. Ubiaja, which had a cassava/natural vegetation sequence before yam, had significantly higher spore abundance and species richness than the other locations, which had a yam/legumes or a maize/legume sequence before yam. However, diversity was significantly higher at Abuja, which had a maize/legume sequence with yam, than Ibadan, which had only a yam/legume sequence. The study revealed significant diversity in AM fungal species across agroecologies in yam-growing regions. Further research on the functional consequences of changing composition of AM fungi species across the region is recommended.     

The community structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in roots of maize grown in a 50-year monoculture

We assessed the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi colonizing maize roots grown in a long-term monoculture experiment established at Martonvásár, Hungary, 50 years ago to understand the effect of this extremely long monoculture on the community structure of these organisms. Mycorrhizal colonization of root samples was analyzed by PCR amplification and sequencing of partial ribosomal small subunit DNA fragments of fungal origin. Of the 257 sequences recovered, 203 belonged to Glomeromycota AM fungi. Phylogenetic analysis assigned the Glomeromycota sequences into 22 operational taxonomic units belonging to three families including Archaeosporaceae, Glomeraceae, and Paraglomeraceae. In agreement with previous reports, Glomus group A fungi dominated the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi community of maize, but we found a relatively high richness of phylotypes within this group even after such an extreme and durable reduction of host plant diversity. Agricultural practices, including mineral fertilization and incorporating stalk residues, significantly affected the diversity within Glomus group A.     

Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in alkaline soils of hot sub humid eco-region of Middle Gangetic Plains of India

The aim of this study was to evaluate the diversity and distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the salt affected soils of Varanasi district. Saccharum munja Roxb. was predominate among all the vegetation and shown strong AM fungal colonisation. Soil characteristics revealed their neutral to alkali nature and habituated six genera and eight different species of AM fungi i.e. Acaulospora (1), Cetraspora (1), Entrophospora (1), Funneliformis (2- F. geosporum and F. mosseae), Glomus (1), Rhizolglomus (2- R. intraradices and R. fasciculatum) in the rhizosphere of native salt tolerant vegetation. Rhizolglomus fasciculatum was the most widely distributed species under strongly alkaline condition (52.96%) while Funneliformis mosseae was well distributed under slightly (22.99%) to moderately alkaline condition (35.78%). Soil alkalinity was observed to be detrimental for AMF but members of family Glomeraceae registered their presence more frequently (～65%) with higher spore density showing strong adaptation which might be helpful in restoration of moderately to strongly alkaline disturbed eco-region.     

Nitrogen enrichment causes minimal changes in arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization but shifts community composition—evidence from rDNA data

Intracellular arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization was compared between nitrogen (NH₄NO₃) fertilized (10 g N m^–2) and nonfertilized tallgrass prairie plots. In the microscopic analyses of host roots, only intracellular coils showed an increasing trend as a result of N fertilization, whereas intracellular colonization by arbuscules, hyphae, or vesicles did not differ between the N treatments. Clone libraries established from pooled PCR products of AM fungi contained exclusively species of Glomus; no other genera were detected indicating that Glomus spp. dominated the host roots. Comparisons between observed and random topologies indicated that cloned sequence placement covaried with N treatment: unique clades within Glomus originated exclusively from N-fertilized or nonfertilized treatments. We conclude that the communities of dominant and most commonly occurring AM fungi changed in response to N amendment, although the root colonization showed minimal or no response.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in sesame under low-input cropping systems

The abundance and composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are generally low under managed agroecosystems in comparison to natural ecosystems. The objective of the study was to determine the composition and species richness of AMF associated with sesame under traditional low-input cropping system in Kerala, India. Wide variability in root colonization by AMF as well as spore density in the rhizosphere existed in sesame. Correlation between frequency of colonization (F%) and spore density as well as between these variables and soil characteristics showed a negative relationship. The fungal variables were influenced by soil factors such as pH, soil organic carbon (OC) and available nutrients. Frequency of colonization was positively correlated (P < 0.01) with soil pH and potassium (K) and negatively correlated with OC, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). AM spore density was positively correlated with OC, N and P and negatively correlated with pH and K. Ten taxa of AMF belonging to the genera Acaulospora, Diversispora, Funneliformis, Gigaspora, Glomus and Scutellospora were associated with sesame, with the predominance of Funneliformis and Acaulospora in both frequency and relative abundance over a wider soil nutrient range. Soil characteristics appear to have a profound influence on the composition and species richness of AMF under traditional low-input cropping systems.     

Screening of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi for Symbiotic Efficiency with Sweet Potato

A greenhouse study was conducted to study the efficiency of 14 isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi isolated from a local agricultural soil on the productivity of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). The different AM fungi enhanced the biomass and nutritional status of sweet potato seedlings to different extents. The genus Glomus was more effective than Acaulospora or Scutellospora. Efficiency also varied among isolates of Glomus irrespective of individual host plant or location of origin. Intraspecific differences were sometimes greater than interspecific differences. Benefits deriving from fungal isolates were positively correlated with the root-colonization rate and the abundance of extraradical propagules of the AM fungi. Taking plant yield parameters, nutritional status of the plants, and fungal attributes into consideration, GEGM (Glomus etunicatum together with Glomus mosseae) and GE6 (Glomus etunicatum) were the most effective AM symbionts for sweet potato under the experimental conditions.     

Wheat plants invest more in mycorrhizae and receive more benefits from them under adverse than favorable soil conditions

Soil chemistry and biota heavily influence crop plant growth and mineral nutrition. The stress-severity and optimal resource allocation hypotheses predict mutualistic symbiotic benefits to increase with the degree of metabolic imbalance and environmental stress. Using two cross-factorial pot experiments with the same biologically active calcareous soil, one time highly saline and nutrient-deficient, and the other time partially desalinated and amended with mineral soil fertilizer, we explored whether these general predictions hold true for zinc (Zn) nutrition of bread wheat in mycorrhizal symbiosis. Increased arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal root colonization positively correlated with plant Zn nutrition, but only when plants were impaired in growth due to salinity and nutrient-deficiency; this was particularly so in a cultivar-responsive to application of mineral Zn fertilizer. Evidence for direct involvement of AM fungi were positive correlations between Zn uptake from soil and frequency of fungal symbiotic nutrient exchange organelles, as well as the quantitative abundance of AM fungi of the genera Funneliformis and Rhizophagus, but not Claroideoglomus. Combined partial soil desalination and fertilization swapped the dominance ranking from Claroideoglomus spp. to Funneliformis spp. Positive growth, nitrogen, and Zn uptake responses to mycorrhization were contingent on moderate soil fertilization with ZnSO₄. In agreement with the predictions of the stress-severity and optimal resource allocation hypotheses, plants limited in growth due to chemically adverse soil conditions invested relatively more into AM fungi, as evident from heavier root colonization, and took up relatively more Zn and nitrogen in response to mycorrhization, than better growing and less mycorrhized plants. It thus appears that crop plant cultivar-dependent mycorrhization and Zn fertilizer-responsiveness may reinforce each other, provided that there is bioavailable Zn in soil and plant growth is impaired by suboptimal chemical soil conditions.