黄河三角洲不同盐渍化土壤中氨基糖的积累特征

以黄河三角洲垦殖区的轻度和中度盐渍土为研究对象,研究垦殖过程中两种盐渍土氨基糖(氨基葡萄糖、氨基半乳糖、胞壁酸及氨基糖总量)的积累特征,并利用氨基葡萄糖和胞壁酸的比值探讨了真菌和细菌残留物在不同盐渍土有机质积累过程中的相对贡献。结果表明:盐渍化程度对氨基糖总量和单个氨基糖的积累均有显著影响。轻度盐渍土氨基糖含量显著高于中度盐渍土,而不同种类氨基糖含量对盐渍土的响应因微生物来源不同而有所差异。氨基葡萄糖主要来源于真菌,轻度盐渍土中的含量显著高于中度盐渍土。氨基半乳糖的来源并不明确,但与氨基葡萄糖的累积特征相似。胞壁酸唯一来源于细菌,轻度盐渍土中的含量则显著低于中度盐渍土。氨基葡萄糖和胞壁酸的比值在轻度盐渍土中显著高于中度盐渍土,表明与轻度盐渍土相比,细菌残留物对中度盐渍土有机质积累的相对贡献显著增大,也暗示随着盐渍程度加大,细菌逐渐转为优势群体。     

葡萄糖和不同数量氮素供给对黑土氨基糖动态的影响

通过室内培养实验探讨了葡萄糖及不同数量的NH4+施入对土壤中三种氨基糖(氨基葡萄糖、氨基半乳糖和胞壁酸)动态的影响,同时利用氨基葡萄糖和胞壁酸的比值探讨了微生物在养分固持过程中的相对贡献。结果表明,土壤氨基糖数量受到外加碳源和养分的显著影响,且其变化各有特征。胞壁酸受养分影响最为显著,可在一定程度上调节并平衡碳氮元素的供给与需求;氨基葡萄糖稳定性高于胞壁酸,但在碳源极度缺乏时也可分解;养分状况对氨基半乳糖的影响并不显著。碳源是促进土壤微生物氮素固持的关键因子,在活性碳源存在下,相对丰富的氮素供给有利于细菌的快速生长,而碳源相对充足时则有利于真菌的快速增殖。     

外源氮素和凋落物添加对温带森林土壤氨基糖转化特征的影响

【目的】温带森林土壤氨基糖的转化特征对外源氮素和凋落物加入的响应研究,对于温带森林土壤氮素管理和缓解氮沉降所带来的负面影响具有重要的意义。【方法】采用室内恒温恒湿模拟培养的方法,研究了外源氮素和凋落物添加条件下温带森林土壤有机层中3种微生物来源的氨基糖含量的变化特征,并利用真菌和细菌来源氨基糖的比值（氨基葡萄糖/胞壁酸）,分析了外源物质添加条件下真菌和细菌残留物对土壤氮素转化和积累的相对贡献。【结果】温带森林有机层土壤中不同微生物来源氨基糖对外源物质加入的响应不同。单施氮素以及氮素与凋落物同时添加均有利于细菌残留物胞壁酸的积累,但是单施氮素添加对真菌残留物氨基葡萄糖含量的积累没有影响,且氮素与凋落物同时添加不利于氨基葡萄糖含量的积累。氨基半乳糖对外源物质添加的响应较小。真菌残留物的稳定性高于细菌残留物,氮素与凋落同时加入时不利于土壤微生物残留物的稳定性。此外,土壤中真菌和细菌来源氨基糖的比值受到外源物质加入的影响,单施氮素以及氮素与凋落物添加降低了氨基葡萄糖/胞壁酸比值（分别降低28.3%和30.5%）,两种外源物质加入时细菌残留物对氮素转化的相对贡献大于真菌残留物。【结论】外源氮素和...     

基于Meta分析的增温对土壤微生物残体积累影响

增温对微生物残体积累的影响对土壤碳库收支平衡具有重要意义。目前关于增温背景下微生物残体的响应规律和主要影响因素尚未明确。为此,以土壤氨基糖为微生物残体标识物,筛选国内外已发表的12篇文献,收集总氨基糖数据29组,氨基葡萄糖35组,胞壁酸39组,氨基半乳糖25组,利用Meta分析方法,探讨了增温对土壤微生物残体积累的影响及主控因素。结果表明：整体上,增温背景下微生物残体积累有所增加,但响应规律具有生态系统特异性,其中,农田生态系统中微生物残体对增温的响应更为敏感。增温对不同来源氨基糖的影响程度不同,表现为增温显著增加了土壤中氨基半乳糖和胞壁酸的含量,增幅分别为10.3%和5.0%。相应地,增温显著降低了氨基葡萄糖与胞壁酸的比值,说明增温有利于细菌残体的积累。增温背景下,细菌残体占土壤有机碳（SOC）比例显著增加,微生物残体和真菌残体对SOC的贡献比例无显著改变,暗示增温后真菌残体对有机碳库的贡献有所削弱。Meta分析发现,增温幅度是影响微生物残体积累的主要因子,增温幅度小于或等于2 ℃时,微生物残体的积累数量会增加,增加比例为2.7%~14.6%,而增温幅度大于2 ℃则会降低微生物残体在土壤中的积累,降低比例为8.0%~14.3%。此外,增温的时间尺度不同（短期、中期、长期）也会对微生物残体产生不同的影响效应。综上,增温会显著影响微生物残体在土壤中的积累动态及其对有机碳库的贡献比例,影响强度和方向又与生态系统类型和土壤深度有关,而增温幅度、增温时间和年均降水量是影响微生物残体积累的重要因素。     

长期添加外源有机物料对华北平原不同粒级土壤氮素和氨基糖的影响

华北平原是我国主要的粮食生产基地之一,农民为了追求高产,过量施用化肥的弊端日益凸显。本研究依托中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站有机养分循环再利用长期定位试验,开展不同外源有机物料对土壤氮素和氨基糖在不同粒级土壤库中分布的影响研究,为阐释不同农业管理措施下土壤氮素的物理保护机制和生物保护机制提供依据。定位试验设6个处理：无肥无秸秆处理（对照,CK）、单施猪圈肥（M）、单施化肥（NPK）、单施秸秆（SCK）、化肥配施猪圈肥（MNPK）和化肥配施秸秆（SNPK）。通过超声波分散-离心分离得到3种粒径土壤——砂粒级（2 000~53 μm）、粉粒级（53~2 μm）和黏粒级（<2 μm）,分析全土及各粒级土壤中全氮和3种土壤氨基糖（氨基葡萄糖、胞壁酸和氨基半乳糖）的含量及变化;基于这3种土壤氨基糖的稳定性和异源性,以氨基糖作为微生物残留物标识物,了解真菌和细菌残留物的积累和转化,阐释真菌和细菌在养分转化中的作用。结果表明：添加有机物料（秸秆、猪圈肥）明显提升了土壤全氮和氨基糖含量,粒级间土壤氮素和氨基糖含量顺序均为黏粒级>砂粒级>粉粒级。添加有机物料对砂粒级土壤氮素影响最大,长期化肥配施猪圈肥中氮素主要在砂粒级中富集,长期化肥配施秸秆的氮素主要在黏粒级中富集。添加秸秆主要提高了真菌来源的氨基葡萄糖的含量,而添加猪圈肥主要提高了土壤中细菌来源的胞壁酸含量,表明添加不同有机物料可影响土壤微生物的群落结构。从各粒级中氨基葡萄糖/胞壁酸的比值来看,添加不同类型外源有机物料对砂粒级土壤微生物群落结构影响最为明显。由此可见,在长期秸秆还田措施下实施有机粪肥部分替代化肥不仅可以减少化肥用量,还可提升土壤养分含量和微生物多样性,改善土壤质量。     

无机氮素加入量对玉米秸秆分解过程中棕壤氨基糖含量的影响

在室内恒温(25℃)培养条件下,通过气相色谱法研究高C/N比玉米秸秆降解过程中微生物来源的氨基糖含量及其占有机质比例的变化及其对无机氮素添加水平(0, 60.3, 167.2, 701.9 mg•N•kg-1土,依次标记为N0, Nlow, Nmed, Nhigh)的响应情况。结果表明：在玉米秸秆分解过程中,土壤中的氨基糖含量及其对有机质贡献的比例随着无机氮素供应水平的增加而增加,即以微生物代谢物形式截获的有机碳/氮相应增多。Nmed和Nhigh处理中氨基糖积累量显著高于Nlow和N0处理。不同微生物来源的氨基糖受外源氮素的影响情况不同,胞壁酸比氨基葡萄糖更易于受到土壤中碳氮供给的影响,具有相对较快的转化速率;而在数量上氨基葡萄糖对土壤有机质的贡献比例显著高于前者;氨基半乳糖在土壤中的积累过程较为缓慢,受外源无机氮素添加水平的影响并不明显。可见,在高C/N比作物残体分解过程中,无机氮素的供应水平是影响土壤中氨基糖积累转化的重要因素之一。但是,过多的无机氮素施入并不能被微生物完全同化利用,因此秸秆还田的土壤中必须要考虑有效氮素的水平问题。     

外源氮添加对土壤微生物残体积累动态的影响－基于Meta分析

微生物残体是土壤有机碳库的重要贡献者。为明确外源氮添加对土壤微生物残体积累动态的影响,本文收集整理了1980—2020年已发表的文献,共选取122组试验观测数据,利用整合分析方法（Meta-analysis）,以微生物残体标识物－氨基糖为目标组分,定量分析了不同种类和数量的外源氮添加对土壤中微生物来源细胞残体积累数量和组成比例的影响,并系统解析其主要影响因素。结果表明:外源氮添加（0 ~ 6000 kg hm?1）对微生物细胞残体的积累有显著的促进作用,并能引起土壤中真菌和细菌来源细胞残体相对比例发生明显变化。与不加氮对照相比,氮添加使土壤氨基糖总量增加27%,其中氨基葡萄糖、氨基半乳糖和胞壁酸含量分别增加22.5%、29.8%和19.0%。同时,不同种类外源氮素添加对氨基糖积累特征的影响也有所不同,表现为有机氮（如动物厩肥）比无机氮添加对氨基糖积累的促进作用更大。此外,氮添加对氨基糖的影响程度还与土壤自身的碳氮比、土地利用类型和自然降雨量等环境因子密切相关。其中是否添加碳源对微生物残体的响应有较大影响,表现为:无碳源添加会降低土壤氨基糖葡萄糖和胞壁酸对氮添加的响应,削弱了微生物残体对土壤有机质的贡献比例;而氮源同时配合碳源添加条件下,土壤氨基糖积累量显著高于单一氮源添加的处理,说明氮添加对微生物残体积累的影响存在着碳氮耦合效应。     

秸秆还田对长期不同施肥黑土微生物残体碳的影响

  【目的】  研究长期施肥以及秸秆还田对黑土中微生物标识物氨基糖含量的影响,以期为调节黑土碳循环提供理论支撑。  【方法】  吉林省农业科学院黑土长期定位试验始于1990年,2018年选取其中不施肥对照(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)和有机肥配施化肥(MNPK) 三个处理进行秸秆微区田间试验。这三个处理的土壤中分别再设加入1 cm 长玉米秸秆6000 kg/hm2的处理(CKS、NPKS、MNPKS)和不加入玉米秸秆的处理(CK、NPK、MNPK),共6个处理。秸秆与土壤混匀后置于PVC框(长0.9 m、宽0.6 m、高0.6 m)内,PVC框上端高于地面20 cm。在PVC框埋入土壤60天(夏季)、150天(秋季)后,取土样测定理化性状及氨基葡萄糖(GluN)、氨基半乳糖(GalN)和胞壁酸(MurN)含量。微生物真菌残体碳和细菌残体碳含量依据各氨基糖含量计算。  【结果】  与CK相比,NPK和MNPK处理能够促进氨基糖在土壤中的积累,其中第60天氨基葡萄糖分别显著增加18.81%和105.36%;胞壁酸分别显著增加19.62%和129.30%。两种施肥措施均能提升土壤中微生物残体碳的含量,而且MNPK处理微生物残体碳积累量较CK处理高出近1倍。各处理中真菌残体碳含量要远高于细菌残体碳含量,两种施肥措施均会降低真菌残体碳占微生物残体碳的比重,说明施肥会增加细菌在这一过程中对黑土有机碳积累的贡献。NPKS处理氨基葡萄糖占总氨基糖含量百分比明显增加,MNPKS处理真菌来源的氨基葡萄糖所占百分比也在第60天、第150天这两个时期内逐渐上升,表明真菌细胞死亡残体积累量在增加。  【结论】  添加秸秆后的MNPK处理促进了黑土中微生物残体碳的积累,NPK处理与秸秆添加相结合可以提高真菌残体碳在微生物残体碳中所占比重。因此,施肥和秸秆添加会使黑土中微生物群落组成发生变化,从而影响微生物残体的积累特征。     

秸秆覆盖免耕对土壤氨基糖在团聚体粒级中分布的影响

本试验对常规垄作(RT)、无秸秆覆盖免耕(NT-0)和全量秸秆覆盖免耕(NT-100)下不同土层(0~5 cm、5~10 cm、10~20 cm)氨基糖含量在不同团聚体粒级中的分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,与传统耕作相比,免耕处理显著影响了表层土壤(0~10 cm)的团聚化作用,促进了微团聚体和小颗粒大团聚体向大团聚体的转化。在不同的土壤层次,NT-0没有改变土壤有机碳含量,而NT-100显著增加了土壤有机碳含量。另外,相对于NT-0和RT,NT-100显著促进了0~5 cm土壤各团聚体粒级中总氨基糖、氨基葡萄糖和氨基半乳糖的积累,而在5~20cm土层没有产生显著影响。研究表明,免耕无秸秆覆盖对土壤有机碳、氨基糖含量以及各氨基单糖含量没有影响,而结合秸秆覆盖则显著促进了表层土壤有机碳以及氨基糖的积累。     

高效液相色谱法测定豆芽中4-氯苯氧乙酸钠残留量

建立一种快速测定豆芽中4-氯苯氧乙酸钠残留量的高效液相色谱法。以市售的豆芽作为供试样品,用酸性氯化钠溶液提取,经乙醚萃取净化,氮吹浓缩。采用Waters Symmetry Shield C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以甲醇和0.01 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(35∶75)为流动相,色谱检测波长为228 nm,并用二极管阵列检测器记录色谱峰的紫外吸收光谱。结果表明,该方法标准曲线线性关系良好,线性范围为0.20~4.00μg/m L,相关系数0.9997;加标回收率在87.6%~95.2%,最低检出限为0.02 mg/kg。该方法操作简便、快捷、准确可靠。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.