内生解淀粉芽胞杆菌β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶基因(bglS)的克隆与表达及酶学特性分析

β-1,3-1,4-内切葡聚糖酶普遍存在于植物内生芽胞杆菌中,为了探讨其功能,以内生解淀粉芽胞杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)TB2菌株基因组为模板,克隆了β-1,3-1,4-内切葡聚糖酶基因(bglS).测序结果表明,该基因的ORF全长732 bp,编码一条243个氨基酸的蛋白,理论分子量约为27.33 kD,等电点约为6.89,其ORF序列已登录GenBank(Accession No.EU368224).Blast同源性分析结果表明,该基因的ORF序列与植物互作生防解淀粉芽胞杆菌(B.amyloliquefaciens FZB42,GenBank Accession No.CP000560)的β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶基因核苷酸序列的一致性达97.3%,氨基酸序列的一致性达97.1%.将β-1,3-1,4-内切葡聚糖酶基因全长克隆至pUC18载体上,利用基因自身的启动子构建重组表达载体pUC-bglS,并导入大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21菌株中表达.SDS-PAGE分析表明,BL21::pUC-bglS菌株表达了27 kD左右的蛋白;该酶的最适反应温度为55℃,在50℃以下保温60 min后残余80%以上酶活;最适反应pH为6.2,在pH4.4～6.8 4℃保温30 min残余85%以上的酶活;Ca2+和Fe肛可提高β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的活性,而Cu2+、Zn2+、Mg2+和Mn2+对其活性具有显著的抑制作用.实验结果为进一步研究植物内生解淀粉芽胞杆菌TB2 β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的功能和应用打下了基础.     

费氏弧菌β-内切葡聚糖酶基因在大肠杆菌中的表达及酶学分析

以费氏弧菌（Vibrio fischeri）EM17基因组DNA为模板，通过PCR方法克隆了该菌的β-内切葡聚糖酶基因（GenBank Accession Number : EF533943）。将其插入到表达载体pGEX-6p-1中，转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3），诱导表达。测序结果经DNAMAN软件分析，该基因与GeneBank中费氏弧菌 ES114基因组预测的β-内切葡聚糖酶基因同源性达到97.1％，但与GeneBank中其他β-内切葡聚糖酶基因同源性较低。酶学性质研究表明，该酶的最适反应温度为60℃，最适反应pH值为9.0。同时研究了6种金属离子对该酶活性的影响，结果显示该酶活性依赖金属离子的存在 Mg2+，Ca2+对酶有激活作用，Mn2+, Pb2+则严重抑制该酶的活性。     

地衣芽孢杆菌β-1,3-1,4葡聚糖酶基因的克隆和表达

提取地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)基因组，通过PCR克隆了该菌的β-1，3-1，4．葡聚糖酶基因全长。该基因全长818bp,ORF为732bp,编码243个氨基酸，计算分子量为27.35kD，等电点为8．31。经Blast分析，该序列与短小芽孢杆菌(B．pumilus)同源性最高(99％)，而与基因库中地衣芽孢杆菌的同源性为94％，该基因已被GenBank接受(AY225317)。用BamHI和XhoⅠ双酶切目的片断和表达载体pET-30a( )后相连接，构建重组表达载体pET-lic，并导人大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21菌株中表达。酶学特性表明：SDS-PAGE电泳在27kD左右有表达蛋白带，该工程菌总酶活达67．34U／mL，是出发菌的60倍，最适温度在50℃左右，最适pH在5～6之间。该工程菌可作为材料构建耐热性好和酶活高的杂合基因工程菌。     

不结球白菜β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因cDNA全长的克隆与表达分析

以不结球白菜(Brassicacampestrisssp.chinensis)抗病自交系雪克青为实验材料,通过RACE技术,获得了不结球白菜β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因的cDNA全长序列。序列分析发现,该基因全长1275bp,编码363个氨基酸,分子量40.66kD,等电点(pI)9.27。推导的氨基酸序列与芜菁bg1基因具有96%的同源性,与拟南芥bg2基因具有61%的同源性,与其它植物β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因的同源性为49%￣57%。将该序列提交GenBank,登录号为AY836001。Southern杂交显示该基因在不结球白菜基因组中的拷贝数多于1个。半定量RT-PCR分析表明,该基因有低水平的组成型表达,在霜霉病菌(Peronosporaparasitica)诱导后24h其表达量达到高峰。     

枯草芽孢杆菌ZJF-1A5 β-葡聚糖酶基因的克隆、序列分析和表达

β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶是重要的工业用酶,可有效减少大麦β-葡聚糖在啤酒酿造中所造成的麦汁过滤困难和啤酒的非生物性浑浊等负面影响.但内源β-葡聚糖酶在麦芽干燥和糖化过程中丧失了大部分活性.而微生物来源β-葡聚糖酶与麦芽内源酶有相同的底物专一性,且热稳定性优于麦芽内源酶.本研究对Bacillus subtilis mutant ZJF-1A5葡聚糖酶基因进行克隆、序列分析和表达,并对酶在细胞中的分布和酶的热学性质进行了研究.     

热稳定性β-葡聚糖酶菌种选育及产酶特性

从土壤中筛选到一株热稳定性β－1，3－1，4－葡聚糖产生菌ZJF－1，发酵60h酶活性为64U／mL，经鉴定该菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis)。紫外线和硫酸二己酯复合诱变，获得的突变株ZJF－1A5发酵60h酶活性达154．7U／mL，是出发菌株酶活性的2．42倍，对B.subtilis ZJF-1A5产酶特性的研究发现：大麦粉，糊精，可溶性淀粉等糖有利于β－1，3－1，4－葡聚糖酶的产生，葡萄糖，麦芽糖等单糖和双糖不利于菌体生长和产酶。B.subtilis ZJF-1A5 β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的产生与菌体生长部分相关，在细胞进入对数生长后期至稳定期，酶活性显著增加，且β－葡聚糖酶活性与菌体生物量密切相关，B.subtilis ZJF-1A5 α－淀粉酶的产生也与生长部分相关，细胞进入对数生长期，α－淀粉酶开始大量产生，而中性蛋白酶的产生与菌体生长同步。     

甘薯茎线虫β-1,4内切葡聚糖酶基因(Dd-eng-1b)cDNA全长的克隆与序列分析

β-1,4内切葡聚糖酶是植物寄生线虫食道腺分泌的一类细胞壁降解酶,在植物线虫的侵染过程中具有重要的作用.以马铃薯腐烂茎线虫(Ditylenchus destructor)为材料,用RT-PCR和RACE方法,获得了β-1,4-内切葡聚糖酶基因的cDNA全长,并将该基因命名为Dd-eng-1b(GenBank登录号为FJ430142).此cDNA全长序列为1 640 bp,包括1个1 443 bp的完整ORF,编码1含481个氨基酸的蛋白,其理论分子量为50.89 kD,等电点pI为6.94.序列比对分析表明,含有糖基水解酶的保守结构域,属于纤维素酶第五家族成员,N端具有19个氨基酸残基组成的信号肽,C端含有细菌式样的纤维素结合域(CBD Ⅱ).cDNA与基因组DNA重叠分析表明,此基因包含4个内含子,长度分别为36、76、187和344bp,切割点符合5'-GT……AG-3'的规律.系统进化树分析表明,该基因与细菌Bacillus subtilis和Erwina carotovora分泌的纤维素酶属于同一支,推测该基因可能来源于细菌的水平基因转移.     

芽孢杆菌α-淀粉酶基因的克隆和测序

从土样中筛选获得一株α－淀粉酶产量的芽孢杆菌菌株,编号为ＸＤ９１３。通过克隆和测序,得到了一个２０９０ｂｐ的ＤＮＡ片段,内含一个编码５１４个氨基酸的基因,经同源性比较,发现该基因与已发表的解淀粉芽孢杆菌的α－淀粉酶基因的同源性高达９９．８％。     

甘薯茎线虫(Ditylenchus destructor)β-1,4内切葡聚糖酶基因(Dd-eng-1b)cDNA全长的克隆与序列分析

β-1,4内切葡聚糖酶是植物寄生线虫口针分泌的一类细胞壁降解酶,在植物线虫的侵染过程中具有重要的作用。本文以甘薯茎线虫为材料,用RT-PCR和RACE方法,获得了β-1,4-内切葡聚糖酶基因的cDNA全长,并将该基因命名为Dd-eng-1b (GenBank登录号为FJ430142)。此cDNA全长序列为1640bp,包括一个1443bp的完整ORF,编码一含481个氨基酸的蛋白,其理论分子量与等电点分别为50.89KD,pI为6.94。序列比对分析表明含有糖基水解酶的保守结构域,属于纤维素酶第五家族成员,N端具有19个氨基酸残基组成的信号肽,C端含有细菌式样的纤维素结合域(CBDⅡ)。cDNA与基因组DNA重叠分析表明,此基因包含4个内含子,长度分别为36bp、76bp、187bp和344bp,切割点符合5‘-GT...AG-3’的规律。系统进化树分析表明,该基因与细菌 Bacillus.subtilis和Erwina carotovora 分泌的纤维素酶属于同一支。     

猪脂蛋白脂酶基因片段的克隆及不同体重的表达差异

从杜长大母猪的肠系膜脂肪中提取基因组RNA，用RT-PCR扩增脂蛋白脂酶(lipoprotein lipase LPL)基因，获得1条约689 bp的片段，以pGEM-T Easy vector 为载体，将该基因片断克隆到大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli )DH5α中。从筛选的阳性克隆中分离出LPL基因，测定其序列。分析表明，该片段为LPL cDNA的部分序列，编码229个氨基酸组成的多肽。研究得到的基因片段与报道的猪脂肪组织中LPL cDNA部分序列同源性达到98%，氨基酸序列同源性达到99.1％。以LPL基因片段的克隆为基础，构建了优化的半定量RT-PCR法，以β-actin 为内标，研究不同体重猪脂肪组织LPL基因表达的差异。结果发现，从刚出生到30 kg，LPL基因表达呈上升趋势，在30～50 kg，LPL基因表达呈下降趋势，50～90 kg，LPL基因表达又呈上升趋势。     

Purification and characterization of a novel β-1,3-1,4-glucanase (lichenase) from thermophilic Rhizomucor miehei with high specific activity and its gene sequence

Production, purification, and characterization of a novel β-1,3-1,4-glucanase (lichenase) from thermophilic Rhizomucor miehei CAU432 were investigated. High-level extracellular β-1,3-1,4-glucanase production of 6230 U/mL was obtained when oat flour (3%, w/v) was used as a carbon source at 50 °C. The crude enzyme was purified to homogeneity with a specific activity of 28818 U/mg. The molecular weight of purified enzyme was estimated to be 35.4 kDa and 33.7 kDa by SDS-PAGE and gel filtration, respectively. The optimal pH and temperature of the enzyme were pH 5.5 and 60 °C, respectively. The K(m) values of purified β-1,3-1,4-glucanase for barley β-glucan and lichenan were 2.0 mM and 1.4 mM, respectively. Furthermore, the gene (RmLic16A) encoding the β-1,3-1,4-glucanase was cloned and its deduced amino acid sequence showed the highest identity (50%) to characterized β-1,3-1,4-glucanase from Paecilomyces thermophila. The high-level production and biochemical properties of the enzyme enable its potential industrial applications.     

Biochemical characterization of a novel thermostable beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase (lichenase) from Paecilomyces thermophila

The purification and characterization of a novel extracellular beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase from the thermophilic fungus Paecilomyces thermophila J18 were studied. The strain produced the maximum level of extracellular beta-glucanase (135.6 U mL(-1)) when grown in a medium containing corncob (5%, w/v) at 50 degrees C for 4 days. The crude enzyme solution was purified by 122.5-fold with an apparent homogeneity and a recovery yield of 8.9%. The purified enzyme showed as a single protein band on SDS-PAGE with a molecular mass of 38.6 kDa. The molecular masses were 34.6 kDa and 31692.9 Da when detected by gel filtration and mass spectrometry, respectively, suggesting that it is a monomeric protein. The enzyme was a glycoprotein with a carbohydrate content of 19.0% (w/w). Its N-terminal sequence of 10 amino acid residues was determined as H2N-A(?)GYVSNIVVN. The purified enzyme was optimally active at pH 7.0 and 70 degrees C. It was stable within pH range 4.0-10.0 and up to 65 degrees C, respectively. Substrate specificity studies revealed that the enzyme is a true beta-1,3-1,4-D-glucanase. The K m values determined for barley beta-D-glucan and lichenan were 2.46 and 1.82 mg mL(-1), respectively. The enzyme hydrolyzed barley beta-D-glucan and lichenan to yield bisaccharide, trisaccharide, and tetrasaccharide as the main products. Circular dichroism studies indicated that the protein contains 28% alpha-helix, 24% beta-sheet, and 48% random coil. Circular dichroism spectroscopy is also used to investigate the thermostability of the purified enzyme. This is the first report on the purification and characterization of a beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase from Paecilomyces sp. These properties make the enzyme highly suitable for industrial applications.     

A protease-insensitive feruloyl esterase from China Holstein cow rumen metagenomic library: expression, characterization, and utilization in ferulic acid release from wheat straw

A metagenomic library of China Holstein cow rumen microbes was constructed and screened for novel gene cluster. A novel feruloyl esterase (FAE) gene was identified with a length of 789 bp and encoded a protein displaying 56% identity to known esterase sequences. The gene was functionally expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), and the total molecular weight of the recombined protein was 32.4 kDa. The purified enzyme showed a broad specificity against the four methyl esters of hydroxycinnamic acids and high activity (259.5 U/mg) to methyl ferulate at optimum conditions (pH 8.0, 40 °C). High thermal and pH stability were also observed. Moreover, the enzyme showed broad resistance to proteases. FAE-SH1 can enhance the release of ferulic acid from wheat straw with cellulase, β-1,4-endoxylanase, β-1,3-glucanase, and pectase. These features suggest FAE-SH1 as a good candidate to enhance biomass degradation and improve the health effects of food and forage.     

木霉的空间诱变效应

本文对产纤维素酶的木霉菌孢子和斜面培养菌体搭载中国第18颗返回式卫星后,菌落形态和产酶能力的变化进行了研究。实验结果表明,搭载菌株的菌落形态发生变异,菌株的生长周期出现了缩短或延长的现象。对搭载的木霉菌株进行筛选,获得3株产酶能力大幅度提高的优良突变菌株,产酶能力提高了50%以上,且性状遗传稳定。     

一株曲霉的一种中温糖化酶的纯化及其部分酶学特性

本研究从广西花坪自然保护区采集的土壤中筛选获得了一株产糖化酶丝状真菌菌株57-45,通过形态学观察和真菌内转录间隔区（internal transcribed spacer,ITS）序列比对分析,将其初步鉴定为曲霉属（Aspergillus sp.）的一个种。纯化真菌57-45所产的一种胞外糖化酶经过硫酸铵分级沉淀、疏水层析和阴离子交换层析三步蛋白质纯化步骤,得到在SDS-PAGE上约60kD的单一蛋白质条带,薄层层析分析表明该纯化的蛋白质水解可溶性淀粉的产物只有葡萄糖,证明该纯化的蛋白质为糖化酶。纯化的糖化酶Km值为1.9mg/mL,Vmax为4148μmol/（min·mg）,最适作用pH5.5,最适作用温度50℃,在同步糖化发酵中有应用的潜力。金属离子Fe3＋、Zn2＋、Cu2＋对酶活有较强的抑制作用,EDTA对酶活有较强的促进作用。本文结果将为进一步研究曲霉糖化酶的酶学特性提供新的材料。     

Enzyme-Assisted Wet Separation of Starch from Other Seed Components of Hull-less Barley

A multiple enzyme cocktail containing cellulase, endo-(1→3), (1→4)-β-d -glucanase and xylanase was used in wet separation of starch, protein, β-glucan, bran, and tailings from four hull-less barleys (HB): SB94794 (0% amylose), CDC Candle (5% amylose), CDC Dawn (24% amylose), and SB550831 (40% amylose). Compared to a conventional procedure, the enzyme-assisted wet extraction reduced slurry viscosity by 50–99%, the amount of water and ethanol used in screening and β-glucan precipitation by 30–60%, and screening time by 20–80%. The enzyme-assisted extraction reduced starch contents and yields of tailings and bran fractions, resulting in a 10% increase in average starch extraction efficiency. However, β-glucan yield was reduced in the enzyme-assisted extraction, particularly in high-viscosity HB. The physicochemical properties of isolated starches were not affected by the enzyme-assisted extraction.     

Growth of Trichoderma viride on crude cell wall preparations from barley

Trichoderma viride can utilize crude cell wall preparations from barley starchy endosperm as sole source of carbon and energy. In the process beta-(1-->3)(1-->4)-glucan and arabinoxylan are released. The onset of release of the latter preceded that of glucan, consistent with arabinoxylan being encountered and utilized first. The release of several enzymes was observed during growth of Trichoderma on this substrate: endo-beta-(1-->3)(1-->4)-glucanase, endo-beta-(1-->4)-glucanase, endo-xylanase, arabinofuranosidase, esterase, carboxypeptidase, and "beta-glucan solubilase". It is inferred that each of these activities is necessary for the digestion of this substrate.     

Binding capacity of a barley beta-D-glucan to the beta-glucan recognition molecule dectin-1

To clarify whether barley beta-glucans exhibit their biological effects via binding to dectin-1, a pivotal receptor for beta-1,3-glucan, the structure of barley beta-glucan E70-S (BBG-70) was unambiguously investigated by NMR spectroscopy and studied for its binding capacity and specificity to dectin-1 by ELISA. NMR spectroscopy confirmed that BBG-70 contains two different linkage glucans, namely, alpha-glucan and beta-glucan, which are not covalently attached to one another. Beta-glucan within BBG-70 is a linear mixed-linkage beta-glucan composed of 1,3- and 1,4-beta-D-glucopyranose residues but does not contain the continuous 1,3-linkage. Competitive ELISA revealed that highly purified barley beta-glucan E70-S (pBBG-70) inhibits the binding of soluble dectin-1 to sonifilan (SPG), a beta-1,3-glucan, although at a concentration higher than that of SPG and laminarin. It was found that barley beta-glucan can be recognized by dectin-1, implying that barley beta-glucan might, at least in part, exhibit its biological effects via the recognition by dectin-1 of the ligand sugar structure, which may be formed by 1,3-beta- and 1,4-beta-glucosyl linkage.     

One-pot synthesis of cycloamyloses from sucrose by dual enzyme treatment: combined reaction of amylosucrase and 4-α-glucanotransferase

Amylose-like α-(1,4)-glucan known as the most favorable substrate for the enzymatic production of cycloamyloses (CAs) using 4-α-glucanotransferase has a solubility issue, which requires an additional solubilization process. In our study, two glucosyltransferases, Synechocystis 4-α-glucanotransferase and Neisseria amylosucrase, were adopted to develop an efficient biocatalytic production process of CAs directly from sucrose. From one-pot synthesis, the maximum CA yield (9.6%, w/w) with 0.3 M sucrose was achieved with 10 units/mL of amylosucrase and 0.1 unit/mL of 4-α-glucanotransferase at 40 °C for a 3 h reaction in a simultaneous dual enzyme reaction mode. The size of linear α-(1,4)-glucan was positively related to the CA productivity by 4-α-glucanotransferase in a hyperbolic manner. Using our innovative bioprocess, there was no practical limitation on the initial sucrose concentration and no use of insoluble linear α-(1,4)-glucan substrate. Consequently, the concomitant dual enzyme reaction converted sucrose directly to CAs via in situ transient linear α-(1,4)-glucan as an soluble intermediate.