不同养殖模式及季节性因素对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能及肉品质影响的研究

旨在探讨不同养殖模式及季节性因素对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响。选取2个批次的相同品种肉雏鸡,第1批饲养时间为10—12月,第2批饲养时间为3—5月,从第5周龄开始,将每个批次的肉鸡随机分为3组,各组饲养模式分别为散养、网上平养、发酵床养殖。测定并比较相同批次内不同养殖方式与相同养殖方式下不同批次5~10周龄肉鸡的生长性能,以及10周龄后肉鸡的屠宰性能和肉品质性能指标。结果表明:第1批散养肉鸡的第10周龄体重极显著高于发酵床养殖(P<0.01),第2批散养肉鸡的第10周龄体重极显著高于发酵床养殖和网上平养(P<0.01);第1批散养肉鸡的胸肌肉色和粗脂肪含量极显著高于发酵床养殖和网上平养(P<0.01),第2批散养肉鸡的胸肌粗脂肪含量极显著高于发酵床养殖和网上平养(P<0.01);第2批散养肉鸡的腿肌水分极显著低于发酵床养殖和网上平养(P<0.01),腿肌粗脂肪含量极显著高于发酵床养殖和网上平养(P<0.01)。3种饲养模式下,第2批肉鸡的第8~10周龄体重均极显著高于第1批(P<0.01);网上平养模式下,第1批肉鸡的屠宰率与全净膛率显著高于第2批(P<0.05);网上平养与散养模式下,第1批肉鸡的胸肌率极显著高于第2批(P<0.01);3种饲养模式下,第2批肉鸡的胸肌粗蛋白含量极显著高于第1批(P<0.01),第1批肉鸡的腿肌肉色、剪切力与系水力极显著高于第2批(P<0.01)。综上提示,散养模式下肉鸡的体重及肉品质指标优于网上平养及发酵床养殖模式;肉鸡的生产性能、屠宰性能及肉品质受季节性因素影响。     

超氧化物歧化酶模拟物对肉仔鸡肉品质和超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同水平超氧化物歧化酶模拟物(superoxdie dismutase mimics,SODm)对肉仔鸡生长性能、肉品质及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响。采用单因子试验设计,选取1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡公雏432只,随机分成6组,每组6个重复,每个重复12只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加0.10%、0.15%、0.20%、0.25%、0.30%SODm,试验期42 d。结果表明:①日粮添加SODm对肉仔鸡平均日采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)均无显著影响(P>0.05)。②添加0.20%、0.25%和0.30%SODm组胸肌亮度(L~*)值显著低于对照组(P<0.05);除0.10%SODm组外,SODm各组胸肌剪切力均显著低于对照组,滴水损失显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。SODm各组腿肌L~*值均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);0.10%和0.15%SODm组腿肌剪切力显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。③21日龄时,与对照组相比,0.30%SODm组血清SOD活性显著降低(P<0.05),其他SODm组血清SOD活性均有提高,但差异不显著(P>0.05);42日龄时,添加SODm各组血清SOD活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。④21日龄时,SODm各组肝脏SOD活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);添加SODm对胸肌和心脏SOD活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。42日龄时,添加0.15%和0.25%SODm组肝脏和心脏SOD活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05);0.25%和0.30%SODm组胸肌和腿肌SOD活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综上,本试验条件下,在日粮中添加SODm对肉仔鸡生长性能无显著影响;添加0.15%～0.25%SODm可提高肉仔鸡体内SOD活性,降低肌肉亮度和剪切力,改善肌肉嫩度。     

Effect of dietary arginine to lysine ratios on productive performance,meat quality,plasma and muscle metabolomics profile in fast-growing broiler chickens

Background: Due to the important functions of arginine in poultry,it should be questioned whether the currently adopted dietary Arg:Lys ratios are sufficient to meet the modern broiler requirement in arginine.The present study aimed,therefore,to evaluate the effects of the dietary supplementation of L-arginine in a commercial broiler diet on productive performance,breast meat quality attributes,incidence and severity of breast muscle myopathies and foot pad dermatitis(FPD),and plasma and muscle metabolomics profile in fast-growing broilers.Results: A total of 1,170 1-day-old Ross 308 male chicks was divided into two experimental groups of 9 replicates each fed either a commercial basal diet(CON,digestible Arg:Lys ratio of 1.05,1.05,1.06 and 1.07 in each feeding phase,respectively) or the same basal diet supplemented on-top with crystalline L-arginine(ARG,digestible Arg:Lys ratio of 1.15,1.15,1.16 and 1.17,respectively).Productive parameters were determined at the end of each feeding phase(12,22,33,43 d).At slaughter(43 d),incidence and severity of FPD and breast myopathies were assessed,while plasma and breast muscle samples were collected and analyzed by proton nuclear magnetic resonancespectroscopy.The dietary supplementation of arginine significantly reduced cumulative feed conversion ratio compared to the control diet at 12 d(1.352 vs.1.401,P 0.05),22 d(1.398 vs.1.420; P 0.01) and 33 d(1.494 vs.1.524; P 0.05),and also tended to improve it in the overall period of trial(1.646 vs.1.675; P = 0.09).Body weight was significantly increased in ARG compared to CON group at 33 d(1,884 vs.1,829 g; P 0.05).No significant effect was observed on meat quality attributes,breast myopathies and FPD occurrence.ARG birds showed significantly higher plasma concentration of arginine and leucine,and lower of acetoacetate,glutamate,adenosine and proline.Arginine and acetate concentrations were higher,whereas acetone and inosine levels were lower in the breast of ARG birds(P 0.05).Conclusions: Taken together,these data showed that increased digestible Arg:Lys ratio had positive effects on feed efficiency in broiler chickens probably via modulation of metabolites that play key roles in energy and protein metabolism.     

菊苣对不同性别麻黄肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能和肉品质的影响

【目的】研究菊苣对不同性别麻黄肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响。【方法】选取42日龄麻黄肉鸡576只,随机分为8组,每组6个重复,每个重复12只鸡,公母各半。采用2(性别)×4(菊苣水平)双因素试验设计,菊苣添加水平为0、3%、6%、9%。试验期42 d。试验结束时统计生产性能指标;每重复屠宰1只鸡,测定屠宰性能和免疫器官指数;取胸肌和腿肌用于肉质分析。【结果】(1)与不添加菊苣相比,添加6%和9%菊苣可显著提高麻黄肉鸡的料重比(F/G)(P<0.05);公鸡生长性能显著优于母鸡(P<0.05)。(2)母鸡的法氏囊指数显著高于公鸡(P<0.05)。(3)公鸡的全净膛率显著高于母鸡(P<0.05),腹脂率显著低于母鸡(P<0.05)。(4)与不添加菊苣相比,添加6%和9%菊苣可显著提高麻黄肉鸡胸肌的黄度(b^*_{24 h})(P<0.05),母鸡胸肌的亮度(L^*_{24 h})显著高于公鸡(P<0.05)。(5)性别和菊苣水平对麻黄肉鸡腿肌的剪切力存在显著交互作用(P...     

饲粮中添加葛根总黄酮对爱拔益加肉鸡生长性能及肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平葛根总黄酮对爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡生长性能及肉品质的影响。选择健康1日龄AA肉鸡275羽,随机分为5个组,每组5个重复,每个重复11羽鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加10、50、250、1 250 mg/kg葛根总黄酮。试验期42 d。结果表明:1)10 mg/kg添加组AA肉鸡的平均日增重在8~14日龄、15~21日龄和29~35日龄时均显著高于对照组(P0.05),但在22~28日龄时显著低于对照组(P0.05);250 mg/kg添加组AA肉鸡的平均日增重在8~14日龄时显著高于对照组(P0.05)。10 mg/kg添加组AA肉鸡的料重比在15~21日龄、29~35日龄和36~42日龄时显著低于对照组(P0.05),但在22~28日龄时显著高于对照组(P0.05)。各组AA肉鸡的平均日采食量差异不显著(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,10 mg/kg添加组AA肉鸡胸肌、腿肌的亮度(L*)值显著降低(P0.05),红度(a*)值有升高趋势但差异不显著(P0.05);250 mg/kg添加组腿肌亮度值显著低于对照组(P0.05);50 mg/kg添加组胸肌、腿肌的黄度(b*)值均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。与对照组相比,250、1 250 mg/kg添加组AA肉鸡的胸肌剪切力显著降低(P0.05);250 mg/kg添加组的胸肌水分含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结果表明,饲粮中添加10 mg/kg的葛根总黄酮可提高AA肉鸡的生长性能,但添加250 mg/kg的葛根总黄酮可改善肌肉的色泽和嫩度。     

日粮硒水平对22~42日龄肉仔鸡生长性能及肉品质的影响

为研究日粮硒水平对22~42日龄肉仔鸡生长性能和肉品质的影响,试验选用380只1日龄Arbor Acres（AA）肉公雏,1~21日龄统一饲喂同种正常添加无机硒的玉米-豆粕型日粮（含硒0.47 mg/kg）,于22日龄从中选取体重接近的336只鸡,随机分成6个处理组,每组7个重复,每个重复8只鸡。分别饲喂不添加硒的玉米-豆粕型基础日粮（对照组,含硒0.015 mg/kg）和在基础日粮中分别添加0.10、0.20、0.30、0.40和0.50 mg/kg硒（以亚硒酸钠形式添加）的试验日粮,试验期21 d。结果表明,日粮中添加不同硒水平对22~42日龄肉仔鸡平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比均无显著影响（P>0.05）;对42日龄肉仔鸡屠宰率、全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率和腹脂率均无显著影响（P>0.05）;日粮中添加不同硒水平对42日龄肉仔鸡腿肌剪切力和胸肌肉色L^*值有显著影响（P<0.05）,其中添加0.50 mg/kg硒处理组肉鸡的腿肌剪切力最低,添加0.20和0.50 mg/kg硒处理组肉鸡的胸肌肉色L^*值最低,但其他肉质性状指标在各组间均无显著差异（P>0.05）。综上所述,玉米-豆粕型基础日粮中添加不同水平硒对22~42日龄肉仔鸡生长性能与42日龄肉仔鸡胴体性状均无显著影响,但日粮中添加0.50 mg/kg硒降低了腿肌剪切力和胸肌L^*值,对肉品质有一定的改善作用。     

饲粮蛋氨酸水平对高密度饲养肉鸡生长性能、抗氧化及抗应激能力的影响

【目的】 探讨饲粮蛋氨酸对肉鸡高密度饲养下生长性能、抗氧化和应激反应的影响。【方法】 选取1日龄爱拔益加（AA）肉鸡396只,1~21日龄统一饲喂,于21日龄末选取体重相近的肉鸡随机分为5个处理,每个处理6个重复。对照组肉鸡饲养密度为14只/m²,蛋氨酸水平为0.40%;4个试验组肉鸡饲养密度为20只/m²,饲粮蛋氨酸水平分别为0.35%、0.40%、0.45%和0.50%。试验期21 d,于42日龄采集血浆、肝脏样品,测定应激和抗氧化能力相关指标。【结果】 ①与正常密度组相比,高密度饲养显著降低了42日龄肉鸡体重（BW）、平均日采食量（ADFI）和平均日增重（ADG）（P<0.05）,显著提高了肉鸡死亡率（P<0.05）。在高密度饲养情况下：料重比在蛋氨酸水平为0.35%时最高,随着日粮蛋氨酸水平的上升呈线性下降（P<0.05）;与蛋氨酸水平0.35%组相比,0.45%和0.50%蛋氨酸组肉鸡死亡率显著降低（P<0.05）。②与正常密度组相比,高密度饲养组的血浆总抗氧化力（T-AOC）显著降低（P<0.05）,而超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、蛋白质羰基（PCO）水平显著上升（P<0.05）。在高密度饲养情况下,血浆PCO水平随着日粮蛋氨酸水平上升呈线性降低（P<0.05）。③与正常密度组相比,高密度饲养显著降低了总蛋白（TP）浓度（P<0.05）,提高了谷丙转氨酶（ALT）活性（P<0.05）。在高密度饲养情况下,0.50%蛋氨酸水平组血浆TP水平、谷草转氨酶（AST）活性显著高于0.35%和0.40%蛋氨酸组（P<0.05）;0.35%蛋氨酸组的血浆肌酸激酶（CK）活性显著低于其他组（P<0.05）,0.40%和0.45%蛋氨酸组ALT活性显著低于0.35%组（P<0.05）。④与正常密度组相比,高密度饲养显著提高了肝脏中热休克蛋白（HSP70）基因相对表达量（P<0.05）。在高密度饲养情况下,0.35%和0.50%蛋氨酸水平组的HSP70显著高于0.45%水平组（P<0.05）。与正常饲养密度组相比,0.35%和0.50%蛋氨酸组HMG-CoA还原酶（HMGCR）基因相对表达量显著上升（P<0.05）。【结论】 饲养密度与蛋氨酸添加水平对肉鸡的生长性能、应激程度、抗氧化能力均产生了一定影响,高密度饲养可引起肉鸡的应激反应,并对肝功能造成损伤。在高密度饲养条件下,蛋氨酸限制会造成肉鸡死亡率升高,较高蛋氨酸水平也不利于肉鸡肝脏健康。而蛋氨酸水平在0.45%时有较好的抗应激、抗氧化效果,有益于肉鸡生长。     

饲粮添加壳寡糖和干酪乳杆菌对肉鸡生长性能、肌肉品质及抗氧化性能的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加壳寡糖与干酪乳杆菌对肉鸡生长性能、肌肉品质及抗氧化性能的影响。选用1日龄爱拔益加(AA)健康肉公鸡240只,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加120 mg/kg壳寡糖、2×106CFU/g干酪乳杆菌、120 mg/kg壳寡糖+2×106CFU/g干酪乳杆菌。试验期为42 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,单独添加壳寡糖或壳寡糖与干酪乳杆菌共同添加可显著提高肉鸡平均日增重、胸肌和腿肌红度(a*)值,肌肉脂肪和肌苷酸含量以及胸肌单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸含量(P0.05),显著降低胸肌饱和脂肪酸含量、腿肌黄度(b*)值(P0.05)。2)饲粮中单独添加干酪乳杆菌显著提高腿肌脂肪及胸肌单不饱和脂肪酸含量(P0.05),显著降低胸肌饱和脂肪酸含量(P0.05)。3)饲粮中单独添加壳寡糖、干酪乳杆菌或二者共同添加均可显著降低血浆、胸肌和腿肌丙二醛含量(P0.05),显著提高血浆、胸肌和腿肌总超氧化物歧化酶活性及总抗氧化能力(P0.05),显著降低血浆肌酸激酶的活性(P0.05)。综合分析表明,饲粮中添加壳寡糖、干酪乳杆菌或二者共同添加可提高肉鸡的生长性能和抗氧化性能,改善肌肉品质,而单独添加120 mg/kg壳寡糖效果最佳。     

糖化玉米秸秆对22～42日龄肉鸡生长性能、养分代谢率、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响

本试验旨在探讨糖化玉米秸秆(SCS)对22~42日龄肉鸡生长性能、养分代谢率、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响。选择22日龄健康的雌性爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡200只,随机分为4个组,每组5个重复,每个重复10只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加4%(Ⅰ组)、8%(Ⅱ组)和12%(Ⅲ组)的SCS。试验期21 d。结果表明:1)Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组肉鸡平均日采食量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),Ⅱ组肉鸡末重和平均日增重显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。各组之间料重比差异不显著(P>0.05)。2)各组之间能量、干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、钙、磷、中性洗涤纤维和半纤维素代谢率差异不显著(P>0.05)。Ⅱ和Ⅲ组酸性洗涤纤维、纤维素代谢率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。3)各组之间屠宰率、腿肌率和腹脂率差异不显著(P>0.05)。Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组全净膛率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),Ⅰ组胸肌率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。4)Ⅰ和Ⅲ组胸肌45 min pH显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。Ⅲ组胸肌滴水损失显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),Ⅲ组腿肌滴水损失显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)。Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组腿肌熟肉率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。Ⅲ组胸肌剪切力显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。Ⅰ组胸肌红度(a*)值显著低于对照组(P<0.05),Ⅲ组腿肌a*值显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。由此可见,22~42日龄肉鸡饲粮中添加SCS能够促进肉鸡生长,提高全净膛率,但对肉品质有一定的影响,表明饲粮中添加4%~12%的SCS替代能量饲料是可行的。     

Body weight,meat quality and blood metabolite responses to carbohydrate administration in the drinking water during pre‐slaughter feed withdrawal in broilers

This study was conducted to determine weights of body (BW), carcass (CW), gastrointestinal tract (GTW), meat quality and some blood metabolite responses to corn starch, saccharose or glucose administration in the drinking water during pre‐slaughter feed withdrawal (FW) in broilers. On day 42 of age, 200 broilers (Ross 308) were allocated randomly to five treatments with four replicates. During a 10‐h FW, control broilers (C) were provided with non‐treated water and the standard finisher diet ad libitum, whereas fasted broilers provided with non‐treated (NFW) or treated water, 3 g glucose (G), saccharose (S) or corn starch (CS)/L. Eight birds (four males and four females) per treatment were slaughtered. Birds receiving non‐treated or treated water had lower BW and higher carcass yield than the full‐fed broilers. The full‐fed broilers had higher absolute and relative GTW than the fasted birds. Broilers consumed more readily treated water compared with non‐treated water. While the a* value of breast meat from CS birds was higher than that from NFW, the b* value of that was higher than S and C birds. The c* values of breast meat from S birds were lower compared with that from the CS treatment. The thigh meat from NFW broilers had higher h* value than that from C and G broilers. The thigh meats of C and CS broilers had higher c* value than that of G birds. The full‐fed broilers had higher plasma triglyceride concentration than NFW, S and G birds. The full‐fed broilers had higher plasma uric acid and uric acid nitrogen concentrations than S birds. These results show that carbohydrate administration in the drinking water cannot be a good alternative for the FW period before slaughter due to the fact that the carbohydrates do not reduce BW losses and do not lead to increases in meat quality.     

苜蓿多糖对不同性别肉仔鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质及抗氧化性能的影响

本试验旨在研究苜蓿多糖对不同性别肉仔鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质及抗氧化性能的影响。选取468只1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡,随机分为3组,每组12个重复(公母各6个重复),每个重复13只鸡。组1为对照组,饲喂基础饲粮,组2、组3分别在基础饲粮中添加1 000和2 000 mg/kg苜蓿多糖,试验期42 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,1)饲粮中添加1 000和2 000 mg/kg苜蓿多糖对公鸡和母鸡的平均体重、平均日采食量、平均日增重、料重比、屠宰率、腿肌率和腹脂率均无显著影响(P0.05),但显著提高了母鸡全净膛率和胸肌率(P0.05),且添加2 000 mg/kg苜蓿多糖显著提高了公鸡胸肌率(P0.05)。2)1 000 mg/kg苜蓿多糖组(即组2)公鸡胸肌p H45 min显著提高(P0.05),公鸡和母鸡胸肌滴水损失率和公鸡胸肌蒸煮损失率显著降低(P0.05);2 000 mg/kg苜蓿多糖组(即组3)公鸡和母鸡胸肌滴水损失率和公鸡胸肌蒸煮损失率显著降低(P0.05)。1 000 mg/kg苜蓿多糖组公鸡和母鸡腿肌滴水损失率和母鸡腿肌剪切力显著降低(P0.05),母鸡腿肌p H24 h显著提高(P0.05);2 000 mg/kg苜蓿多糖组母鸡腿肌滴水损失率和剪切力显著降低(P0.05)。3)1 000和2 000 mg/kg苜蓿多糖组21日龄公鸡血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著提高(P0.05),2 000 mg/kg苜蓿多糖组35和42日龄母鸡血清T-AOC显著提高(P0.05),2 000 mg/kg苜蓿多糖组28日龄公鸡和母鸡血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著提高(P0.05),1 000和2 000 mg/kg苜蓿多糖组21和35日龄母鸡血清总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性显著提高(P0.05),但饲粮中添加1 000和2 000 mg/kg苜蓿多糖对公鸡和母鸡血清中丙二醛(MDA)含量无显著影响(P0.05);此外,饲粮中添加1 000和2 000 mg/kg苜蓿多糖对公鸡和母鸡肝脏和胸肌中T-AOC、GSH-Px和T-SOD活性及MDA含量均无显著影响(P0.05)。综上,饲粮中添加苜蓿多糖对公鸡和母鸡的生长性能无显著影响,但能够改善公鸡和母鸡的屠宰性能、肉品质和血清抗氧化性能,且苜蓿多糖的适宜添加量为1 000mg/kg。     

红曲复合添加剂对肉鸡生长性能及肉质性状的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加红曲复合添加剂对肉鸡生长性能及鸡肉品质的影响。选用1日龄艾维因肉鸡400只,随机分为4组,每组设5个重复,每个重复20只鸡,Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,Ⅱ~Ⅳ组为试验组,分别在基础日粮中添加红曲复合添加剂0.5%、1%和1.5%,试验期42 d,试验结束时肉鸡称重,每个重复选取2只屠宰,测定胸肌和腿肌肉质性状。结果表明,与对照组相比,Ⅲ和Ⅳ组平均日增重显著提高（P<0.05）,料重比显著降低（P<0.05）,但这两个指标在Ⅲ和Ⅳ组间无显著差异（P>0.05）;各试验组与对照组相比,肌肉红度（a^*）和黄度（b^*）显著提高（P<0.05）,滴水损失显著降低（P<0.05）,肌肉亮度（L^*）、蒸煮损失和剪切力差异不显著（P>0.05）,Ⅲ和Ⅳ组pH_{24 h}显著降低（P<0.05）。以上结果说明,日粮中添加红曲复合添加剂可以提高肉鸡生长性能、改善鸡肉品质,其添加量以1%为宜。     

Effect of Monascus Compound Additive on Growth Performance and Meat Quality of Broiler

This trial was conducted to study the effect of Monascus compound additives on growth performance and meat quality of broilers.The total of 400 one-day-old Avian broilers were randomly allotted into 4 groups with 5 replicates per group and 20 birds per replicate.The broilers in group Ⅰ(control group),were fed a basal diet,and those in experimental groups Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.5%,1% and 1.5% Monascus compound additives,respectively.The experiment lasted for 42 d.At the ending of the experiment,all the birds were weighted and two of each replicate were slaughtered,the samples from breast and leg muscles were taken for meat quality measurement.The results showed as follows:Compared with control group,the ADG increased significantly（P<0.05),and F/D decreased significantly（P<0.05）in group Ⅲ and Ⅳ,but the differences were not significant between group Ⅲ and Ⅳ(P>0.05);Compared with the control group,the muscle redness（a^*）and yellowness（b^*）in all the experimental groups increased significantly（P<0.05),and the drip loss rate decreased significantly（P<0.05),but the muscle lightness（L^*),cooking loss rate and shear force had no significant change（P>0.05),and pH_{24 h} of muscles in groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ reduced significantly（P<0.05).In conclusion,adding Monascus compound additives in diets could improve growth performance and meat quality in broiles, and the appropriate level should be 1%.     

Effect of dietary protein regime on meat quality traits and carcase nutrient content of broilers from two commercial genotypes

1. The present study aimed to evaluate breast muscle quality and muscle myofibre density in two broiler genotypes given three dietary protein feeding regimes. 2. A total of 1440 Ross 308 and 708 broilers (720/genotype) were given one of three dietary protein regimes (Low: 192, 166 and 155 g/kg, Control: 229, 199 and 182 g/kg and High: 266, 235 and 207 g/kg for starter, grower and finisher diets respectively). On d 21 and 42, initial protein solubility, DNA and myofibre density were determined. On d 42, breast meat samples were collected for meat quality analyses. 3. There were no genotype effects on pH(24), L*, a* or b* values. Thawing loss was higher in meat from the 708 than the 308 genotype. 4. Broilers given the low protein feeding regime had highest carcase fat, lowest pH(24) and palest meat. The low regression coefficients between dietary protein content and changes in pH(24) and lightness, however, demonstrated that dietary protein was not the principal factor influencing these traits. 5. Although sarcoplasmic protein solubility was similar among protein feeding regimes on d 21, the highest sarcoplasmic protein solubility on d 42 was in broilers on the high protein regime. 6. Myofibre density was highest in meat from broilers given the low protein regime. 7. It was concluded that dietary-protein content contributes significantly to both protein solubility and myofibre density.     

Increased collagen III in culled chicken meat after feeding dietary wood charcoal and vinegar contributes to palatability and tenderness

We comprehensively evaluated meat quality in chickens fed a diet consisting of wood charcoal and vinegar (WCV) using food scientific and histological approaches. In culled hens, lipid and fatty acid in Musculus semimembranosus, cooking loss and sensory tests of whole thigh meat, and meat texture of breast meat were observed. In male broilers, cross section of M. semimembranosus was used for observations on muscle area, perimysium, non‐collagen total protein and total collagen content, and anti‐collagen I and III reactions. In frozen male broilers, conventional morphology of M. semimembranosus as well as chicken anti‐collagen III reaction to selected muscles of thigh meat and breast meat were compared between the control and WCV‐fed birds. Increased lipid and fatty acids, decreased cooking loss, high score in total evaluation for sensory test of thigh meat, and decreased meat texture values were observed for culled hens fed WCV. The higher values of muscle area, total collagen and collagen III were observed for broilers fed WCV. No perimysium collapse for M. semitendinosus or increased collagen III reactions of M. tensor fasciae latae, the flexor muscle group and M. pectoralis superficialis were observed for frozen muscles in the WCV group. These total results suggest that WCV produces palatable and tender meat by increasing collagen III.     

半舍饲与地面平养对京海黄鸡生产性能及肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究半舍饲、地面平养对京海黄鸡生产性能及肉品质的影响。选择1日龄京海黄鸡80羽,随机分成2组,每组40羽,分别为半舍饲组和地面平养组,均饲喂统一日粮。结果表明,地面平养可以提高京海黄鸡的生产性能;半舍饲可以极显著降低腹脂率、增加腿肌率(P＜0.01),显著增加肌肉的剪切力(P＜0.05),降低嫩度,具有增加pH、肉色和系水力的趋势。     

日粮添加荷叶提取物对黄羽肉鸡抗氧化功能及肌肉品质的影响

本试验选择28日龄岭南黄慢速型黄羽肉鸡1200只,随机分成3组,每组10个重复,公母各半,每个重复40只鸡。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别饲喂基础日粮添加0.1%和0.2%荷叶提取物,饲养至120日龄出栏,研究日粮添加荷叶提取物对黄羽肉鸡肉品质及抗氧化活性的影响。结果显示,在日粮中添加0.1%荷叶提取物能够显著提高黄羽肉鸡公鸡肌肉pH_{45 min}（P<0.05）及母鸡肉色b^* 值（P<0.05）;显著提高公鸡肌肉总抗氧化能力（P<0.05）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（P<0.01）,降低丙二醛含量（P<0.05）;对母鸡抗氧化活性也表现出与公鸡一致的作用趋势,提高胸肌总抗氧化能力（P<0.1）,显著提高GSH-Px活性（P<0.05）,降低MDA含量（P<0.1）。与对照组相比,日粮添加0.2%荷叶提取物也可以显著提高母鸡肉色b^* 值（P<0.05）,但对本试验中其他肉品质指标及抗氧化指标均无显著性影响。由此可见,日粮中添加0.1%荷叶提取物可以增强黄羽肉鸡的抗氧化能力,从而改善肌肉品质。     

The effect of a diet containing grasshoppers and access to free-range on carcase and meat physicochemical and sensory characteristics in broilers

1. Research was conducted to evaluate the impact of a diet containing grasshoppers on the carcase, physicochemical and sensory characteristics in a free-range, grassland-based broiler production system.

2. A total of 80, 28-d-old male broilers were reared on grassland containing a large population of grasshoppers (treatment PB). Control birds were reared intensively on a maize-soybean diet (treatment CB). At 91?d of age, 24 birds from each treatment were slaughtered to evaluate carcase, meat and sensory characteristics.

3. Treatment PB produced birds with significantly lower live weights, breast, wing, thigh and drum weights, and higher dressing percentage and breast percentage of carcase, compared with CB. Treatment PB produced breast meat with significantly higher redness values, shear force and protein content, and lower pH values, cooking loss, moisture and fat content compared with CB. Sensory panel results for breast and thigh meats showed no treatment effect on colour and juiciness, but significantly higher scores for chewiness, flavour, aroma and overall appreciation, and lower scores for tenderness from treatment PB compared with CB.

4. Rearing chickens on rangeland may provide an alternative way to produce poultry meat which is considered superior by modern consumers.     

日粮中添加包被肉桂油对肉鸡屠宰性能、肌肉品质和风味的影响

为探究鸡日粮中添加包被肉桂油对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、肌肉品质和肌肉风味的影响,试验选用168只1日龄罗斯308雏鸡,随机分成2个处理组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加300 mg/kg的包被肉桂油。结果显示:与对照组相比,试验组肉鸡活体重没有显著的差异(P>0.05);21日龄胸肌的a^*值和b^*值(P<0.05)和42日龄胸肌和腿肌的24 h pH值(P<0.05)提高,21和42日龄胸肌和腿肌的滴水损失(P<0.05)降低;21日龄胸肌中过氧化氢的含量和42日龄胸肌丙二醛含量(P<0.01)降低;腿肌中的甜味氨基酸(丝氨酸和甘氨酸)(P<0.05)和芳香族氨基酸(酪氨酸和苯丙氨酸)的含量(P<0.01)提高。研究表明:日粮中添加300 mg/kg的包被肉桂油能够改善肉鸡肌肉品质的部分指标,提高胸肌抗氧化力和腿肌风味。     

Variations in chicken breast meat quality: implications of struggle and muscle glycogen content at death

1. Pectoralis major (P. major) muscle pH and meat quality traits were studied in relation to bird response to ante-mortem stress in three chicken lines: a fast-growing standard line (FGL), a slow-growing French 'Label Rouge' line (SGL) and a heavy line (HL). Ninety-nine birds of the three genetic types were slaughtered at their usual marketing age (6, 12 and 6 weeks for FGL, SGL and HL birds, respectively) on the same day. The birds of each line were divided into three different ante-mortem treatment groups: minimum stress (shackling for 10 s) (C), shackling for 2 min (SH) and acute heat plus shackling stress (exposure to 35 degrees C for 3.5 h and shackling for 2 min before stunning) (H + SH). 2. Regardless of chicken line, wing flapping duration (WFD) between hanging and stunning was strongly negatively related to P. major muscle pH at 15 min post-mortem. It was also moderately negatively related to P. major muscle glycolytic potential (GP), which represents glycogen level at death. Increasing WFD induced an increased ultimate pH (pHu) only in HL. The consequences of increased WFD for breast meat traits were dependent on the chicken line: it induced lower L* and b* and higher a* and drip loss in SGL while it only increased breast a* in HL birds. By contrast, WFD variations did not alter breast meat quality traits of FGL birds. Regardless of the chicken line, increased GP was associated with lower pHu and higher L* and drip loss. In SGL, it also increased b* and decreased curing-cooking yield of breast meat. 3. Struggling activity on the shackle line and muscle glycogen content at death could partly explain line and pre-slaughter variations in breast meat pH and quality traits. The water holding capacity of the raw and cooked meat was impaired by long shackling in the case of SGL birds while it was barely affected by ante-mortem conditions in the two standard lines. In conditions which minimised bird struggling (C), SGL and FGL birds had meat with a better water holding ability than that of broilers from the heavy line. However, when broilers were subjected to SH or H + SH conditions, the breast meat water holding capacity of SGL birds was lowered to the same level as that of the heavy line birds.