杨树(细菌性)枯萎病菌快速检测方法研究

本文对杨树(细菌性)枯萎病菌的培养特征、生理生化特征、分子生物学特征等方面进行了研究与描述,设计并合成了特异性PCR引物,杨树(细菌性)枯萎病菌的PCR产物出现718 bp的特异性扩增条带,而其他近似种的细菌均未出现扩增条带,说明该对引物具有杨树(细菌性)枯萎病菌鉴定特异性,将病菌DNA模板做浓度梯度稀释,灵敏度可达10 pg/μL。该方法快速、灵敏、准确,可用于杨树枯萎病菌检测。     

16S nested-PCR技术检测玉米细菌性枯萎病菌

 玉米细菌性枯萎病是玉米上的重要种传病害,病原菌为Pantoea stewartii subsp.stewartii。本研究设计了16S通用引物,扩增该病菌及其近似种的16S rDNA,通过序列测定和分析,针对该病菌设计了特异性引物,采用nested-PCR技术,能够准确地区别该病菌及其近似种,检测的灵敏度在DNA水平上达到10^-3 pg级,检测活菌则达到2 cfu。检测人工污染的玉米种子时,不受种子提取液中其它物质的干扰,灵敏度依然达到2 cfu。     

玉米细菌性枯萎病菌的环介导恒温扩增(LAMP)检测方法

为了提高口岸和基层实验室检疫和监测玉米细菌性枯萎病菌的准确性和工作效率,利用环介导恒温扩增技术(LAMP),根据内切葡聚糖酶(EGase)基因前导序列,设计2个内引物和2个外引物,对玉米细菌性枯萎病菌进行快速检测。结果表明,使用玉米细菌性枯萎病菌的近缘种或引致相似症状的病原菌菊欧文氏菌玉米致病变种Erwinia chrysanthemi pv.zeae、玉米内州萎蔫病菌Clavibacter michiganensis subsp.nebraskensis、燕麦假单胞菌Pseudomonas avenae、杓兰欧文氏菌Erwinia cypripedii检测其特异性,仅玉米细菌性枯萎病菌有扩增。LAMP检测灵敏度达到2 pg DNA,为普通PCR的100倍;与其它检测方法相比,LAMP方法检测时间短,效率高,不仅降低了设备投入,易于操作,而且具有较高的灵敏度和特异性,适合玉米细菌性枯萎病菌的现场检疫和大规模检测。     

进境玉米中玉米内州萎蔫病菌的PCR检测

 为了快速准确检测进境玉米样品中的玉米内州萎蔫病菌Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis(Cmn), 根据GenBank中Cmn的16S-23S序列设计引物CM1/CM4和引物PSM1/CM3。引物PSM1/CM3仅能从供试的4株Cmn菌株中扩增获得208 bp的预期产物, 而其他36株对照菌株均不能扩增出预期条带。灵敏度测试结果表明引物CM1/CM4和PSM1/CM3组合的巢式PCR方法的检测灵敏度高于常规PCR, 检测灵敏度可达40 fg DNA或6.8 CFU目标细菌。常规PCR和巢式PCR方法对进境美国玉米样品的阳性检出率分别为8%和24%, 试验结果表明所建立的PCR方法可用于玉米样品中Cmn的快速检测。     

PCR-DHPLC技术快速检测玉米细菌性枯萎病菌

本研究成功建立了玉米细菌性枯萎病菌的PCR检测方法.该方法根据细菌ITS序列的特异性,设计了对玉米细菌性枯萎病菌具有稳定性点突变的特异性引物及探针,并对5株玉米细菌性枯萎病菌及18种植物原性细菌的DNA进行了PCR、实时荧光PCR及PCR结合变性高效液相色谱技术(PCR-DHPLC)检测.结果表明,几种方法特异性强,检测灵敏度均为菌液浓度102 cfu/mL,PCR-DHPLC技术具有检测成本较低、高通量、自动化程度高、污染风险小及鉴定结果准确等特点,能够满足快速、准确诊断玉米细菌性枯萎病菌的要求.     

玉米细菌性枯萎病菌TaqMan探针实时荧光PCR检测方法的建立

成功建立了玉米细菌性枯萎病菌快速检测鉴定的实时荧光PCR方法.该方法根据细菌16S rDNA序列的特异性,设计出对玉米细菌性枯萎病菌具有稳定性点突变特异性探针,并对10种细菌菌株和5种植原体进行了实时荧光PCR.结果表明,只有玉米细菌性枯萎病菌产生荧光信号,而其它参考菌不产生荧光信号,检测的绝对灵敏度是14.2 fg/μl质粒DNA,比常规的PCR电泳检测高约100倍.整个检测过程只需2h,完全闭管,降低了污染的机会,无须PCR后处理.     

甘蓝枯萎病菌1号和2号生理小种的快速检测与鉴定

 甘蓝枯萎病菌生理小种传统鉴定方法费时费力,不能满足生产的要求,因此需要建立一种快速、可靠的分子检测技术。本研究在甘蓝枯萎病菌1号和2号生理小种基因组测序的基础上,通过比较基因组学方法筛选1、2号生理小种各自的特异基因片段并设计引物,并分别以10个甘蓝枯萎病菌1号生理小种菌株、2个2号生理小种菌株、7个尖孢镰刀菌其他专化型菌株及4个外围菌株DNA为模板进行常规PCR扩增,筛选出甘蓝枯萎病菌1号和2号生理小种特异性引物,同时引入尖孢镰刀菌通用引物W106R/W106S,建立起一步三重PCR检测甘蓝枯萎病菌1、2号生理小种的分子检测技术。结果表明,该分子检测技术实现了在一次PCR反应中快速、准确地同步检测出甘蓝枯萎病菌DNA、罹病甘蓝组织和土壤中的甘蓝枯萎病菌1号和2号生理小种,对检测甘蓝植株是否感染枯萎菌及甘蓝种植区土壤是否受到枯萎菌的污染有实用价值。     

稻曲病菌的SCAR标记及其PCR检测

为建立稻曲病菌Ustilaginoidea virens快速、灵敏的PCR早期检测技术,以S380为引物,对稻曲病菌和其它参试病原菌的DNA进行RAPD-PCR扩增。稻曲病菌RAPD特异片段经回收、克隆和测序后,根据序列用Primer 5.0软件设计了特异性SCAR引物US-SF（5’-TCGCCTCAGACCTCAATC-3’）/US-SR（5’-GAGCCTCAAATGCCTTCC-3’）和巢式PCR引物US-NF（5’-AGCGTCTCCTGCAACC-AC-3’）/US-NR（5’-GAGCCTCAAATGCCTTCC-3’）。利用引物US-SF/US-SR通过常规PCR对供试稻曲病菌均可扩增出1条大小约257 bp的清晰条带,对其它植物病原菌DNA的PCR产物均无扩增条带,最低可检测到1 pg/μL 的病菌基因组DNA;而利用引物US-SF/US-SR和US-NF/US-NR通过巢式PCR可从10 fg/μL的病菌基因组DNA中扩增出1条大小约210 bp的特异性条带。试验表明,巢式PCR检测灵敏度比常规PCR提高了100倍,且巢式PCR可从接菌的水稻幼颖和自然感染的谷粒中检测出稻曲病菌。     

一种快速鉴定玉米细菌性枯萎病菌的新技术——噬菌体株系鉴别法

利用８株玉米细菌性枯萎病菌噬菌体专化性的差异，结合氯化三苯基四氮唑（２，３，５－ｔｒｉｐｈｅｎｙｌｔｅｔｒａｚｏｌｉｕｍｃｈｌｏｒｉｄｅ）对不同致病力细菌显色反应的不同，组成了一种新的细菌快速鉴定技术，称为噬菌体株系鉴别法，可鉴定玉米细菌性枯萎病菌直至株系。用这个方法鉴定了从美国、日本、南斯拉夫、西德和罗马尼亚进口的玉米种子中截获的许多玉米细菌性枯萎病菌菌株，结果准确快速，并和血清学鉴定及致病性测定的结果相一致     

不同引物对检测柑桔黄龙病菌灵敏度比较

对目前常用的5对引物(fOI1/rOI2c、fOI2/r23S1、fA2/rJ5、fP535/rP535、fP400/rP400)检测柑桔黄龙病菌的灵敏度进行了比较。结果发现,不同引物对的检测灵敏度不同,5对引物检测灵敏度由高到低依次为:fP400/rP400>fP535/rP535>fA2/rJ5>fOI1/rOI2c>fOI2/r23S1;引物对fP400/rP400比广谱引物对fOI2/r23S1的灵敏度高近千倍。半巢式PCR及巢式PCR的检测灵敏度远高于常规PCR,可检测出接近极限浓度10-7ng/μL,二者没有明显的差别。因此,按照不同目的选择合适的检测引物非常重要,特别是当待测样品中的黄龙病菌浓度极低时,应选择高灵敏度的小片段特异性引物对。     

Temporal Dynamics of Corn Flea Beetle Populations Infested with Pantoea stewartii, Causal Agent of Stewart's Disease of Corn

ABSTRACT In order to better understand the epidemiology of the Stewart's disease of corn pathosystem, quantitative information concerning the temporal dynamics of the amount of pathogen inoculum present in the form of Pantoea stewartii-infested corn flea beetles (Chaetocnema pulicaria) is needed. Temporal changes in the proportion of P. stewartii-infested corn flea beetle populations were monitored by testing individual corn flea beetles for the presence of P. stewartii using a peroxidase-labeled, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Approximately 90 corn flea beetles were collected each week from seven locations in Iowa from September 1998 through October 2000 using sweep nets. The proportion of P. stewartii-infested beetles at the end of the 1998 growing season ranged from 0.04 to 0.19. In spring 1999, the proportion of overwintering adult corn flea beetles infested with P. stewartii ranged from 0.10 to 0.11 and did not differ significantly from the previous fall based on chi(2). During the 1999 corn-growing season, the proportion of infested corn flea beetles ranged from 0.04 to 0.86, with the highest proportions occurring in August. In fall 1999, the proportion of beetles infested with P. stewartii ranged from 0.20 to 0.77. In spring 2000, the proportion of overwintering adult corn flea beetles infested with P. stewartii ranged from 0.08 to 0.30; these proportions were significantly lower than the proportions observed in fall 1999 at Ames, Chariton, and Nashua. During the 2000 corn-growing season, the proportion of P. stewartii-infested corn flea beetles ranged from 0.08 to 0.53, and the highest observed proportions again occurred in August. Corn flea beetle populations sampled in late fall 2000 had proportions of infested beetles ranging from 0.08 to 0.20. This is the first study to quantify the temporal population dynamics of P. stewartii-infested C. pulicaria populations in hybrid corn and provides new quantitative information that should be useful in developing risk models to predict the seasonal and site-specific risks associated with Stewart's disease of corn.     

Quantitative Trait Loci in Sweet Corn Associated with Partial Resistance to Stewart's Wilt, Northern Corn Leaf Blight, and Common Rust

ABSTRACT Partial resistance to Stewart's wilt (Erwina stewartii, syn. Pantoea stewartii), northern corn leaf blight (NCLB) (Exserohilum turcicum), and common rust (Puccinia sorghi) was observed in an F(2:3) population developed from a cross between the inbred sweet corn lines IL731a and W6786. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with partial resistance using restriction fragment length polymorphic markers. Phenotypic data were collected for 2 years for Stewart's wilt, NCLB, and common rust but, due to significant family-environment interaction, analysis was conducted individually on data from each year. In 2 years of evaluation for the three diseases, a total of 33 regions in the maize genome were associated with partial resistance describing from 5.9 to 18% of the total phenotypic variability. Of six regions common in both years, three were associated with partial resistance to Stewart's wilt (chromosomes 4:07, 5:03, and 6:04), one was associated with NCLB (chromosome 9:05), and two were associated with common rust (chromosomes 2:04 and 3:04). The rust QTL on 3S mapped to within 20 cM of the rp3 locus and explained 17.7% of the phenotypic variability. Some of the QTL associated with partial resistance to the three diseases have been reported previously, and some are described here for the first time. Results suggest it may be possible to consolidate QTL from various elite backgrounds in a manner analogous to the pyramiding of major resistance genes. We also report here on two QTL associated with anthocyanin production on chromosomes 10:6 and 5:03 in the general location of the a2 gene.     

Chromosomal and Ti plasmid characterization of tumorigenic strains of three Agrobacterium species isolated from grapevine tumours

Fifty-six tumorigenic Spanish grapevine strains of Agrobacterium spp. were tested for biovar classification, pathogenicity on several hosts, opine utilization, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and PCR amplifications using five primer sets targeting chromosomal and Ti plasmid genes. Fifty of them belonged to A. vitis (biovar 3), three to A. tumefaciens (biovar 1) and three to A. rhizogenes (biovar 2). All strains were tumorigenic on grapevines. Most A. vitis strains were also pathogenic on tomato and tobacco plants, while the three A. tumefaciens strains were only pathogenic on grapevine. Although most A. vitis strains used octopine, 12 utilized neither octopine nor nopaline. 16S rRNA gene sequencing clearly distinguished between strains belonging to the three species. Those of A. vitis could be further divided into three chromosomal backgrounds according to their 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. No universal primer pair was found for the detection of all three Agrobacterium species isolated from grapevine. DNA from all A. vitis strains was amplified with the chromosomally-encoded pehA primer pair. In both A. vitis and A. tumefaciens a correlation was observed between the amplifications obtained using the tmr and the virA Ti-plasmid-targeting primer pairs. Three types of Ti plasmid were found in A. vitis strains according to their PCR amplifications and opine utilization profiles. A given chromosomal background harboured only one type of Ti plasmid within the strains from each analysed sample, showing a strong association between chromosomal backgrounds and Ti plasmids in A. vitis .     

Bio-PCR方法检测葫芦科作物种子携带 西瓜嗜酸菌的特异性引物筛选

 由西瓜嗜酸菌(Acidovorax citrulli)引起的细菌性果斑病是一种毁灭性的种传病害,可为害多种葫芦科作物并造成重大经济损失。该病原菌为检疫性有害生物,种子带菌是田间病害发生的最重要初侵染来源,因此,种子健康检测成为病害综合防控过程中的重要环节。Bio-PCR是当前种子携带细菌检测的常用方法,而特异性引物的选择和使用是检测的关键。本研究使用已报道的7对引物对17株西瓜嗜酸菌、10株嗜酸菌属其它种的菌株和6株其它属的植物病原细菌进行了Bio-PCR检测,筛选出对西瓜嗜酸菌特异性最好的引物为SEQID4^m/SEQID5。研究表明:使用该引物对西瓜嗜酸菌MH21纯菌菌悬液的检测限度为10² CFU·mL^-1;在人工添加菌悬液的模拟带菌西瓜种子中,使用ASCM和EBBA两种半选择性培养基结合引物SEQID4^m/SEQID5进行Bio-PCR检测,ASCM对种子中带菌量的检测限度可达到0.01 CFU·g^-1,EBBA对种子中带菌量的检测限度为0.1 CFU·g^-1。     

Specific Oligonucleotide Primers for the Rapid Identification and Detection of the Agent of Tomato Pith Necrosis, Pseudomonas corrugata, by PCR Amplification: Evidence for two Distinct Genomic Groups

Unique DNA bands from strains representative of two groups of Pseudomonas corrugata, as shown by amplification of their genomic DNA by polymerase chain reaction using short random sequence oligonucleotide primers (RAPD-PCR), were isolated, cloned and sequenced. Two pairs of specific primer sequences, based on the ends of the cloned unique DNA bands from strains IPVCT10.3 and IPVCT8.1, were used in multiplex PCR with a range of P. corrugata strains. All strains produced one of the two specific bands, 1100bp (from the IPVCT10.3-based primers) and 600bp (from the IPVCT8.1-based primers), representing groups designated I and II, respectively. The primers were also tested on a wider range of Pseudomonas species, including the closely-related fluorescent Pseudomonas genomospecies FP1, FP2 and FP3: none of these bacteria produced any bands following amplification by PCR with these primers. The primer sets detected P. corrugata in tomato pith necrosis-infected plants providing a useful tool for rapid identification and epidemiological studies.     

Genetic and physiological evidence for the production of N-acyl homoserine lactones by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and other fluorescent plant pathogenic Pseudomonas species

N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) function as cell density (quorum) sensing signals and regulate diverse metabolic processes in several gram negative bacteria. We report that strains of Pseudomonas syringae pvs. syringae (Pss), tabaci and tomato as well as P. corrugata and P. savastanoi produce difussible AHLs that activate the lux operons of Vibrio fischeri or the tra::lacZ fusion of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. In Pss strain B3A, AHL production occurs in cell density dependent manner. Nucleotide sequence and genetic complementation data revealed the presence of ahlI_Pss, a luxI homolog within the Ahl⁺ DNA of Pss strain B3A. The DNA expresses in AHL-deficient strains of P. fluorescens and E. carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc), and restores extracellular enzyme production and pathogenicity in the Ecc strain. The derivatives of Pss strains B3A and 301D carrying chromosomal ahlI::lacZ do not produce AHL, but like their wild type parents, produce extracellular protease and the phytotoxin syringomycin as well as elicit the hypersensitive reaction in tobacco leaves. While these strains also produce a basal level of -galactosidase activity, the expression of ahlI::lacZ is substantially stimulated in the presence of multiple copies of the DNA or by the addition of cell-free spent cultures containing AHL. The activation of -galactosidase production occurs with spent cultures of some, but not all Pseudomonas strains which produce AHL as indicated by the Lux and tra::lacZ assays. Pss strains deficient in the global regulatory genes, gacA or lemA, produce very low levels of AHL. Since inactivation of ahlI_Pss eliminates AHL production and since Ahl⁺ Pseudomonas strains carry the homolog of ahlI_Pss, we conclude that ahlI_Pss specifies a key step in AHL biosynthesis and it has been conserved in many plant pathogenic pseudomonads.     

New subspecies-specific polymerase chain reaction-based assay for the detection of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli

New subspecies-specific primers for the detection of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli ( Aac ), the seedborne bacterium which causes bacterial fruit blotch of cucurbits, were designed based on PCR fragments obtained in ERIC- and BOX-PCR profiles of Aac strains. PCR with both primer sets identified 30 strains from different locations and hosts, but did not amplify DNA from other closely related species and subspecies assessed, with the exception of DNA of one strain of A. avenae subsp. avenae , which was amplified by one of the primer sets, named BX-S. This primer set, based on a BOX-PCR fragment, performed under high-stringency conditions without losing its detection sensitivity. The primers were also evaluated for their ability to detect the pathogen in contaminated watermelon and melon seed samples. The BX-S primers facilitated the detection of the pathogen from washings of 5000-seed samples with 0·02% infestation. This primer set was also assessed for detection using immunomagnetic separation polymerase chain reaction (IMS-PCR) and was shown to be as sensitive as a previously described primer set (AACF2/R3), detecting 0·02% infestation in seed samples. This highly specific and sensitive primer set could be used to improve PCR-based detection of this important pathogen.