Scenic Investigation and Assessment of Nature Reserves in Beijing

INTRODUCTION Nature reserves are well concerned for their primitive ecologic landscape and special species. Beijing scientific project the “Ecologic Environment Evaluation and Sustainable Development Strategy of Beijing Nature Reserves” started from March 2002. It is hoped to reveal the value of ecologic resources and the various forms of natural resources. The authors took part in the sixth item “Landscape Investigation” and the tenth item “Evaluation and Research of the Chara…     

Service logics and strategies of Swedish forestry in the structural shifts of forest ownership: challenging the “old” and shaping the “new”

ABSTRACT

Sweden is one of the most forested countries in Europe, and it has one of the highest shares of productive forest. Production in forestry is largely reliant on the private non-industrial forest owners, who own half of the forest land. As in many countries, however, forest ownership is changing towards a higher extent of urban, female or non-forestry-background owners. This poses a challenge for the forestry services sector, mainly forest owners’ associations and companies, but also broadly the sector at large. By exploring the sales and marketing processes, this paper analyses the service logics and strategies of Swedish forestry under changing forest ownership, drawing on an interview study covering all the large actors in the Swedish forestry sector. The study illustrates an increased focus of forestry organizations on services from a strategic and managerial perspective, in customer-oriented relationship development and in value creation and sales processes, specifically in order to manage “new” forest owners and the demand of forest industries. The results highlight the domination of service logics associated with timber production and the challenges for the service market and the provision of diversified services to forest owners.     

Attending to the Needs of Local People in Nature Reserves-An Important Measure in the Establishment and Protection of Nature Reserves

ＡｔｔｅｎｄｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅＮｅｅｄｓｏｆＬｏｃａｌＰｅｏｐｌｅｉｎＮａｔｕｒｅＲｅｓｅｒｖｅｓ－ＡｎＩｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔＭｅａｓｕｒｅｉｎｔｈｅＥｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｍｅｎｔａｎｄＰｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎｏｆＮａｔｕｒｅＲｅｓｅｒｖｅｓTXＡｔｔｅｎｄｉｎｇｔ...     

Study on the Value of Forest to Conserve Soil and Water in Beijing

Forest has a strongfunction in storing water, conserving soil and protecting farmland. In the study, based on fleld management and survey, these effects of forest in Beijing were determined and quantified. According to the principles and methodology of environment economics, the values of forest to conserve soil and water were accounted. The result shows that the total value of forest to conserve soil and water in Beijing is as much as 1129.58×10~8 yuan, in which the value of water storage is 1107.92×10~8 yuan, being 98.08% of the total.     

Application of PRRA to the Rural Development in China

ＡｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆＰＲＲＡｔｏｔｈｅＲｕｒａｌＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｔｉｎＣｈｉｎａTXＡｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆＰＲＲＡｔｏｔｈｅＲｕｒａｌＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｉｎＣｈｉｎａＢｙＳｈｅｎＹｕｅｑｉｎＺｈｏｕＧｕｏｍｏＹｕＳｈｕｑｕａｎＬｉＭｉｎ...     

Issues Relating to Forestry and the Mitigation of Poverty

ＩｓｓｕｅｓＲｅｌａｔｉｎｇｔｏＦｏｒｅｓｔｒｙａｎｄｔｈｅＭｉｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｏｆＰｏｖｅｒｔｙＢｙＹａｎｇＳｈｕｎｃｈｅｎｇ１．ＤｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｏｆｆｏｒｅｓｔｓａｎｄｔｈｅｏｃｃｕｒｅｎｃｅｏｆｐｏｖｅｒｔｙＣｈｉｎａ′ｓｖａｓｔｍｏｕ...     

Cold acclimation induced accumulation of phenolic compounds and freezing tolerance in Ammopiptanthus mongolicus

Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, the only freezing tolerant evergreen broad-leaved shrub, local species of the Alashan desert, northwest sand area of China, can survive -30°C or even lower temperature in winter. In the present study, the secondary products phenolics in A. mongolicus cotyledons were determined to study the effects of phenolics on cold tolerance. Cytochemical localization of phenolics in cotyledon cells was observed by electron microscopy and the content of phenolic compounds was assayed by spec-trophotometric measurement. The results showed that the freezing tolerance of A. mongolicus seedlings increased after acclimation at 2-6°C for 14 days, which accompanied the increase of the content of phenolic compounds in cotyledons. Cytochemical observation showed that phenolic deposits were mainly localized in vacuoles and in close proximity to tonoplast, and also in the cytoplasm. The amount and the size of phenolics droplets increased obviously in cytoplasm and vacuoles after cold acclimation, predominantly ag-gregated along membranes of vacuoles and tonoplast. No phenolic deposits were found in cell walls. As hydrogen-or elec-tron-donating agents, phenolics may protect plant cells against reactive oxygen species formed during chilling or freezing stress and improve the freezing tolerance of cold-acclimated A. mongolicus seedlings.     

Effects of Cold Acclimation on Several Enzyme Activities in Euonymus radicans ‘Emorald & Gold’and Its Relation to Semi-lethal Temperature

The changes in activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and ATPase in the leaves of Euonymus radicans were studied when seedlings were cold-acclimated (at 4 ℃) for 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks and then treated for 1 d under low temperature stress (at 5 ℃). The semi-lethal temperatures of acclimated and unacclimated seedlings were also investigated. The results indicated that the activities of the three enzymes in the leaves of the seedlings treated at 4 ℃ for 1, 2 and 3 weeks were all higher than those of unacclimated seedings (treated at 22 ℃ as controls). The activities of SOD and POD increased continuously with the prolongation of the time of cold acclimation, but stepped up to summits then down to the levels of the controls. The activities of SOD culminated at the first week, and the activities of POD at the second week. When acclimated and unacclimated seedlings were both treated at 5 ℃ for 1 d, the activities of the three enzymes in the leaves of acclimated seedlings were a little lower than those before stress, but higher than those of the controls. Moreover, the decrease rate of enzyme activities was greatly lower than that of the controls. The results showed that cold acclimation could enhance the stability of the three enzymes in the leaves of seedlings under low temperature stress; the semi-lethal temperature was 19.1 ℃ when the seedlings were treated at 4 ℃ for 3 weeks, but it was 5.4 ℃ when the seedlings were treated at 22 ℃. The decline of the semi-lethal temperature caused by the adaptive changes of enzyme activities was one of the foundations of enhancing the cold tolerance.     

Assessment of Forest Carbon Stocks in the Himalayas: Does Legal Protection Matter?

Small-scale Forestry - Although protected areas are central to global biodiversity conservation, most land lies within unprotected areas. In the developing world forest habitats have received...     

Cold acclimation improves photosynthesis by regulating the ascorbate–glutathione cycle in chloroplasts of Kandelia obovata

As the most northerly mangrove species in China, Kandelia obovata may undergo extreme cold event stress. Enhancing the cold tolerance of this species is crucial to its successful afforestation. This study aimed to determine the resistance of K. obovata seedlings to low temperature stress by cold acclimation and to explain the mechanisms for alleviating cold injury. To understand these mechanisms, seedlings that were acclimatized and not acclimatized were exposed to 5℃/- 2℃(day/night)for 48 h.Results showed that low temperature stress reduced leaf photosynthesis of non-acclimatized seedlings by inducing oxidative stress and structural damage to chloroplasts. These phenomena were shown by increasing levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), O2-and H2O2, as well as decreasing enzyme activities in the ascorbate–glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle. However, cold-acclimatized seedlings had improved photosynthetic rates and efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) under low temperature stress. Compared with non-acclimatized seedlings, leaves of coldacclimatized seedlings under low temperature stress for 48 h exhibited higher anti-oxidative enzyme activities, lower levels of O2^- and H2O2, less damage to chloroplast structure, and removed 33.7% of MDA at low temperature stress for 48 h. The data indicate that cold acclimation enhances photosynthetic capacity by effectively regulating activation in the PSII electron transport and the AsA–GSH cycle to scavenge excess ROS in chloroplasts, while the latter is more important.