基于EM38的滨海棉田土壤表观电导率空间变异与利用研究

土壤盐渍化和次生盐碱化是制约黄河三角洲农业可持续发展的关键障碍因子,了解和评估耕地土壤盐分的时空动态是对其进行科学利用和改良的前提。本文以黄河三角洲滨海盐碱地棉田为研究对象,在降水集中月份前后用EM38-MK2大地电导率仪测量了棉花两个关键生育期土壤根系层0~0.375 m和0~0.75 m剖面的土壤表观电导率,深入分析了棉花根区土壤表观电导率在空间上的分布特征与影响因素。结果表明:1)在降雨前后,黄河三角洲滨海土壤盐分空间变异较大,达到或超过中等变异水平;2)通过对大地电导率进行校正,排除影响其读数的干扰因素影响,大地电导率能快速表征0~0.375 m/0~0.75 m两个关键层次土壤盐分状态,可有效用于滨海棉田的土壤盐渍化的监测和评估;3)结合黄河三角洲地区地形地貌特征、降水蒸发、作物综合长势等因素的区域调查,作者认为在区域尺度上,优化土地利用格局,加强农田基本水利建设;在田间尺度上,加强土地平整和灌排配套等措施是治理和改良滨海盐碱土的基础。     

电导率法在土壤盐渍化中的改进和应用进展

土壤盐渍化是常见的地质灾害之一,对土壤盐分状况及盐渍化程度的空间分布特征进行了解是有效治理的前提条件。电导率法作为一种快速稳定测定土壤盐分时空分布特性的方法被广泛应用于土壤盐渍化研究中。土壤溶液电导率(ECw)、土壤浸出液电导率(ECe)及土壤表观电导率(ECa)都可以对土壤盐渍化程度进行量化,土壤溶液电导率(ECw)可以通过原位取样器和盐分传感器进行测量,通过制备饱和土浆则可以对土壤浸出液电导率(ECe)进行测量,电阻率法和电磁感应法则可以测定土壤的表观电导率(ECa)。本文就不同电导率法的测量原理及实际测量对象、常用技术设备、优缺点进行综述。为更好的理解电导率法在土壤盐渍化中的应用提供参考     

松嫩平原土壤次生盐渍化过程模型研究

分析了松嫩平原土壤盐渍化过程的特殊性,认为本区土壤盐渍化地球化学模型的建立,必须同时考虑离子交换这一重要的地球化学过程,并提取出土壤盐分迁移的滞留因子R.建立了土壤次生盐渍化地球化学过程模型,探讨了模型的求解方法,模型计算与实测结果表现出较好的拟合度.同时利用该模型对不同环境、不同时间尺度条件下土壤剖面的水分及盐分状况进行了预测.     

基于EM38长江河口地区土壤盐渍化特征研究

运用电磁感应仪EM38,结合GIS技术和地统计方法对长江河口地区土壤含盐量的空间变异性进行研究,结果表明:EM38所测土壤表观电导率与土壤电导率(EG_(1:5))的相关系数均达到1%显著水平,其中以EM_h+EM_v为自变量的多元回归方程的拟合效果最好.盐分含量统计特征表明,土壤盐分含量变幅较大,且随着深度的增加变化幅度逐渐减小,各层土壤盐分含量均值介于0.713 6～0.813 7 g/kg之间,且随着深度的增加盐分含量均值逐渐增大,总体上盐分分布具有一定的底聚性;各土层含盐量均呈现中等变异强度.变异系数相差较大,在水平方向上含盐量的变异随深度的增加而逐步趋弱.盐分含量空间分布表明,各层土壤盐分含量由南向北、自东向西有逐渐降低的趋势,随着深度的增加土壤含盐量不断升高.盐化土面积百分比表明,该地区大部分为非盐化土,轻度盐化土和中度盐化土所占比例较小,但由于含盐母质和地下水矿化度两个主要因素的影响,土壤盐渍化的发生存在巨大的潜在性威胁,运用EM38测值解译所得土壤盐分含量真实地反映了研究区的土壤盐渍化状况,为该地区土壤盐渍化的改良及防范提供依据.     

滨海棉田土壤盐分时空分布特征研究

在黄河三角洲滨海一农田试验田共采集3期（春、夏、秋三季）EM38表观电导率数据,运用经典统计学和地统计学方法,分析试验区盐分时空分布特征。结果如下：垂直方向电导率相关系数均大于0.8,具有强相关性,水平方向相关系数在-0.2到0.2之间,相关性很弱。土壤盐分分布呈底聚型。变异系数比较显示,同期数据中,表层变异强度最强,底层变异强度最弱。半方差分析中各层块金值与基台值之比大多在25%~75%,盐分空间上偏向于中等空间相关性。棉花长势赋值后生成空间插值图,对比同期电导率插值图,将盐渍化程度划分成4个等级。分析按等级重分类后的栅格插值图中各盐渍土等级所占比例值,表层中非盐化土所占面积比已由初期的5.54%增加到11.93%,轻度盐化土所占面积比增加了42个百分点。     

干旱区棉田表层土壤盐渍化时空变异研究

明确土壤盐渍化时空变异特征是确保干旱区棉田精准灌溉和作物良好生长发育的基础。考虑棉田不同灌溉节点和灌溉方式,利用大地电导率仪(EM38-MK2),在棉花生育期内进行3次表观电导率数据和土样的采集,采用局部建模和全局建模的思路构建表观电导率与实测电导率间的反演模型。综合利用经典统计方法和地统计学方法,分析表层土壤盐渍化的时空变异特征。结果表明,表观电导率与实测电导率建立的局部模型具有较好精度,R²均大于0.79,而全局模型的R²仅为0.52,表明局部模型优于全局模型;不同时期表层电导率变异性差异较大,3月和10月变异系数均小于50%,属中等变异,而7月变异系数大于50%,属强变异;各时期半变异函数的最优模型均为球状模型,基台值与块金值之比均小于25%,表明表层盐分变异主要由气候,蒸降比、地下水埋深度等结构性因素引起;研究区盐渍化土壤面积由播种前的0.49%增加到棉花收获后的98.23%,在棉花生育期内,表层土壤以轻度盐渍化和中度盐渍化为主;土壤盐渍化空间变异强度主要以中等变异为主,强变异次之,弱变异所占面积最小,而强变异集中分布在研究区南端,弱...     

基于EM38-MK2的南疆干旱区表观电导率反演土壤水分研究

土壤水分含量是农田进行定额灌溉的基本参数,南疆地处干旱区,土壤水资源稀缺,实现田间定额灌溉更利于充分利用土壤水分。EM38-MK2快速和高效获取土壤水分含量数据,适时监测土壤水分含量,可成为农田精准灌溉的重要途径。用EM38-MK2测定轻度、中度和重度3个不同程度盐渍化区域土壤0～0.75 m和0～1.5 m的表观电导率,结合同步采集的0～20 cm、20～40 cm、40～60 cm、60～80 cm和80～100 cm土壤剖面剖面及室内测定含水量数据,对比三个不同盐渍化程度表观电导率反演土壤含水率模型精度,比较分区模型和全区模型的反演精度,分析土壤盐分含量对反演土壤含水率精度的影响。结果表明,用EM38-MK2对土壤含水率反演效果在轻度盐渍化表现最好,中度盐渍化次之,重度盐渍化较差。不同深度土层的分区模型精度均高于全区模型精度,分区模型R²为0.73～0.88,RMSE低于全区模型,全区模型各层的RPD均低于1.5,不具备预测能力。土壤盐分含量对土壤水分的反演有影响,并且随土壤盐分含量的增加,反演精度下降。     

基于磁感式土壤表观电导率空间变异性的插值方法比较

针对目前黄河三角洲地区存在的土壤盐渍障碍问题,以该地区典型地块为研究对象,运用磁感大地电导率仪(EM38),结合GIS与地统计学研究了不同样点密度下土壤表观电导率的空间变异特征,确定了最佳的空间插值模式,并采用偏差指数对各分布图层的空间相似性进行了评价。结果表明：不同样点密度下的土壤表观电导率均呈中等变异强度,并服从对数正态分布;各样点密度下的土壤表观电导率均表现为强空间相关性,其空间变异主要表现在小于10 m的田间尺度上,且对于预测精度,泛克立格>普通克立格>反距离权重>局部多项式。偏差指数法分析表明,各插值方法分布图的空间相似性均随样点密度的降低而下降;对于相同的样点密度减小比例下的空间信息保留度,泛克立格>普通克立格>反距离权重>局部多项式,采用泛克立格法可以在保证预测精度的基础上合理降低样点密度。该研究为黄河三角洲地区盐渍土地磁感式田间数据采集的合理密度确定以及优化空间插值模式选取提供了理论依据与技术参考。     

新疆盐渍化区土壤盐分离子的空间变异特征

土壤中盐分含量与空间分布是了解多孔介质中水盐运移规律并进而因地制宜提出盐渍土改良措施的关键。利用地统计学,结合地理信息系统（GIS）,在面积约为2 000 km2的新疆典型盐渍化区渭干河流域布设了土壤取样点43个,测定了土壤表层（0～30 cm）盐分及其组成（Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、K^＋、Na^＋、SO4^2-、Cl^-、HCO3^-）的空间变异性规律。结果表明：Ca^2＋、HCO3^-为正态分布,其余盐分离子符合对数正态分布;半方差分析得出总盐分符合球状模型,Mg^2＋、K^＋、Na^＋、Cl^-、SO4^2-符合指数模型,Ca^2＋符合高斯模型,而HCO3-则是纯块金效应;盐分离子的变程在14.3 km～64.1 km之间;盐分离子均表现为中等强度的空间自相关,但程度有所差异。用Kriging插值法对未测点的盐分离子进行最优估计,绘制含量分布图,从而可以更直观的反映研究区土壤盐分离子的空间变异特征。     

基于三维普通克立格方法的滨海盐土电导率三维空间变异研究

土壤是一个三维自然空间实体,人们关心的不仅是二维平面上的信息,还包括垂直方向的第三维信息,但是目前土壤属性空间变异研究主要集中在水平方向上。即使是以土壤属性三维变异特性描述为目的的研究,也仅仅局限于用一系列水平层来描述土壤不同深度土层的属性变化,没有考虑上下层之间的相互影响[1]。土壤盐分作为滨海盐土区农业生产的一个重要限制性因子,影响着土壤质量和作物产量,严重时导致农用土壤的荒弃[2]。1m深度范围内,滨海盐土的盐分含量随降雨、蒸发、微地形等因素变化明显[3]。因此,研究滨海盐土三维土体盐分的空间变异规律对于海涂土壤改良、滨海盐土区农业的精确管理具有重要意义。通常三维空间的原始数据均是离散的     

松嫩平原盐碱草地主要植物群落土壤酶活性研究

采用现场采样及室内测试方法,研究了松嫩平原盐碱草地主要植物群落羊草(Leymus chinensis)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)、虎尾草(Chloris virgata)、碱茅(Puccinellia tenuiflora)、碱蓬(Suaeda glauca)以及盐碱荒地上土壤磷酸酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶的酶活性值以及垂直分布规律,并对3种酶活性与各理化因子之间进行了相关分析。结果表明:羊草群落的磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性值均为最高,芦苇、虎尾草群落土壤的酶活性值也较高,碱茅群落的土壤酶活性较低,而碱蓬群落土壤酶活性值最低,接近于盐碱荒地上土壤酶活性值。各植物群落的土壤酶活性垂直分布多表现为随着土壤深度的加深而呈现依次递减的规律,且表层(0～10 cm)土壤酶活性在所有根层总酶活性中所占的比例最大,占根层(0～40 cm)土壤酶活性的50%以上。土壤酶与土壤理化因子相关分析表明,土壤的土壤酶活性大多与EC、pH值显著负相关,对土壤酶活性影响较大;土壤酶活性与土壤养分正相关,脲酶与其相关性较大,蔗糖酶与养分的相关关系不是很明显。     

Use of an electromagnetic technique to determine sodicity in saline-sodic soils

Soil sodicity is an increasing problem in arid‐land irrigated soils that decreases soil permeability and crop production and increases soil erosion. The first step towards the control of sodic soils is the accurate diagnosis of the severity and spatial extent of the problem. Rapid identification and large‐scale mapping of sodium‐affected land will help to improve sodicity management. We evaluated the effectiveness of electromagnetic induction (EM) measurements in identifying, characterizing and mapping the spatial variability of sodicity in five saline‐sodic agricultural fields in Navarre (Spain). Each field was sampled at three 30‐cm soil depth increments at 10–30 sites for a total of 267 soil samples. The number of Geonics‐EM38 measurements in each field varied between 161 and 558, for a total of 1258 ECa (apparent electrical conductivity) readings. Multiple linear regression models established for each field predicted the average profile ECe (electrical conductivity of the saturation extract) and SAR (sodium adsorption ratio of the saturation extract) from ECa. Despite the lack of a direct causal relationship between ECa and SAR, EM measurements can be satisfactorily used for characterizing the spatial distribution of soil sodicity if ECe and SAR are significantly auto‐correlated. These results provide ancillary support for using EM measurements to indirectly characterize the spatial distribution of saline‐sodic soils. More research is needed to elucidate the usefulness of EM measurements in identifying soil sodicity in a wider range of salt and/or sodium‐affected soils.     

Upgrading a 1/20,000 soil map with an apparent electrical conductivity survey

Despite their shortcomings, choropleth soil maps remain the most widespread source of information on soil resources. Since most nationwide soil surveys were conducted in the second half of the previous century, a need for upgrading emerges. We evaluated the potential of detailed observations made by a mobile, non-invasive proximal soil sensor to upgrade a part of the 1/20,000 choropleth soil map of Belgium. This study was conducted on a 14 ha area which had been mapped twice in the 1950s: first, during the national soil survey yielding a 1/20,000 soil map, and second, during a detailed investigation resulting in a 1/5000 map. The first map failed to identify the presence of a Tertiary clay substratum at variable depths, while the second map indicated this substratum to be present within 1.2 m below the soil surface for about a third of the area. A recent survey with the EM38DD soil sensor provided 9192 measurements of the apparent electrical conductivity (EC_a) within the study area. The depth of the substratum (D_ts) was noted at 60 calibration locations by augering and the relationship between EC_a and D_ts was modelled by an exponential curve with an R² of 0.80. This allowed the detailed mapping of D_ts by regression kriging. The predictions were validated using 46 independent observations of D_ts indicating a reasonable average error of 0.24 m and a very good correlation coefficient between observed and predicted values of 0.94. A map accuracy assessment indicated that even after classification, the D_ts classes were better predicted by the sensor data than the 1/5000 map which was based on many more auger observations. Finally an upgraded 1/20,000 soil map was presented, illustrating the potential of combining existing soil maps with proximal soil sensing technology.     

松嫩平原西部土壤盐碱化特征研究

大尺度的盐化和碱化特征及其关系研究,对于充分认识苏打盐碱土特征和农业高效利用具有重要意义.本文以松嫩平原西部典型县市为研究区,在采集126份土壤样品的基础上,测定其盐化与碱化指标,分析了该地区盐碱化特征.松嫩平原西部盐渍土盐分组成总体上以苏打(Na2CO3)和小苏打(NaHCO3)为主.Na+离子占土壤阳离子总量的比例多在70％以上,CO32-和HCO-3离子在阴离子中占优势.电导率(y)和土壤全盐含量(x)建立的回归方程为y=0.098 5 x+0.174 2(R2=0.941),用电导率来表示土壤含盐量具有可行性.采集的样品中,盐渍化土壤所占的比例比较大,pH强碱性土壤比例较高.pH与总碱度呈指数关系(R2=0.967 7),土壤盐化的同时发生着碱化现象.不同土壤类型,盐土的电导率最高,其次是碱土和草甸土,pH均较高.耕地的盐碱化程度好于草地.本研究可以为松嫩平原盐碱土改良与利用以及区域生态环境建设提供理论基础.     

Spatial heterogeneity of soil properties and its mapping with apparent electrical conductivity

The site‐specific cultivation as part of the precision‐agriculture concept is more and more introduced into practical farming. However, soil information is often not available in a spatial resolution intrinsically needed for precision farming or other site‐specific soil use and management purposes. One approach to obtain spatially high‐resolution soil data is the non‐invasive measurement of the apparent electrical conductivity (EC_a). In this study, we recorded the EC_a on three fields with an EM38 (Geonics, Canada). The EC_a data were compared with (1) ground truth data obtained by conventional drilling, (2) traditional soil maps (large scale, ≤1:5,000), (3) the growth and yield of corn. The temporal variability of the EC_a due to varying soil moisture and temperature was taken into account by repeated measurements of the same fields and subsequent averaging of the EC_a values. Significant correlations (r² = 0.76) were found between the mean weighted clay content (0–1.5 m) and the EC_a. Furthermore, in soils with differently textured layers, EC_a was used to estimate the thickness of the uppermost loess layer. A comparison of EC_a and large‐scale soil maps reveals some pros and cons of EC_a measurements. The main advantages of EC_a recordings are the high spatial resolution in combination with low efforts. Yet, the EC_a signal is no direct measure for a soil type or unit. Depending on the variability of substrates and layering, the EC_a pattern can be a precise indicator for the spatial distribution of different soils. A strong conformity of the spatial variability of plant growth (derived from orthophotos and yield maps) and EC_a patterns within a field indicates that the EC_a signal per se—without conversion to traditional soil parameters—integrates the effects of various soil variables that govern soil fertility. Altogether, EC_a surveys can be a powerful tool to facilitate and improve conventional soil mapping.     

The apparent electrical conductivity as a surrogate variable for predicting earthworm abundances in tilled soils

Noninvasive geophysical methods have a great potential for improving soil‐biological studies at field or regional scales: they enable the rapid acquisition of soil information which may help to identify potential habitats for soil biota. A precondition for this application is the existence of close relationships between geophysical measurements and the soil organism of interest. This study was conducted to determine whether field measurements of apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) are related to abundances of earthworms in tilled soils. Relationships between ECa and earthworm populations were investigated along transects at 42 plots under reduced and conventional tillage at a 74 ha field on sandy‐loam soil in NE Germany. Relations were analyzed with linear‐regression and spatial analysis. The apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) was quantitatively related to earthworm abundances sampled 5 months after the geophysical measurements. No relationship was found, however, in plots under conventional tillage when analyzed separately. If earthworm abundances were known at every other location along the transects and if the state‐space approach was used for analysis, the analysis of ECa measurements and earthworm abundances indicated that 50% of the earthworm samples could have been substituted by ECa measurements. Further research is needed to fully evaluate the potential of ECa measurements for predicting earthworm habitats in tilled soil.     

基于VRML的土壤电导率三维空间变异性虚拟实现建模研究

如何表达土壤属性的三维空间变异性对传统的土壤剖面采样、空间变异分析和三维可视化表达提出了挑战。本研究以浙江省围垦海涂水稻田土壤盐分为例,采用EM38电磁感应线性模型结合二阶Tikhonov正则化方法反演剖面0~110 cm范围内10个土层深度的土壤电导率作为三维空间变异性研究的数据源;然后利用三维反距离权重方法进行土壤盐分的三维空间插值;最后分别采用虚拟现实建模语言（VRML）的球体、切片、地柱模型对土壤电导率剖面离散点、二维空间变异切片、三维变异土体模型进行三维虚拟现实可视化建模,并实现模型的网络发布。结果表明,在田间尺度上,三维反距离权重方法可较好的对土壤电导率在三维空间的分布进行预测插值;通过VRML方法进行可视化建模可较好的展示及解析土壤电导率的三维空间分布规律;水平方向上,土壤盐分从西北面向东南面逐渐增大,垂直方向上,土壤盐分随土层深度的增加而增大,且东南角土壤盐分最大;另外,用户可利用IE浏览器实现虚拟现实模型的可视化及对模型进行平移、放大、缩小、旋转等基本操作。基于VRML的虚拟建模方法可为土壤属性的三维变异性可视化及网络共享提供新途径。     

松嫩平原土壤水盐动态规律研究

对设于松嫩平原嫩江右岸引嫩江水工程区域内的土壤水盐动态观测点多年研究结果表明，基　　　　本无盐渍化的总干段土壤较通水前土壤盐分与ｐＨ值以及地下水ｐＨ值和盐分有减有增，但减多增少，说　　　　明优质、低盐分嫩江水引入后土壤向改善方向发展，而土壤盐渍化重又无排水工程的莎分干段则相反，盐　　　　渍加重重．北部引嫩江水工程是成功的，关键是必需有排水系统和排水出路．     

松嫩平原玉米带农田土壤有机碳时空格局

该文基于吉林省第二次全国土壤普查省数据、县级土壤剖面资料和2003－2006年实测数据,估算了不同土壤类型农田表层土壤有机碳密度和储量,并对近25年来土壤有机碳时空变化特征及其原因进行分析。结果表明,总体上松嫩平原玉米带农田土壤有机碳密度和储量呈增加趋势。其中,碱土、暗棕壤、黑土和草甸土的土壤有机碳密度增幅分别达33%（4.16 kg/m2）,23.05%（3.79 kg/m2）、16.51%（3.74 kg/m2）和12.20%（3.77 kg/m2）;相反,黑钙土有机碳密度下降幅度达30.79%（2.18 kg/m2）。两时期土壤有机碳密度的空间分布格局基本一致,呈中部高、边缘低的趋势,但25年间土壤有机碳含量变化与1980年初始含量呈显著负相关（r＝-0.615**,P＜0.01）,且4.04 kg/m2是土壤有机碳上升或下降的临界值。根据West等提出的土壤碳汇潜力估算方法,如果保持1980年土地利用方式和传统的栽培耕作措施不变的情况下,松嫩平原玉米带农田土壤有机碳的碳汇潜力为0.33 Tg/a。     

松嫩平原盐碱化人工草地土壤与植被群落空间变异特征研究

松嫩草地由于受太平洋季风气候的影响,具有较好的水热条件,且地势平坦,非常适宜畜牧业的机械化发展。在过去的几十年间,松嫩草地物种丰富度较高,优质的牧草以多年生的羊草为主,且在植被下形成了肥力较高的黑土。然而,松嫩草地独特的地形与高矿化度的地下水,导致了盐渍土与黑土接壤,因此松嫩草地生态环境较为脆弱。此外,由于草地的过度利用,导致了松嫩草地发生退化与盐碱化,进而使得草地生产力降低。较低的草地生产力已成为限制该区域畜牧业发展的主要因素,而草地生产力与土壤水盐动态密切相关。故本研究以松嫩盐碱化人工草地为研究对象,采用经典统计学与地统计学相结合的方法,对松嫩平原西部地区的盐碱化人工草地土壤理化性质以及牧草生物学-生态学性质的空间变异特征进行研究。结果表明,0～15 cm和15～30 cm层土壤的pH、电导率（EC）、总碱度（TA）,以及土壤质量含水量（MWC）具有中度或强空间变异。此外,试验区域的生物多样性指数（SWI）、紫花苜蓿的株高（SH）、生物量干重（DM）与盖度（CD）均具有强烈的空间变异特征。回归分析结果表明,试验区域盐碱化人工草地紫花苜蓿产量可用公式Y(DM)=2699.73–276...