Spring habitat selection of sables in Daxing’an Mountains

This paper studies the habitat selection of sables (Martes. zibellina) in spring adopting radio-tracking and GPS (Global Positioning System) in Daxing’an Mountains of China. Sables liked mature and elder forest, but it avoided uncovered and young growth land. In spring sables had strong selection to medium cover-degree forest, but it avoided widen ground and especial high cover-degree forest. On the contrary sables didn’t have the strong selection to shrubs cover-degree, but strong selection to dominant tree species, slope degree and slope direction, especially sable liked medium and lower slope. At the same time, sables had the strong selection to the log’s density and the crown’s cover-degree. Generally it avoided high elevation and lower slope land. Responsible editor. Chai Ruihai.     

Site classification of the eastern forest region of Daxing''''an Mountains

StudysiteThestudysiteislocatedintheeasternslopeofDaxing'anMountains(47"25'~49'37'N,119'37'-122"45'E),whichbelongstotheBalinForestryBu-reauofNeiMenggol.ThemaintopographyislowermountainsandhilIs.Thealtitudeis4oo~1ooom.Theannualaccumulativetemperature(>=1oC)isabout1845oC.AnnuaIprecipitationis42omm.Annualaveragetemperatureis-15t.Thefrost-freeperiodis97d.lnthisarea,thezonalsoilisbrownconiferousforestsoil,theothertypeofsoilismeadowsoilandbogsoiI.ThemainfundamentaIrockisgrinite.ThebasaItisse…     

大兴安岭北坡火后紫貂冬季生境恢复研究

由自然和人为原因引起的生境丧失与生境破碎化已严重影响到野生动物的生存。大兴安岭北坡是国家一级保护动物紫貂(Marteszibellina)的主要分布区,1987年发生在这里的特大森林火灾造成了森林景观的严重破碎化,紫貂的生存面临极大的威胁。本文的研究目的是为了确定火灾13年后,紫貂冬季生境的恢复程度。首先根据紫貂对冬季生境的喜好选取对其生存影响较大的生态因子,结合数字化林相图,利用地理信息系统软件ArcGIS编制火烧前后的生境适宜性类型图。然后选取相关的景观格局指标,对火灾烧前后的生境格局进行对比分析。结果显示:尽管火后采取了一系列的森林恢复措施,但紫貂冬季适宜生境仍有大幅度减少,特别是中等适宜生境类型减少最为明显。适宜生境破碎化加剧,隔离度增加。适宜生境斑块的形状趋于简单,软边界比重有所增加。以上结果表明,与火前相比,紫貂生境明显恶化,需要较长的时间恢复。图4表5参41。     

Post-fire habitat restoration of sables during winter season in northern slope of the Great Xing＇an Mountains

Habitat loss and fragmentation have been associated with the decline of endangered species. In 1987, a catastrophic fire in the northern Great Hing＇an Mountains of China, where the main habitat of sables （Martes zibellina） is located, aggravated the loss and fragmentation of the forest landscape. Due to restricted distribution and low population density, sables were listed in the national first-grade protected species in China. The objective of this paper was to identify to what extent the habitat of sables had been restored 13 years after the fire. Based on the behavioral data, which came from field survey information by radio-tracking, GPS （Global Positioning System） and forest inventory data, suitability habitat maps were derived using the Ecological Niche Suitability Model （ENSM）. In addition, the habitat structure was analyzed with selected landscape indices. Although forest cover mostly had been restored by 2000, the results indicated that, compared to the pre-fire situation, the areas of suitable habitat had been reduced significantly, especially those of less suitable, marginally suitable and moderately suitable designation. Fragmentation was aggravated, and suitable patches were found to be further isolated with the exception of those in most suitable areas. The ratio of the patch perimeter to area in unsuitable, moderately suitable and suitable areas decreased, while the ratios within other suitability types increased. Moreover, the percentage of soft boundaries decreased slightly, which can influence the redistribution of sables. The results above indicated that the suitable habitat had deteriorated, and the restoration of the sables＇ habitat remained to be done.     

大兴安岭南部春季火行为特征及可燃物消耗

利用标准地调查分析2007年春季大兴安岭2起森林火灾的火行为及可燃物变化.采用加拿大火险天气指数(FWI)系统分析火险变化,地表可燃物载量调查采用线状相交可燃物调查方法,并利用MODIS遥感数据对火烧程度进行分级.结果表明:FWI系统各指标可以很好地指示森林火险变化,2007年4-5月细小可燃物湿度码(FFMC)基本都在90以上,腐殖质湿度码(DMC)和干旱指数(DC)在4月份持续升高,2场大火也发生在火险高的时段.火烧类型以地表火为主,部分林分有冲冠火.火后阔叶林地表径级可燃物增加不明显,针阔混交林主要是5.0～6.99 cm径级可燃物增加,而落叶松纯林火烧后除0.50～0.99 cm径级可燃物减少外,其他径级可燃物都明显增加.不同火烧程度对地表可燃物载量的影响有差异.中度和重度火烧后草本盖度明显下降,有些林分下木层死亡率较高.罕诺河火场和松岭区壮志林场过火区重度火烧分别占33.2%和46.4%.     

Landscape change on burned blanks in Daxing's Mountains

Daxing'an Mountains was one of the most important forest areas in China, but it was also an area which was prone to suffering forest fire. The catastrophic forest fire that occurred in Daxing'an Mountains on May 6, 1987 devastated more than 1.33×10⁶ hm² of natural forests, which leaded to the formation of some mosaic areas with different burn intensities. Two forest farms of Tuqiang Forest Bureau (124°05′–122°18′E, 53°34′–52°15′N) were chosen as a typical area to analyze the post-fire landscape change by drawing and comparing the two digital forest stand maps of 1987 and 2000. The landscape lands of forest were classified into 12 types: coniferous forest, broadleaf forest, needle-broadleaf mixed forest, shrub, nursery, harvested area, burned blanks, agricultural land, swamp, water, built-up, grass. The results showed that: 1) The burned blanks was almost restored, some of them mainly converted into broadleaf forest land during the process of natural restoration, and coniferous forest land by the artificial reforestation, and the others almost changed into swamp or grass land; 2) The proportion of forest area increased from 47.6% in 1987 to 81.3% in 2002. Therefore, a few management countermeasures, such as the enhancing people's consciousness of fire-proofing and constructing species diversity, were put forward for forest sustainable development. Foundation item: Under the auspices of the National Science Foundation of China (No. 30270225, 40331008) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (SCXZY0102). Biography: KONG Fan-hua (1975-), female, Ph.D. candidate of Hiroshima University in Japan, specialized in Landscape Ecology. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

大小兴安岭森林植被交错区在全球气候变化研究中的科学意义(英文)

大小兴安岭是我国纬度最高的地区，也是我国近百年来温度增加最明显的区域。大小兴安岭森林植被交错区位于东经123°～128°，北纬48°～53°之间。作为温带针阔叶混交林向寒温带针叶林的过渡区域，在全球变化研究中占有重要地位。本文对该交错区的地理位置、地形地貌、气候梯度、土壤类型、植被类型等进行了论述。     

针叶林标准化地位指数在大兴安岭林区立地质量评价中的应用(英文)

本文采用两点法原理和方法，对大兴安岭地区的落叶松和樟子松人工林地位指数表进行分析，建立了大兴安岭人工针叶林标准化生长模型，按模型导出各生长指数级和各龄阶理论值，并建立了标准化地位指数表。理论值检验结果表明，该标准化地位指数表符合精度要求。本项研究解决了大兴安岭地区针叶林同一立地类型不同树种地位指数和不同树种不同立地类型地位指数间的相互转换。     

应用证据权重法估测林火发生的可能性——以呼中林区为例

以大兴安岭呼中林区为研究区,综合考虑影响林火发生的自然和人为因素,应用证据权重法,从众多的影响因素中,选取能反映地形(坡向、坡位指数)、气象(年均温、年降水量)、可燃物(1h,10h时滞地表死可燃物的载量、1h时滞地表死可燃物含水量)和人类活动(距道路的距离)等因素,分析林火发生的可能性。结果表明:呼中林区林火的发生存在一定的不确定性,但研究结果对该地区森林的管理仍具有很好的指导作用,可以为森林火险区划、森林可燃物优先处理区的选择提供科学依据。应加强森林可燃物的基础研究,尤其是森林可燃物载量的时空分布规律的探讨,提高空间数据的准确性,减少不确定性,从而更好地对林火的发生作出科学的预测。     

1980-2005年大兴安岭森林火灾灌木、草本和地被物烟气释放量的估算

应用排放因子法,对大兴安岭林区1980—2005年间森林火灾中不同林型下灌木、草本和地被物层气体释放量进行估算。结果表明:大兴安岭25年间森林火灾灌木、草本和地被物层CO2,CO,CxHy,NO,SO2的释放量分别为25.04×106,5.72×106,0.21×106,0.09×106和0.24×106t。其中白桦-落叶松林、白桦-杜鹃林和蒙古栎-胡枝子林是气体释放量较多的林型,约占总排放量的70%以上。此外大兴安岭林区森林火灾SO2和NO的释放量可达到我国总生物质燃烧释放量的50%左右,其释放量与农业上备受关注的秸秆燃烧相当。     

Winter habitat selection of red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis)

IntroductionRed-crowned crane (Gms j'apenensiS) is a vulnerabfe species, which is now endangered enough to belisted in the name list of National First-grade Protected Wildlife of China. In recent years with the increasing of people's requirements for resource, the size ofhabitat used by red-crowned cranes has decreasedsuccessively as a result of mankind's excessive exploitation on resource with plundering and blindness.Popufations are also threatened seriously. So it isurgent to strengthen …     

Winter habitat selection of red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis)

This paper studied the winter habitat selection of red-crowned cranes (Grus japonensis) in Yancheng National Natural Reserve, Jiangsu Province. There were six types of habitat used by red-crowned cranes, i.e. salt-works, aquiculture ponds, reed lands, grassy tidal lands, salting wormwood lands and wheat fields. The wheat field was a new type of habitat used by red-crowned cranes. More than 70 percent of red-crowned cranes chose grassy tidal lands, salting wormwood lands, and reed lands as their most important habitats. In recent years, the distribution of red-crowned cranes moved southward gradually. Red-crowned cranes prefer artificial or semiartificial wetlands rather than original wetlands, successive distribution was broken into fragments. The project is supported by Jiangsu Province Zhang Honghai, male, born in July 1967, associate professor, Department of Biology, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China. Responsible: Zhu Hong     

Quantitative dynamics on stimulating regeneration and sowing seedlings of Larix gmelinii in Daxing''''an Mountains

Introduction4LarixgmeliniiisoneofmajortimberspeciesinthenortheastDaxing'anMountainsinChina.Itplaysanimportantroleinprovidinglumber,maintainingthenaturalenvironmentinthisregionandadjustingecologicalequilibrium.Alargenumberofburnedareasandcut-overareasneedtoregenerateeveryyear.Larixgmeliniihasgreatnaturalregenerationcapabilityandenoughseedsources,andalmostmeetsabumperharvestyeareverythreeyears(Xuetal.1992;Shan1990;Xuetal.1993).Someburnedandloggedareaswouldberapidlyrestoredthroughafewofassista…     

Modeling changes in habitat conditions in northern hardwoods forests of the Adirondack Mountains of New York

Interest in enhancing the management of forest timber and wildlife resources has stimulated the development of modeling techniques to predict changes in timber and wildlife habitat characteristics. We assess the potential of combining models which predict forest structure with those which assess habitat quality to predict changes in forest habitat characteristics. We measured variables important to simulating forest growth and evaluating wildlife habitat in even-aged stands making up an 80 year chronosequence, and developed mathematical relationships between these sets of variables. The regression relationships were generally excellent (r² or R² > 0.63), and most habitat variables were strongly related to stand age. In earlier work, we incorporated these models into FORET, a model that successfully simulates succession in hardwoods forests of the eastern USA. In the present study, we adapted FORET to accommodate the growing season and species composition of northern hardwoods forests of the Adirondack Mountains of New York, creating a new model called FORDACK. We compared stand measurements with output generated by the model. FORDACK accurately simulated changes in structural characteristics of vegetation and predicted which species would be present in very low densities, but did not successfully predict the relative densities of the dominant species. Predictions were closest to actual conditions from 20 to 50 years after regeneration. The model performed well in predicting trends in habitat variables such as canopy height and closure. Departures of simulated conditions from the actual were greatest early (less than 20 years) and late in stand development (more than 50 years). Poor performance in predicting species composition may be related to excluding management history and site characteristics from the model. The approach exemplified by FORDACK shows good potential for predicting structural characteristics of wildlife habitat.     

不同山系大熊猫栖息地植物区系特征的定量分析

本文通过对不同山系大熊猫栖息地(自然保护区)植物区系的定量分析发现,野生大熊猫栖息地的植物区系主要以温带分布类型为主,占总区系的31.10%;区系多样性指数中Shannon-Wiener指数为2.10~2.21,Simpson指数是0.14~0.17;经相关性分析,不同山系大熊猫栖息地之间相似程度极为显著,相关系数达到0.905~0.998。     

Fire Environment Mechanism of Lightning Fire for Daxing''''an Mountains

Lightning fire is one of natural fires; its mechanism is very complex and difficult to control. Daxing'an Mountain is the main region that lightning fires occur in China. Research on lightning fires indicates that special fuel, dry-storm weather and high altitude form the lightning fire environment. Lightning fires have close relation with lights. When lightning occurs, especially dry-lightning which brings little precipitation with surface temperature growing and fuel dehydrating, these often lead to lightning fires. Lightning fires have characteristics of geography, time and topography. The higher altitude forest region in Daxing'an Mountain, the more lightning fires occur. Valley with altitude above 800 m in the north of 51.N and Larix gmelinii-Pinus pumila, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica -Pinus pumila forests on the top of mountain are the most concentrating region where lightning fires occur. One serial dry-storming can ignites many lightning fires, the furthest between them is as long as 150 km.     

大兴安岭林区沼泽-森林人工造林效果综合评估

采用样带网格调查方法,研究大兴安岭22年生人工兴安落叶松沼泽林的群落结构、蓄积量、植物多样性及其沿沼泽-森林过渡带水分环境梯度的变化规律,并与天然沼泽森林进行对比分析,结合经济效益及环境影响,对沼泽-森林人工造林效果进行综合评估,提出沼泽-森林的分类经营模式.结果表明:1)天然沼泽林群落建群种沿沼泽-森林过渡带环境梯度发生明显的更替,而人工落叶松沼泽林均以落叶松为优势种;天然沼泽林的垂直结构比人工落叶松沼泽林完整;2)人工落叶松沼泽林的蓄积量沿着沼泽到森林方向的环境梯度呈增加趋势(4.3497～6.990 5 m3·hm-2a-1),而天然沼泽林呈减少趋势(6.689 8～1.411 8 m3·hm-2a-1);3)人工落叶松沼泽林的物种丰富度指数较相应生境地段天然沼泽林提高9～25种,而其Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Jsw均匀度指数却较天然沼泽林下降了0.221 4～0.858 2和0.234 3～0.404 2;4)人工落叶松沼泽林的地下水位和泥炭层厚度较天然沼泽林有所下降(分别下降15.5～36.1 cm和9.6～25.2 cm);5)在沼泽-森林过渡带内培育落叶松人工林可获得较高经济效益(投入产出比为1:2.4～1:9.6);6)沼泽森林的分类经营模式为:典型草本沼泽生境应保持原始状态,沼泽-森林过渡带的中下部生境应培育毛赤杨沼泽林,过渡带的中上部生境可以培育人工落叶松沼泽林.     

浅谈大兴安岭林区野生浆果资源的开发利用途径

从林区野生浆果资源的分布特点出发，在对开发利用现状和存在问题进行分析的基础上，提出对野生浆果资源的开发意见。     

大兴安岭林区防火林带耐火树种的选择

防火林带树种的选择是一个非常复杂的过程，它受诸多因素的影响，很难用某一个因素进行比较和筛选。通过对大兴安岭林区常见的17个树种耐火性能，林分阻火机理、造林学特性三个因素的不同水平的研究，并采用PUZZY综合评判模型对其进行了评价，从而为大兴安岭林区防火林带耐火树种的选择提供了科学依据。