Development of rice introgression lines with brown planthopper resistance and KDML105 grain quality characteristics through marker-assisted selection

‘Khao Dawk Mali 105’ (KDML105), a Thai aromatic rice cultivar, has been accepted in markets as a prime jasmine rice with premium prices. It has been extensively used as a parental line to develop new cultivars for rainfed lowland areas in Thailand because of its favorable quality and fragrance. However, this cultivar is highly susceptible to brown planthopper (BPH), a phloem sap-feeding insect pest of rice. The main objective of this study was to combine KDML105 essential grain quality traits with BPH resistance from the donor cultivar, ‘Rathu Heenati’. The linkage drag between Bph3 and Wx^a alleles was successfully broken by phenotypic and marker-assisted selections. All introgression lines (ILs) developed in this study showed a broad spectrum resistance against BPH populations in Thailand and had KDML105 grain quality standards. Finally this study was revealed that the ILs can be directly developed into BPH resistant varieties or can be used as genetic resources of BPH resistance to improve rice varieties with the Wx^b allele in rice breeding programs.     

Evaluation of Cluster Bean Genotypes for Resistance to Charcoal Rot Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina Using Different Host Inoculation Methods

Abstract

Ten different isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina from cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) selected on the basis of wide geographical distance and potassium chlorate sensitivity, showed remarkable variation in virulence on the susceptible cluster bean genotype, FS 277. Four different host inoculation techniques were employed for resistance screening of six elite cluster bean genotypes under artificial infection conditions using the most pathogenic isolate, MP-6D. The symptoms induced in the plant tissues from seedling to maturity following artificial inoculation clearly simulated lesions produced under natural conditions. Both greenhouse and field experiments demonstrated significant differences in all parameters-plant weight, plant death, root lesion length and stem lesion length-in all the genotypes tested from seedling stage to pod set. The host inoculation methods described in this study might be useful for screening and analysis of crop varieties' resistance to various other disease infestations. The present investigation involved evaluation of pathogenicity of isolates of M. phaseolina as well as a critical examination of occurrence of resistance to charcoal rot in selected cluster bean genotypes. This is the first report on cluster bean resistance to M. phaseolina.     

Breeding potato cultivars with tubers resistant toPhytophthora infestans

Summary Available information has been reviewed on tuber resistance toP. infestans, its inheritance and breeding procedures used to obtain potato cultivars superior in this character. P. infestans is worldwide the most destructive potato pathogen. Tuber resistance is an essential component of potato resistance as this pathogen is often responsible for tuber rot in storage, and infected tubers of susceptible cultivars provide an important way for its overwintering. In Europe many cultivars and advanced breeders selections have been obtained with tuber resistance toP. infestans, but in the last decades no progress is noted in the mean level of this resistance in cultivars. The expression of tuber resistance depends to a large extent on testing conditions and therefore it can be difficult to evaluate. Consequently making progress in breeding is not easy, and also cultivar assessment data from various countries sometimes differ considerably. It is concluded from published data that it should be easier to make progress in breeding potato cultivars with resistant tubers if more attention is paid to combining the various types of resistance which are already known, and if the genetic determination of durable resistance toP. infestans is better understood. Professor Dr. K.M. Świeżyński passed away on 27th July 2000     

Long-day-adaptedSolanum phureja as a source of resistance to blackleg caused byErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica

Summary Long-day-adaptedSolanum phureja clones were assessed for resistance to blackleg caused byErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica under field and controlled environmental conditions over two years. In the field, twenty-two of the twenty-three clones ofS. phureja assessed were as resistant to blackleg as the commercial cultivar Ailsa, the most resistant control, and were significantly (P<0.001) more resistant than the intermediate and susceptible cultivars Wilja and Estima, respectively. Under controlled environmental conditions, resistance in commercial cultivars was more easily overcome. However, 18 of the 21S. phureja clones assessed were significantly more resistant to blackleg than these cultivars.     

Study of some resistance mechanisms to Orobanche spp. infestation in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) breeding lines in Tunisia

The behavior of seven faba bean breeding lines toward Orobanche foetida and Orobanche crenata infestation was examined under field, pots, and in vitro conditions and compared to reference cultivars. The breeding lines presented resistance reaction to Orobanche spp. in different experiment conditions. In infested field by O. foetida, the grain yield reduction ranged from 55.7 to 83% for the breeding lines compared to 97% for the susceptible cultivar Badï. Lines L6 and L7 were the less affected by Orobanche parasitism considering severity, number of emerged Orobanche, and yield. In pots, the number of attachments varied from .6 to 3.4 and from 1.4 to 6.4 for the breeding lines against 10.4 and 12.3 for Badï inoculated, respectively, by O. foetida and O. crenata. In Petri dish experiment, Orobanche germination reached the highest rates; 69.9 and 59.7%, respectively, with O. crenata and O. foetida for Badï. For the breeding lines, it ranged from 6.3 to 44.9% for O. crenata and from 4.8 to 40.8% for O. foetida. Moreover, all breeding lines showed low tubercles number and delay in Orobanche attachments as compared to Badï. All breeding lines, except L5, maintained an acceptable level of resistance to Orobanche species manifested by a reduced Orobanche germination rate, low Orobanche number and dry weight, delay of attachments, and higher grain production compared to Badï. L5 seems to be less resistant even it behaves better than Badï in different culture conditions. The studied breeding lines could be recommended as resistance sources or candidates for varieties registrations.     

6个小麦生产品种苗期抗白粉病基因的遗传分析

为了更好地利用我国小麦种质资源和丰富小麦抗白粉病基因库,利用4个不同来源和毒力的小麦白粉菌株对六个小麦生产品种(武都白茧、天选45、周98165、偃展4110、中梁9589和中麦629)进行苗期抗白粉病基因的遗传分析。结果表明,武都白茧对菌株MX20的抗性由1对隐性基因控制;天选45对菌株HY5的抗性由1对隐性基因控制;周98165对菌株HX4的抗性由1对显性基因控制;偃展4110对菌株HX4的抗性由1对显性基因控制;中梁9589对菌株HY5的抗性由2对隐性基因独立作用控制;中麦629对菌株CCQ15的抗性由2对隐性基因独立作用控制。     

Identification of resistance to Uromyces pisi (Pers.) Wint. in Pisum spp. germplasm

A germplasm collection of 2759 pea accessions was screened for resistance against Uromyces pisi (Pers.) Wint. All accessions displayed a compatible interaction (high infection type) both in adult plants under field conditions and in seedlings under growth chamber conditions, but with varying levels of disease reduction. The identified resistance was based on reduction of disease severity with no associated host cell necrosis, which fits the definition of Partial Resistance. No complete resistance or incomplete resistance based on hypersensitivity was observed.     

小麦品种天867抗条锈性评价和遗传分析

为明确冬小麦天867对国内当前流行条锈菌优势小种的抗性及遗传规律,并为在育种中对该品种的推广布局提供科学依据,本研究对其进行了田间混合和分小种接种、室内苗期接种和高温成株接种,并通过接种F2遗传群体,分析了天867对不同小种的抗性和遗传规律。结果表明,天867对CYR29、CYR30、CYR31、CYR33、Sun11-4和Sun11-11的抗性免疫到近免疫,其控制不同小种抗性的基因数目和互作方式不同,而对CYR32仅具有高温成株抗性。     

Bread wheat cultivar PBW 343 carries residual additive resistance against virulent stripe rust pathotype

With continuous outbreaks of stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) epidemics and rapid breakdown of deployed resistance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars in North West Plains Zone (NWPZ) in India warrant knowledge and deployment of new and durable sources of resistance to stripe rust. Bread wheat cultivar PBW 343, until recently the most widely cultivated wheat variety in India, is now highly susceptible to stripe rust (score 9 on a 1–9 scale), whereas PBW 621 (score 5.05–5.65) and HD 2967 (score 5.40–6.20) show low levels of resistance. We conducted an experiment, spanning three crop seasons (2013–2014 to 2015–2016), in which parental lines, F₁ and F₂ populations, F₃ and F₄ families from two bread wheat crosses, PBW 621/PBW 343 and HD 2967/PBW 343 were generated and evaluated for stripe rust resistance against a virulent pathotype. While the F₁ revealed partial dominance, the segregation pattern for stripe rust resistance in F₂ and F₃ showed transgressive segregation for resistance in both crosses. Chi-square analysis indicated that resistant segregants possessed two genes, one contributed by PBW 621 or HD 2967 (depending on the cross) and the other, unexpectedly but obviously, came from the most susceptible cultivar, PBW 343. Possible genetic mechanisms for this residual resistance and implications for breeding programs are discussed.     

Stomatal resistance of three potato cultivars as influenced by soil water status, humidity and irradiance

Summary Leaf stomatal resistance varies considerably in response to changes in environmental conditions. Understanding cultivar differences in the response of stomata to these conditions is important for effectively simulating water-use and growth. In this study the stomatal resistance of three field grown potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars Atlantic. Monona and Norchip was observed in response to photosynthetic photon flux density, leaf to air vapour pressure difference and root zone available soil water. Substantial variation in stomatal resistance was accounted for by functions of the environmental variables for both Monona and Norchip. The explained variation for Atlantic was considerably less. Light saturation occurred near 500 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. Increasing stomatal resistance above 1000 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹ was also observed but is likely an artifact of stomatal closure on days in which mid-day leaf water potentials dropped below critical levels. Although the leaf presumably insufficient to obtain substantial effects. The soil water status was partially linked to the average 1000 h to 1500 h stomatal resistance on clear, sunny days. Significant differences were observed among the cultivars in the response of stomata to changes in the available soil water.     

Influence of seed tuber infestation,chemical seed treatment,and pre-harvest climate on incidence of gangrene and dry rot of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Summary In each of the five years 1978 to 1982, seed lots of cv. Bintje, variously infested byPhoma foveata Foister andFusarium solani var.coeruleum (Sacc.) Booth, as found by wound and cut tests, respectively, were planted in a series of field experiments at six sites in Sweden. A statistically significant relationship between seed and progeny infestation was found forP. foveata each year, and in three years forF. solani. Benomyl and thiabendazole mist treatments of seed tubers at grading in spring controlled the development of gangrene and dry rot in treated seed tubers, but did not consistently reduce the levels ofP. foveata andF. solani infestation in progeny from treated seed tubers. The site of cultivation markedly influenced mean levels ofP. foveata infestation, which were found to be related to temperature and rainfall during a 40 day pre-harvest period at the trail sites; however, mean levels ofF. solani infestation were not so related.     

Susceptibility assessment of potato cultivars toFusarium dry rot species

Summary The susceptibility of 43 commercially available potato cultivars to dry rot caused byF. sulphureum, F. solani andF. oxysporum under similar conditions was examined over two years. The cultivars reacted with differing levels of resistance to the dry rot species.F. sulphureum was more aggressive than the other two species and the resistance to each species was independent. The overall cluster analysis classified the cultivars into six groups. Saturna, in an individual group, is the most resistant variety to all tested species, and also toF. surphureum. Panda, Fregate, Folva, Arian and a few others in a group are resistant toF. solani. AlthoughF. oxysporum was the least pathogenetic, almost half of the cultivars are included in a resistant group to this species. There was little correlation between the rank orders of susceptibility of the cultivars to the two main pathogens.     

燕麦孢囊线虫在两个小麦品种上的侵染特征比较

为明确小麦有芒品种鲁麦21和无芒品种济南17对燕麦孢囊线虫(Heterodera avenae,Ha)平度群体侵染的反应差异,于2014-2015年小麦生长季开展田间小区试验。通过小区定期取样、土壤中线虫分离和根组织中线虫染色后镜检,测定2个小麦品种上Ha不同虫态群体密度及其动态变化。结果表明,鲁麦21与济南17的Ha 2龄幼虫的土壤孵出量和根系侵入量基本无差异。济南17上Ha 3龄幼虫和4龄幼虫的发生量较多,分别是鲁麦21的1.6倍和1.5倍。济南17上Ha的白色雌虫发生量明显较少,低于鲁麦21的1/3。济南17上Ha的繁殖系数(P_f/P_i)为0.6,仅为鲁麦21的1/3。依据繁殖系数评价,济南17抗病,鲁麦21感病。推测济南17既不抑制孵化,也不抑制发育,其抗性属抗繁殖(抗雌虫形成)类型。     

一种高通量玉米粗缩病人工接种鉴定方法的建立及应用

以独创的水稻黑条矮缩病毒室内活体保存技术为基础,研究玉米接种苗龄、接种时间、接种强度对人工接种鉴定效果的影响。结果表明,在接种苗龄芽鞘期,以0.1~0.9头/株接种强度、接种49~72 h的鉴定效果最佳,此条件下,感病品种苏951的病情指数为83.33~95.83,与田间鉴定效果无显著差异,表明鉴定结果可靠,以此建立一种高通量玉米粗缩病人工接种鉴定方法。应用该方法鉴定种衣剂对玉米粗缩病的防效、评价新育品种对玉米粗缩病的抗性,均得到较为准确结果。该方法克服了自然接种的不稳定性,在接种规模上实现突破,大大节约试验成本。     

小麦抗条锈基因Yr10的抗病通路研究

小麦抗条锈病基因Yr10作为全生育期抗性基因,对国内大部分的条锈菌生理小种表现抗性,为探究Yr10介导的抗病通路,以小麦AvocetS(AvS)和其近等基因系AvS Yr10NIL(AvS+ Yr10)为材料,接种条锈菌CYR31后分别构成亲和与非亲和体系,通过分析含有抗病基因Yr10非亲和体系中的信号分子变化,比较非...     

Cisgenesis Does Not Solve the Late Blight Problem of Organic Potato Production: Alternative Breeding Strategies

Average potato yields in Dutch organic farming systems vary from 15 to 29 Mg/ha and are limited by low input of nitrogen and severe late blight attacks caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans. Under Dutch late blight regulations it is mandatory to kill the haulm at 7% infestation. The late blight attacks have been so early in the organic potato production of the past few years that its acreage is now gradually decreasing whereas consumer demand is increasing. Agronomic control strategies have limited success. First priority lies in breeding for highly resistant varieties to safeguard organic potato production in the Netherlands. Cisgenesis, however, is not an option for the organic sector. Although the product of cisgenesis does not contain genes from non-crossable species it is a result of a genetic engineering process which is excluded from use in organic agriculture. As the principles and standards of organic agriculture are process-based, cisgenesis does not comply with the norms and standards of organic agriculture. The arguments of the organic sector go well beyond the alleged risks of the gene technology and relate to the technology itself. Breeding at DNA-level, instead of at whole-plant level, violates the integrity of life as described in the concept of naturalness. The Dutch organic sector is now aiming at increasing the traditional breeding activities including the participation of farmer-breeders in close cooperation with the formal breeding companies. Additional selection methods need to be developed to include required traits other than late blight resistance, such as nutrient efficiency. Recently two varieties have been released with high resistance against late blight based on introgressing genes from Solanum bulbocastanum. Organic agriculture can benefit from marker assisted breeding to achieve adequate pyramiding of different, new sources of resistance.     

普通小麦品种中育6号对两种禾谷孢囊线虫的抗性遗传分析

为了解小麦品种中育6号对菲利普孢囊线虫(Heterodera ilipjevi)焦作博爱群体和燕麦孢囊线虫(H.avenae)郑州荥阳群体的抗性遗传特点,在前期对该品种对两种禾谷孢囊线虫群体抗性鉴定的基础上,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析方法,分析了温麦19×中育6号杂交组合F2代群体抗性分离状况.结果表明,中育6号对两种禾谷孢囊线虫的抗性表现均为数量性状遗传,且由一对主基因控制.其对H.avenae郑州荥阳群体的抗性存在负向部分显性,是显性基因和加性基因共同作用的结果,且以加性效应为主,抗性主基因遗传率为59.35％;对H.filipjevi焦作博爱群体的抗性表现为负向完全显性效应,主基因遗传率为38.12％.     

波斯小麦Cypa35-3成株期抗白粉病基因定位

源自苏联的波斯小麦Cypa35-3对陕西关中地区白粉菌优势小种表现为成株期高抗白粉病。为明确Cypa35-3抗白粉病基因所在染色体位置及其抗白粉病基因的遗传规律,利用Cypa35-3与高感白粉病的加拿大二粒小麦Flavescens进行杂交,在成株期自然发病条件下对亲本及其杂交F₁、F₂、F_2∶3群体进行白粉病抗性评价与遗传分析;选用分布于A、B染色体组14对染色体上共计601对SSR标记,利用分离群体分组分析法(BSA)对Cypa35-3的F₂群体进行多态性标记筛选。结果表明,Cypa35-3的成株期白粉病抗性受1对显性基因控制,暂命名为PmCypa35-3。通过群体筛选,获得4对位于1B染色体上的SSR标记,分别为Xbarc81、Xcfd48、Xbarc61、Xbarc302,其中Xbarc81、Xcfd48位于PmCypa35-3两侧,遗传距离分别为25.2 cM、8.6 cM。由此将成株期抗白粉病基因PmCypa35-3初步定位于1B染色体。通过与1B染色体上及波斯小麦中正式命名的抗白粉病基因...     

抗白粉病基因PmCH1357相关分子标记验证与评价

由禾本科布氏白粉菌Blumeria graminis(DC.) f. sp.tritici(Bgt)引起的白粉病是影响小麦产量和品质的一种主要病害。为了评价小麦抗白粉病基因相关分子标记在育种中的有效性与实用性,本试验利用感白粉病品种晋麦66和小偃麦衍生品系CH1357构建的341个F_(2:3)家系为材料,利用本课题组前期已定位的8个与抗白粉病基因 PmCH1357相关的分子标记(Xcfd81、Xbwm20、Xbwm21、Xbwm25、Xmp510、Xbwm8、Xbwm9和Xgwm190)对群体进行PCR检测,并接种白粉菌株E09进行苗期抗病性鉴定,分析PCR扩增产物与白粉病抗性间的相关性。结果表明,4个标记(Xcfd81、Xbwm20、Xbwm21和Xbwm25)对群体检测的纯合抗病基因型与纯合抗病表现型符合率均达到93%以上,可用于抗白粉病基因 PmCH1357的筛选;为进一步提高标记筛选的准确性,可使用多个标记组合,使用基因同一侧的标记组合进行选择会降低选择效率,使用基因两侧标记组合进行选择可有效提高选择的准确性。使用标记组合Xcfd81+Xbwm8对抗白粉病基因 PmCH1357进行选择可以获得更高的准确性及更多有效植株。     

Yield, grain quality and water use efficiency of rice under non-flooded mulching cultivation

Plastic film or straw mulching cultivation under non-flooded condition has been considered as a new water-saving technique in rice production. This study aimed to investigate the yield performance in terms of quality and quantity and water use efficiency (WUE) under such practices. A field experiment across 3 years was conducted with two high-yielding rice cultivars, Zhendao 88 (a japonica cultivar) and Shanyou 63 (an indica hybrid cultivar) and four cultivation treatments imposed from transplanting to maturity: traditional flooding as control (TF), non-flooded plastic film mulching (PM), non-flooded wheat straw mulching (SM), and non-flooded no mulching (NM). Compared with those under the TF, root oxidation activity, photosynthetic rate, and activities of key enzymes in sucrose-to-starch conversion in grains during the grain filling period were significantly increased under the SM, whereas they were significantly reduced under the PM and NM treatments. Grain yield showed some reduction under all the non-flooded cultivations but differed largely among the treatments. The reduction in yield was 7.3–17.5% under the PM, 2.8–6.3% under the SM, and 39–49% under the NM. The difference in grain yield was not significant between TF and SM treatments. WUE for irrigation was increased by 314–367% under the PM, 307–321% under the SM, and 98–138% under the NM. Under the same treatment especially under non-flooded conditions, the indica hybrid cultivar showed a higher grain yield and higher WUE than the japonica cultivar. The SM significantly improved milling, appearance, and cooking qualities, whereas the PM or the NM decreased these qualities. We conclude that both PM and SM could significantly increase WUE, while the SM could also maintain a high grain yield and improve quality of rice. The SM would be a better practice than the PM in areas where water is scarce while temperature is favorable to rice growth, such as in Southeast China.